Sustainable Concrete Pavements:

A Manual of Practice January 2012

TECHNICAL EDITORS Dr. Peter Taylor, Associate Director National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University

Dr. Tom Van Dam, Principal Engineer, CTLGroup (previously, Program Director, Materials and Sustainability Group, Applied Pavement Technology)

CO-AUTHORS Dr. Tom Van Dam, Principal Engineer, CTLGroup (previously, Program Director, Materials and Sustainability Group, Applied Pavement Technology)

Dr. Peter Taylor, Associate Director National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University

Mr. Gary Fick, Vice President Trinity Construction Management Services, Inc.

Dr. David Gress, Assistant Director Recycled Materials Resource Center, University of New Hampshire

Ms. Martha VanGeem, Principal Engineer, CTLGroup

Ms. Emily Lorenz, Engineer, CTLGroup

EDITOR Ms. Marcia Brink, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University

DESIGNER

Ms. Mina Shin, Consulting Graphic Designer

Funded by the Federal Highway Administration (DTFH61-06-H-00011 (Work Plan 23))

Institute for Transportation, Iowa State University Research Park, 2711 South Loop Drive, Suite 4700, Ames, IA 50010-8664

Printed in the United States of America January 2012

Sustainable Concrete Pavements: A Manual of Practice

ISBN: 978-0-9820144-2-4

This document fills a priority communications need identified in the Sustainability Track (Track 12) of the Long-Term Plan for Concrete Pavement Research and Technology, a national research plan jointly developed by the concrete pavement stakeholder community (www.cproadmap.org/ index.cfm).

FOR MORE INFORMATION Tom Cackler, Director

Sabrina Shields-Cook, Managing Editor

National Concrete Pavement Technology Center Iowa State University Research Park 2711 S. Loop Drive, Suite 4700 Ames, IA 50010-8664

515-294-7124 shieldsc@iastate.edu www.cptechcenter.org/

MISSION The mission of the National Concrete Pavement Technology Center is to unite key transportation stakeholders around the central goal of advancing concrete pavement technology through research, tech transfer, and technology implementation.

PHOTO CREDITS Unless otherwise indicated in the text, all photographs and illustrations used in this guide were provided by the technical editor and co-author Dr. Peter Taylor.

DISCLAIMERS The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsors. The sponsors assume no liability for the contents or use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The sponsors do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document.

Iowa State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex, marital status, disability, genetic testing, or status as a U.S. veteran. Inquiries can be directed to the Director of Equal Opportunity and Diversity, Iowa State University, 3680 Beardshear Hall, 515-294-7612.

http:www.cptechcenter.orgmailto:shieldsc@iastate.eduhttp:www.cproadmap.org

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES .................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES.......................................viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................ ix

PREFACE.................................................. x

Ch. 1. INTRODUCTION.............................1

1. What is Sustainability?...........................................2

2. Concrete Pavements and Sustainability ..............2

3. Why Should the Concrete Pavement Industry Care about Sustainability? ...................................3

4. Organization of This Manual .................................4

5. References.............................................................6

Ch. 2. PAVEMENT SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS ..........................................7

1. A Systems Approach Seeing the Big Picture ........................................8

2. Concrete Pavements...........................................10

Design Phase........................................................ 11

Materials .............................................................. 11

Construction......................................................... 12

Operations............................................................ 12

Preservation and Rehabilitation .......................... 12

Reconstruction and Recycling ............................ 13

3. Importance of Innovation...................................13

4. References...........................................................14

Ch. 3. DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS ........................15

1. Context-Sensitive Design.....................................16

2. Concrete Pavement Design: The State of the Practice................................................................17

3. Design Attributes Directly Enhancing Sustainability .......................................................18

4. Alternative and Emerging Design Technologies ......................................................18

Two-Lift Concrete Pavement ................................ 19

Precast Concrete Pavement Systems.................. 20

Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement ............. 21

Interlocking Concrete Pavers............................... 22

Thin Concrete Pavement Design......................... 22

Pervious Concrete ................................................ 23

5. References...........................................................23

Ch. 4. SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE PAVEMENT MATERIALS ..........................25

1. Cementitious Materials .......................................26

More Efficient Clinker Production......................... 27

Reducing Portland Cement Clinker in Cement . 27

Reducing Cementitious Contents in Concrete .. 28

Reduce Concrete Used Over the Life Cycle ....... 28

2. Supplementary Cementitious Materials.............29

3. Emerging Cementitious Systems ........................30

4. Aggregates..........................................................30

Gradation ............................................................. 31

Aggregate Type.................................................... 31

Natural .................................................................. 31

Durability ............................................................... 32

5. Water....................................................................33

6. Admixtures...........................................................34

7. Reinforcement .....................................................34

8. Proportioning.......................................................35

9. References...........................................................35

Ch. 5. CONSTRUCTION..........................37

1. Overview of Construction Issues Related to

Sustainability .......................................................38

2. Traditional Slipform Paving Processes and Impacts on Sustainability....................................38

Establishing and Operating a Plant Site ............. 38

Stockpiling Aggregate ......................................... 39

Establishing and Maintaining Haul Routes ......... 40

Concrete Production............................................ 40

Transporting Concrete ......................................... 42

Concrete Placement and Finishing .................... 43

Surface Texturing .................................................. 44

Curing Concrete .................................................. 44

Sawing and Sealing Joints .................................. 45

3. New Developments in Concrete Pavement That Could Improve Sustainability..............................45

Two Lift Concrete Pavements............................... 45

Roller-Compacted Concrete ............................... 46

4. References...........................................................46

Sustainable Concrete Pavements A Manual of Practice v

CONTENTS, continued

Ch. 6. IMPACT OF THE USE PHASE..........47

1. Vehicle Fuel Consumption..................................48

2. Other Environmental Impacts During Use .........49

Solar Reflectance ................................................. 49

Lighting ................................................................. 50

Carbonation......................................................... 51

Run-Off and Leachate.......................................... 51

Traffic Delays ......................................................... 51

3. Summary..............................................................52

4. References...........................................................52

Ch. 7. CONCRETE PAVEMENT RENEWAL 55

1. Pavement Renewal Concepts ............................56

2. Pavement Evaluation Overview..........................57

3. Preventive Maintenance Treatments ..................58

Partial-Depth Repair ............................................. 58

Full-Depth Repair .....................