Sustainable development of fish supplies to meet food and nutrition security needs

Michael Phillips, Malcolm Beveridge and Stephen Hall

Overview

•  Fish and food and nutrition security

•  Fish as food

•  Fish, food and nutrition security scenarios in ASEAN

•  Key messages

Fish, food and nutrition security and livelihoods

Fish – producers, value chains, livelihoods

•  Globally,120 million people engaged in capture !sheries and 40 (?) million in aquaculture:

–  90% small-scale (>30% below poverty line)

–  Production generates food and income

–  Value chain employment (e.g. Vietnam, Bangladesh)

–  Women and men

Fish - consumption

•  Fish consumption important in many cultures

•  Main source of animal protein for > 1 billion people

•  Particularly important for the poor

•  Demand globally is growing

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(milli

on to

nnes

)

20

40

60

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

80

100

120

Pig

Chicken

Fish

Production targets (national data)

Production forecast (this study)

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(milli

on to

nnes

)

20

40

60

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

80

100

120

FAO (2004)Wijkstrom (2003)

IFPRI (2003)Ye (1999)

Fish

•Baseline  scenario

•Technological  advances  in  aquaculture

•Ecological  collapse  of  fisheries

• Global  consumption    remains  at1996   levels  (15.6  kg/y)

• Global  consumption  rises  to  22.5  kg/y

Growing fisheries (0.7% per annum)

Stagnant fisheries

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(milli

on to

nnes

)

20

40

60

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

80

100

120

FAO (2004)Wijkstrom (2003)

IFPRI (2003)Ye (1999)

Fish

•Baseline  scenario

•Technological  advances  in  aquaculture

•Ecological  collapse  of  fisheries

• Global  consumption    remains  at1996   levels  (15.6  kg/y)

• Global  consumption  rises  to  22.5  kg/y

Growing fisheries (0.7% per annum)

Stagnant fisheries

Fish as food

so … what’s in fish? – protein

source:  h$p://www.fish-­‐4-­‐ever.com/fish4health.htm    

so.. what’s in fish? - lipid

g per 100 g;

modified from: Hambraeus (2010)

Species Total Saturated Mono-unsaturated

Poly-unsaturated

Omega-3 Omega-6 Cholesterol*

Carp 5.5 1.1 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.5 66 Eel 12 2.4 7.2 0.9 0.7 0.2 126 Salmon 6 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.0 0.2 55 Flounder 1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.008 448 Cod 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.008 43 Grouper 1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.01 37 Herring 9 2.0 3.7 2.1 1.7 0.1 60 Tuna 5 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 0.05 38 Mackerel 14 3.3 5.5 3.3 2.7 0.2 70 Shark 5 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.08 51

Meat 3 2.0 0.8 0.1 Tr

Milk 18 4.5 4.5 0.5 0.06

* mg per 100 g

essential fats in some food fishes

Micronutrients – dried fish, Lake Mweru

plant fish

other animal protein

from Kawarazuka & Béné (2011); data from FAO (2011)

Availability – nutrients and importance of fish

* *

*

*

* *

*

*

* = ASEAN countries

Nutritional Status

Physiological Demands

Dietary Intake

Health Status

Household Food Access

Maternal and Child Care Services

Health Services and the Environment

information/education/communication/marketing/lifestyle/beliefs

Resources and Control human, economic and organizational

political and ideological factors economic structure

Potential Resources

Outcomes

Immediate causes

Underlying causes

Basic causes

modified from UNICEF (1991), Kawarazuka & Béné (2010)

Stability

availability

access

use and utilization

Determinants of nutritional status

modified from UNICEF (1991), Kawarazuka & Béné (2010)

Fish and food and nutrition security scenarios in ASEAN

Changes in global fish supplies and utilization

utilization tonnes x 106

population (billion)

per capita supply (kg)

from FAO (2011)

Wild fisheries – critical for the poor, food and nutrition, but…

Growth in demand for fish – 2007-2015

source:  Cai  (2011)  

Annual growth rate of aquaculture 2007-2015 to satisfy fish demand

source:  Cai  (2011)  

Availability – ASEAN aquaculture

Cambodia - scenarios show growing fish demand

•  population and wealth driving demand

•  scenario setting for 2030 shows significant new supply required

•  even more aquaculture will be required if capture fisheries are not well managed

•  new investments will be needed to support that

Aquaculture is substituting for declining capture !sheries 1996                              2006  

Changes  in  farmed  and  wild  fish  consump:on  among  957  households  in  4  districts,  1996-­‐2006  (Bangladesh,  IFPRI  survey  data)  

Aquaculture is essential, but there are consequences for the fish we eat

source: Beveridge et al. (in press)

Aquaculture and economic access

courtesy:  Hong  Meen  Chee,  WorldFish  

… what farmers want to produce? … what people want to eat?

Farmed tilapia prices, Bangladesh 2011

source: Thilsted & Roos (1999)

per 100 g edible portion

Micronutrients – selected fish, Bangladesh

Small, oily fish eaten whole are best

Aquaculture and small fish species, Bangladesh

Intensification of production is inevitable

Intensive  :lapia  ponds,  Egypt  

Farmed fish are generally fattier than wild

wild

farmed

fat (

g) p

er 1

00 g

serv

ing

2

4

6

0

8

10

source: USDA nutrient database

.. and the fatty acid profiles differ too

source: Karapanagiotidis et al.(2006)

Wild

Extensive Semi-intensive polyculture Semi-intensive, wi poultry/pigs

Intensive mono- culture

Key messages

(1) Fish is important for ASEAN food & nutrition security

•  Fish is a preferred item in the diets of many, especially poor, people

•  It is an important source of quality and highly bioavailable protein, but more importantly of essential fatty acids and micronutrients

—  at key life stages (e.g. the first 1000 days)

—  importance should be measured in relation to consumption of other foods, intra-household food distribution

•  The species we eat are changing, as is the method of production

—  the rise of aquaculture

—  intensification of culture methods

•  Changes impact nutrient content; implications for food and nutrition security

Nutritional Status

Physiological Demands

Dietary Intake

Health Status

Household Food Access

Maternal and Child Care Services

Health Services and the Environment

information/education/communication/marketing/lifestyle/beliefs

Resources and Control human, economic and organizational

political and ideological factors economic structure

Potential Resources

Outcomes

Immediate causes

Underlying causes

Basic causes

from  FAO  (2011)   modified from UNICEF (1991), Kawarazuka & Béné (2010)

Stability

(2) Increasing availability by aquaculture is important, but is not enough

(3) Gender plays an important role

•  Intra-household assets and food allocation

•  Workloads •  Technologies •  Access to inputs and

knowledge

(4) Emerging lessons from integrating fish, with horticulture systems, and nutrition

•  Integrated systems •  Promotion of nutrition education •  Interventions can improve

income as well as nutrition •  Growing experiences in

Bangladesh and Cambodia with partners (HKI, USAID etc)

Key recommendations

•  Recognize –  value of !sh in human nutrition –  !sh demand will grow

signi!cantly –  wild !sheries and aquaculture

are different and we need interventions in both

–  Aquaculture interventions required for food and nutrition

–  availability is only part of the solution

–  opportunities for better integration of !sheries for human nutrition and health

(1) Dialogue and partnerships

•  Fish has a role, but ensuring positive nutrititional outcomes is about more than !sh supply

•  Inter-sectoral dialogue •  Public, civil society, private

sector partnerships •  Opportunities for sharing of

experiences, within and outside ASEAN

(2) Research – new CGIAR Research Programs

(3) Policy

•  National –  R&D investment that sustain

!sheries and grow aquaculture –  nutrition –oriented investment/

incentives for aquaculture –  value chains and markets –  intersectoral, integrated

interventions based on understanding of pathways to positive nutritional outcomes

•  Regional

–  Fish as an integral part of the ASEAN food and nutrition security framework

Thankyou