Sustainable Building Technologies

Housing for All by 2017

Presentation to

Ministry of Rural DevelopmentGovernment of India

National Institute of Rural Development

Development AlternativesSeptember 29th, 2010

Development Alternatives Group

The Development Alternatives Group believes that the key to achieve sustainable development is the creation of sustainable livelihoods in large numbers

social equity

environmental quality

economic efficiency

SL

Informed and empowered communities

clean & healthy environment

dignified & viable income

generation opportunities

Programs Current Focus

Income Generation

Employment Skill development for green jobs

Enterprise development Social enterprise models for self employment

Clean and Healthy Environment

NRM Eco-system services and bio-diversity

Clean Technology Low carbon pathways for development

Informed and Empowered Communities

Strengthening Institutions Enabling access to entitlements

Basic Needs Fulfillment Through multi-stakeholder / community action

Program Areas and Current Focus

Social Equity

Environmental Quality Economic Efficiency

Access to habitat supports and services

for all

Sanitary Environment

Sustainable building

Habitat based livelihoods

Livelihood infrastructure

Sustainable homes and settlements

The Rural Habitat Program

Program focus

Develop and make integrated technical, financial and management services for habitat development available and accessible to rural community groups

The Rural Habitat Program

Focus

Support to delivery of cost effective and energy efficient building products and services for rural and peri-urban communities

Capacity building of micro-entrepreneurs and artisans.

Technical supports from the TARA Nirman Kendra

Facilitating demand creation for eco-housing and eco building products and services through social marketing, government schemes, demonstrations and micro-financing. 

A comprehensive model is being put in place at one geographical location - Bundelkhand region in Central India

Rural Housing and Habitat Services

Technology development and dissemination local job creation in the rural construction

sector production and application of eco-friendly

construction in rural areas

Design and construction management enhancing quality and safety of rural

housing stock demonstrating institutional models of

housing delivery at a large scale

Capacity building and awareness creating a large pool of technical and

artisanal human resource to deliver eco-friendly construction in an affordable manner

promoting ecological construction for the masses

Enabling basic need of shelter for rural communities

Habitat for the poor is:

A shelter

Physical and social security

A work place

Social position

Clean and hygienic environment – stability, reduced vulnerability

A means of livelihood

A market for products and services

rural habitat: various perspectives

Housing gap- estimates by NHB (lakhs)

housing shortage # Components of housing shortage

2002-2007 2007-2012

1 Excess of households over houses 31.7 40.0

2 Replacement of non-serviceable kutcha houses 116.7 60.0

3 Obsolescence 15 15

4 Congestion 15 15

5 Upgradation of existing kutcha / pucca houses 198.9 200.0

6 Additional housing requirements 200.0 220.0

Total housing shortage 577.0 550.0

Housing gap – estimates by MoRD (2007)

Quality of residential housing stock

Year Pucca Semi-pucca Kutcha Total

1981 22.5 36.9 40.5 100

1991 30.6 35.7 33.8 100

2001 41.0 35.8 23.2 100

Source: NCAER, 2008 – based on census data

Pucca : Houses, the walls and roof of which are made of permanent material.

Semi-pucca: Houses in which either the walls or the roof is made of permanent material.

Katcha: Houses in which both the walls and roof are made of materials that needs to be replaced frequently.

Serviceable katcha: Temporary houses, in which the walls are made of mud, unburnt bricks or wood.

Non-serviceable katcha: Temporary houses in which the walls are made of grass, thatch, bamboo, plastic etc.

Challenges today Economic

Affordability

Depressed local economy

Item Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total

HH income (Rs) 17,797 28,002 37,629 52,561 116,325 50,509

Income by Source (% distribution)

Crop 27 25 26 31 34 30

Non-Agr. wages 43 41 36 27 8 22

Salaries 1 1 3 9 28 16

Business 4 6 11 12 12 11

Agr. Wages 16 17 11 7 2 7

Others 9 10 13 14 16 14

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

NCAER; 2008

Challenges today

Ecological Resource crunch

High embodied energy materials – contributing to climate change

Trends towards energy and resource intensity and accelerated by lack of information and promotional support to eco-friendly options.

IAY Target for 11th Five year plan: 2000 million sq.mt. of residential area to be added (BAU) in next 3 years

2000 million metric tons of cement, 14x106 million fired bricks, 300million tones of steel and 2000 million liters of water for basic housing alone.

Rural Construction Sector - characteristics

Construction Industry – Resource guzzling

Energy Intensive

Polluting

In-efficient- wasteful

Unable to provide value to the low-income customer

Job providing

Catalyses economic growth

Profitable economic activity even at small scales

Economic – demand inadequacy

Low levels of income 30% are poor - bpl

40% are landless

26% have less than 1 hectare of land

Unstable income streams 30% of household income is from

crops

Another 30% income is from daily wages

Another 16% from salaries

rural housing – factors limiting delivery

rural housing – factors limiting delivery

Distribution – viability of supply (Nationally) Dispersed Settlements-630,000 villages home

to 790 million people 15% of rural population lives in 20,000 large

villages of >5,000 population -

63% live in villages with 1,000 to 5,000 people

22% live in 390,000 small villages of less than 1,000 population

55% villages connected by All Weather Roads

Materials and Technologies – inadequate supply Packaging for production for very few

technologies

Virtually nil pre-fabrication

Little (TFM) support for MSMEs in this sector

Little promotion or demonstration of new options – state engineers not trained

Building centers – fallen apart, no extension services

Indira Awas Yojna – issues and concerns

Structural and systemic issues Land availability Systems and efficiency of delivery

Management issues Inappropriate targeting Financial leakages

Performance issues Quantity / targets Quality of delivery.

Performance issues

Quantity / targets Performance = fund utilization Translation of funds into assets? No human resource for management?

Quality of delivery Information and knowledge about pucca

construction Adequacy of fund (access to DRI loan?) Availability of materials? Skills? Structural strengthening w.r.t disasters? Ecological perspective ? Integrated services and supports-

technical, financial, social??

Situation Madhya Pradesh, example Tikamgarh

Scale of rural houseless-ness = ~ 45,000

IAY Annual target = 3201 (1481)

Total villages ~ 1000 Villages

IAY target utilization last year = 12%

IAY target = Rs. 382.7L

Estimated housing and basic infrastructure demand annually ~ 6000L

Minimum scale (to satisfy min. houseless-ness) ~ 10- 25,000 units annually

10-25 families per village – 1000 GPs

Human resource - approx. 200- 500 skilled mason days and 400-1000 unskilled worker days per village

Building materials @ approx. Rs. 4 lakh per village

Approx. Rs. 3,20,000 in local area

Local economy component = (70%)

Natural growth potential 400 sft to 1.5 L

– Toilet, bath– Drinking water– kitchen– Space for livestock– Space for storing grain and implements– Working shed (if required)

(guidelines for rural housing in progress by the bis)

Rs. 1.0 to 1.5 L per unit; Rs. 4L – 8L per village annually

Additions and repairs, public buildings - three fold increase at least

Situation Madhya Pradesh, example Tikamgarh

Carbon and resource footprint of typical IAY = 1446MJ/m2 Potential improvement 950 – 500MJ/m2

Materials in a typical IAY house and improvement Bricks = 6500 (5200 – 1000 + Earth

blocks / fly-ash blocks

Cement = 30 bags (18- 20 bags)

Steel= 225 kg (100kg)

Jobs per IAY house 40 skilled masons days

80 unskilled worker days

Response required- looking to the future

Reduce environmental Costs

Introduce cost effective techniques

Reduce costs of delivery – decentralize supply

Build local capacities

Increase value to customer

Aggregate the customer

Introduce appropriate financing instruments / arrangements while reducing unit costs

Technology

Mark

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Cre

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on

Cap

acit

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Bu

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Finance

Sustainable Habitat Activity

Response required

Reach to the customer in the remote village and small town

Make materials and skills available and accessible

Seek new resources

Make construction technologies and indeed the sector – Green

Deal with housing for the poor /IAY as a priority sub-set of integrated rural housing and infrastructure

Technology solutions: for walling

Stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks

Concrete Blocks

Fly-Ash based Blocks

The Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln

Micro-Concrete Roofing tiles

Technology solutions - for roofing

Micro-Concrete Roofing tiles

Ferro-cement Roofing channels

RCC Planks and Joists

Brick Arch Panel Roofing

RCC door and window frames

Concrete paving systems

Masonry Systems – domes, vaults, jack-arches, rat-trap bond

Water and grain storage tanks

Roof water harvesting systems

Smokeless cooking stoves

Other elements

Lessons from large scale post-disaster reconstruction initiatives Orissa – Gujarat -Pondicherry

Cluster at scale Set up local production – initial captive market for supporting the

production units Production units designed to service the local growing market post

project

converting need into demand..... ..... creating sustainable livelihoods

Ashraya – building materials services bank

Ensured availability of quality products and construction services for reconstruction

Long term availability of sustainable building materials and skills

Livelihood creation for local unemployed youth

Market creation for “safe and sustainable” construction practices in coastal Orissa

The Ashraya BMSB Today

Nine years after its inception, the Ashraya BMSB is:

A profit making Section 25 company

Capacity building of local building artisans

Production and supply of building materials

Habitat and infrastructure guidance to local rural families

Facilitation of habitat finance

Over 600 profitable enterprises

300 million rupees worth of goods and services annually

3600 people employed directly

enabling transformation in shelter conditions

Decentralized supply through local eco- building enterprises

Gramin Nirman Kendra – a social enterprise

TARA Gramin Nirman Kendra; Orchha:

the technology resource centre for Bundelkhand

Technology and product supply, habitat guidance, information, capacity building, project management, market and brand creation

TARA Karigar Mandal – a local habitat services delivery institution

Masons from one or neighboring village form a SHG/ CIG (6-10)

A cluster of 50 now being registered under MACS model

Artisans trained in eco- construction services – also venturing into production of blocks, tiles, door frames

Can take small construction works of IAY houses, village schools, Anganwadis etc.

Connected to DA technical support services

Support services for entrepreneurs

Customized technology & business solutions for building material enterprises

Production system design

Training & consulting services

Technical support services

Eco-building solutions for customers

Design, estimation, quality management

Least impact on environment through eco-technologies

Linking customers to banks for finance

Enable service delivery through local trained masons

• catalogues

Integrated training - Indira Awas Yojana

A 10 day training programme on alternative construction technologies

IAY house construction as training ground

10-12 masons trained per house, subsequently strengthen their skills IAY construction

Cost sharing- IAY grant (materials) and District Rural Development Agency [Tikamgarh (training)]

Innovative scheme of housing and habitat development –Cluster housing in Mador Madhya Pradesh

Reaching the customer

Communication and information Village level focus group discussions,

meetings Specially designed pamphlets, wall

messages, small models radio programmes Through masons Through demonstrations Now through a cement dealer network

Technical services delivery TARAgram as a technical resource

center Trained masons as delivery agents Simple tools for estimation, design

support, manuals and guide-books

Reaching the customer

Financial services Association with community for

SHG formation, savings processes and livelihood creation

Linkage with local banks Supports for documentation Making small changes in bank

schemes to ‘test’ out loan packages- in association with bankers

Regular follow-up for repayments

What Model eco-village of 129 houses in a

well laid out development

Where Gaggar Village 40 km from Bathinda

town

Customers low-income – landless families,

Costs Built at Rs. 470/sft.

Model A Public-Private initiative with strengths

of various partners pooled in Can be replicated in both rural and

urban areas with minor modifications.

Cluster housing - Bathinda, Punjab

Plot

Key messages Make delivery viable – social housing must

be seen in the perspective of the overall construction sector in rural areas

Aggregate demand for efficiency – response needs to be seen as a cluster approach- housing cooperatives?

Provide ecological and affordable options - Augmentation of supply and diversity of eco-friendly options have to be introduced

Build capacity for quality construction – train artisans, govt. engineers, supervisors, Panchayats

Link with suitable financing options – savings processes to be linked with credit repayments for housing and toilet loans

Dovetail with other schemes – TSC, IAY, Apna Ghar, NREGS for leveraging resources

Demonstrate…promote… train…support….monitor

Thank You