Sustainable decentralized water systems Part B: Technical ... · Sustainable decentralized water...
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Sustainable decentralized water systemsPart B: Technical solutions
International Conference
Smart Urban Regeneration & Smart City DevelopmentMarch 8, 2019Seoul, Korea
Prof. Jan Hoinkis & Edgardo KurzCenter of Applied Research (CAR)
Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences
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Outline
1. Challenges
2. Concept of decentralized urban water reuse
3. Membrane technology
4. Previous projects
5. Towards project implementation
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1. Motivation
„Water quantity and quality is the biggest
environmental issue that we face in the21st century“
Christie Whitman / U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Source: meerkat21.files.wordpress.com
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Source: Population Action International https://pai.org/
South Korea is regarded as water stressed country
1. Motivation
▪ Fast-growing population and increasing urbanization in Asia ▪ Growing demand for water▪ Water stress on existing water sources in South Korea ▪ Quality degradation (primary source: river basins around 90%)
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Challenges in South Korea
▪ Extensive pollution of fresh water sources
▪ Marginal renewable freshwater resources per person
▪ Abundant but unevenly distributed rainfall
▪ Risks associated with climate change
Source: http://blogs.worldbank.org/ Source: https://arad.co.il
82.5% of population live in urban areas
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1. Motivation
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Solutions
• Water saving practices
• Use of alternative water sources, e.g. seawater
• Rainwater harvesting
• Efficient water treatment and reuse
• Use of renewable energies to drive the treatment processes
12 Mörk desalin® | Puy | 23.04.2012 |
Project in Zanzibar
Grand Opening of the first Mörk desalin® installation
Source: www.moerkwater.com
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1. Motivation
Membrane technology can significantly contribute!
Solutions
• Water saving practices
• Use of alternative water sources, e.g. seawater
• Rainwater harvesting
• Efficient water treatment and reuse
• Use of renewable energies to drive the treatment processes
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2. Concept for decentralized water reuse
Source separation of household wastewater
Kitchen
waste
Treatment
C-reductionDisinfectionNutrients recoveryElim. micropollutantsStabilization
C-reductionDisinfectionP-eliminationStabilization
✓ Optimized treatment process✓ Easier resource recovery✓ Facilitate water reuse strategies
Source: Larsen et al. Urban
Planet 2017, (352) 6288
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2. Concept for decentralized water reuse
Concept 1
Kitchen
waste
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Forwardosmosis
Grey-water
AnaerobicMBR
Black-water
Reverseosmosis
UV
Biogas
Renewableenergy
Nutrientreuse
Drinkingwater
Rainwaterinfiltration
2. Concept for decentralized water reuse
Concept 2
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3. Membrane technology
Basic principle of membrane technology
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£ 1mm
Particle
Bacteria
Permeate
Viruse
Ion Feed Concentrate
2
- -
+ +
▪ Mechanical separation of gaseous or liquid streams
▪ Separation process purely physical → membrane functions as barrier
▪ Feed stream separated in permeate and concentrate fractions
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Overview of pressure-driven membrane processes
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 100
Particle / Molecule Size [mm]
Pressure difference
[bar]
1
10
100
Nano-
filtration
Reverse
osmosis
Microfiltration
Filtration
Ultrafiltration
Bacteria Viruses
Pigments
Emulsions
Cells
Salt ions
Sugar
Proteins
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3. Membrane technology
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Typical technical membrane units
RO modules
FO modulesSource: www.blue-tec.nl
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3. Membrane technology
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Feed
Drivingforce:Membrane:NF,RO:Dp Dense,hydrophilicMD:DT Porous,hydrophobicED:DE Ionexchange
Concentrate
Membranemodule
PermeatePermeateReconcentration
unitTreatedwater
Drivingforce:Membrane:FO:Dc Dense,hydrophilic
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Forward Osmosis (FO)
Draw solution (salt solution)
RO
3. Membrane technology
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Advantages
▪ Lower energy consumption
▪ Low fouling propensity with upfront FO
▪ Combination process can be used for brine
concentration
Challenges
▪ Membrane cost (→ Capital cost)
▪ Second treatment needed (→ Capital/operating cost)
FO desalination plant at Al Khaluf, Oman
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3. Membrane technology
Comparison of FO Technology vs. conventional reversed osmosis
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An MBR is a combination of a bioreactor and membrane technology (microfiltration
0.1-0.5 mm, ultrafiltration 0.05-0.1 mm)
Membranes are submerged in bioreactor
Effluent
Bioreactor and membranes are separate
Feed
Air/Biogas
Bioreactor
Feed
Effluent
Air/Biogas
Bioreactor
Aerobic or anaerobic14
3. Membrane technology
Membrane bioreactor (MBR)
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Source: www.hitachi-pt.com/mbr/mbr_outline.html 15
3. Membrane technology
Comparison of MBR Technology vs. Conventional Bioreactors
Advantages
▪ High efficiency in degradation of organic compounds
▪ No clarifier needed
▪ Treated water free of turbidity and negligible
germ level → Reuse!
Challenges
▪ Membrane cost (→ Capital cost)
▪ Aeration cost (→ Operating cost)
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Typical commercial submerged MBR modules
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www.kubota.com
3. Membrane technology
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4. Previous projects
LIWATECLaundry Innovative Wastewater
Recycling Technology
www.liwatec.de
University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe, GermanyPanten, Textilservice Klingelmeyer, Darmstadt, Germany
EU Life Environment
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LIWATEC – Motivation
• High costs of freshwater and for wastewater discharge
• More stringent discharge limits for wastewater
(e.g. heavy metals, organic matter)
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4. Previous projects
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LIWATEC – Wastewater reuse concept
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4. Previous projects
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LIWATEC – MBR from pilot to large scale unit
Lab-scale Small-scale Industrial scale
Volume 0.1 m3 5 m3 125 m3
Membrane area 0.5 m2 28 m2 480 m2
Capacity 0.2 m3/d 10 m3/d 150-200 m3/d
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4. Previous projects
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5. Towards project implementation
Forwardosmosis
Grey-water
AnaerobicMBR
Black-water
Reverseosmosis
UV
Biogas
Renewableenergy
Nutrientreuse
Drinkingwater
Rainwaterinfiltration
1. Forward osmosis (FO) technology
2. Anaerobic MBR (AnMBR)
3. Sustainable energy supply →
Biogas/CHP + TEG & PV
4. Disinfection (UV)
5. Rainwater harvesting (rooftop of apartment blocks)
6. Groundwater management (e.g. rainwater infiltration)
7. Irrigation water for gardening
Holistic project implementation
Integration of management strategies and adequate technologies for thecharacteristic water streams to maximize the water reuse potential:
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Thank you for your attention!
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Source: Choi et al. Water 2017, 9, 717
1. Motivation
▪ Urban population increase promoted by industrialization and urbanization▪ Growing demand for water▪ Water stress on existing water sources in South Korea ▪ Quality degradation (primary source: river basins around 90%)
Population growth Water demand increase