Sustainable Buidling Reference Guide - Forest City

FOREST CITY ENTERPRISES SUSTAINABLE BUILDING REFERENCE GUIDE

At Forest City, we are deeply committed to the principles of sustainable development, as defined in the language of our core value: We will strategically and competitively balance environmental resources, economic objectives and social systems as we operate our business and invest in new opportunities. We are also committed to enlisting you, our retail partners, in our effort to make our centers as financially successful, durable, efficient and healthy as possible. To that end, we have created the Forest city Enterprises Sustainable Building Reference Guide. This Reference Guide provides detailed analysis of and support for the itemized list of sustainable strategies as they appear in section one of your Tenant Handbook. This list is based on the United States Green Building Council’s (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program and is our attempt to help you wade through the plethora of information on cost-effective solutions to the primary elements of green building. Elements which include, but are not limited to, energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor air quality and natural resource conservation. While we all still have a great deal to learn in this area, our customers and partners are increasingly interested in understanding how sustainability practices can be incorporated into their projects. Forest City is excited to assist you in that process and encourages you to call upon us to further your understanding of the social and business rationale that supports sustainable development. The items listed in this reference guide are recommended to support Forest City’s goals for sustainability and to support LEED for Commercial Interiors (LEED-CI) certification on the part of the tenant, if so desired. Although the recommendations listed therein are all inclusive for various Tenant types (Inline Small Shops, Outparcel, Jr. Anchor, etc.), Tenants can easily select the recommendations that are practical to their application.

January 23, 2007

Table of Contents Chapter 1: SITE WORK Page

1 TEMPORARY/PERMANENT SEEDING, MULCHING, EARTH DIKES, SILT FENCING, SEDIMENT TRAPS, SEDIMENT BASINS ................................... 2 2 PREFERRED PARKING FOR FUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLES................................ 4 3 GREEN ROOF SYSTEM .................................................................................... 5 4 PERVIOUS PAVING MATERIAL ........................................................................ 7 5 STORMWATER HARVESTING, DETENTION AND RETENTION PONDS ............ 9 6 SHADE (ARCHITECTURAL DEVICES OR LANDSCAPING MEASURES SUCH AS TREES)......................................................................................................10 7 HIGH REFLECTANCE ROOFING AND PAVING ............................................... 11 8 DOWN FACING/MODEST EXTERIOR LIGHTING ...........................................12 9 MINIMIZE TURF AREA AND CHOOSE PLANTS WITH SITE ADAPTABILITY ....13

Chapter 2: WATER SYSTEMS

10 ZONE TURF AND PLANT BED AREAS SEPARATELY FOR IRRIGATION, USING EFFICIENT SPRINKLER HEADS WITH MOISTURE SENSORS FOR TURF AND DRIP LINES FOR BED AREA...........................................................................15 11 USE GRAYWATER AND/OR CAPTURED STORMWATER FOR IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE .............................................................................................16 12 LOW FLOW TOILETS, DUAL FLUSH TOILETS, COMPOSTING TOILETS AND

WATERLESS URINALS ....................................................................................17 13 LOW FLOW SHOWERHEADS ...........................................................................18 14 FAUCET OCCUPANCY SENSORS AND/OR AERATORS ....................................19

Chapter 3: ENERGY SYSTEMS

15 COMMISSION ENERGY SYSTEMS ....................................................................21 16 MAXIMIZE INSULATION VALUE.................................................................... 23 17 HIGH EFFICIENCY WINDOWS....................................................................... 25 18 MAXIMIZE HVAC EFFICIENCY .................................................................... 26 19 MAXIMIZE HOT WATER HEATER EFFICIENCY ............................................ 28 20 AUTOMATIC OCCUPANCY SENSORS FOR LIGHTING AND LIGHTING DIMMER SWITCHES ...................................................................................... 29 21 HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING FIXTURES...................................................... 30 22 DAYLIGHT SENSORS ..................................................................................... 32 23 TANDEM WIRING ......................................................................................... 33 24 ELIMINATE USE OF CFC-BASED REFRIGERANTS ........................................ 34 25 MAXIMIZE THE USE OF DAYLIGHTING ....................................................... 35 26 SOLAR SHADE AND DIFFUSING DEVICES...................................................... 36 27 INSTALL ON-SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE ....................................... 37 28 MEASURE AND VERIFY BUILDING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE POST-OCCUPANCY........................................................................................ 38 29 PURCHASE GREEN POWER CONTRACT FROM UTILITY PROVIDER .............. 39

30 ENERGY STAR APPLIANCES..............................................................................41

Chapter 4: Building Materials Page

31 PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR POST-OCCUPANCY RECYCLING ............... 48 32 BUILDING REUSE/RETRO FIT ..................................................................... 49 33 CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING............................................................ 50 34 SALVAGED AND/OR REFURBISHED BUILDING MATERIALS ..........................51 35 RECYCLED CONTENT MATERIALS................................................................ 52 36 REGIONALLY EXTRACTED (HARVESTED) & MANUFACTURED MATERIALS ................................................................................................... 53 37 RAPIDLY RENEWABLE MATERIALS ............................................................... 54 38 FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC) CERTIFIED WOOD ......................... 55 39 LOW-VOC ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS ........................................................ 56 40 LOW-EMITTING PAINTS & COATINGS .......................................................... 57 41 CARPET AND RUG INSTITUTE (CRI) GREEN LABEL PLUS CARPET AND CRI GREEN LABEL CARPET CUSHION ......................................................... 58 42 UREA-FORMALDEHYDE FREE COMPOSITE WOOD AND AGRIFIBER PRODUCTS .................................................................................................... 59 43 LOW EMITTING AND FORMALDEHYDE FREE INSULATION.......................... 60 44 LOW EMITTING SYSTEMS FURNITURE AND SEATING ...................................61

Chapter 5: HVAC SYSTEMS

45 MECHANICAL (ACTIVE) VENTILATION ........................................................ 63 46 NATURAL (PASSIVE) VENTILATION .............................................................. 64 47 NO SMOKING POLICY ................................................................................... 66 48 INSTALL CO2 SENSORS IN CONJUNCTION WITH OUTDOOR AIR DELIVERY SYSTEM........................................................................................ 67 49 PROTECT ALL HVAC EQUIPMENT FROM DUST AND OTHER PARTICULATE MATTER DURING CONSTRUCTION........................................ 68 50 DURING CONSTRUCTION, PROTECT ALL ABSORPTIVE MATERIAL FROM MOISTURE.................................................................................................... 69 51 ISOLATE CONSTRUCTION AREAS .................................................................. 70 52 POST-CONSTRUCTION BUILDING FLUSH OUT..............................................71 53 ISOLATE AND VENT AREAS OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL USE ...................... 72 54 INSTALL WALK OFF GRATES AT ALL EXTERIOR ENTRANCES TO BUILDING ..................................................................................................... 73 55 INDIVIDUAL THERMAL CONTROLS IN CONJUNCTION WITH INDIVIDUAL

DIFFUSERS .................................................................................................... 74

Sustainable Building Reference Guide 1

Chapter 1: SITE WORK # Sustainable Building Strategy 1 TEMPORARY/PERMANENT SEEDING, MULCHING, EARTH DIKES, SILT FENCING, SEDIMENT TRAPS, SEDIMENT BASINS 2 PREFERRED PARKING FOR FUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLES 3 GREEN ROOF SYSTEM 4 PERVIOUS PAVING MATERIAL 5 STORMWATER HARVESTING, DETENTION AND RETENTION PONDS 6 SHADE (ARCHITECTURAL DEVICES OR LANDSCAPING MEASURES SUCH AS TREES) 7 HIGH REFLECTANCE ROOFING AND PAVING 8 DOWN FACING / MODEST EXTERIOR LIGHTING 9 MINIMIZE TURF AREA AND CHOOSE PLANTS WITH SITE ADAPTABILITY


#1 TEMPORARY/PERMANENT SEEDING, MULCHING, EARTH DIKES, SILT FENCING, SEDIMENT TRAPS, SEDIMENT BASINS

Sustainable Building Strategy Create and implement an Erosion and Sedimentation Control (ESC) Plan for all construction activities associated with the project to prevent loss of soil during construction by stormwater runoff and/or wind erosion. The ESC Plan should include the following measures as deemed necessary.

Stabilization

Temporary Seeding Plant fast growing grasses to temporarily stabilize soil Permanent Seeding Plant grass, trees and shrubs to permanently stabilize soil Mulching Place hay, grass, woodchips, straw, or gravel on the soil surface to cover

and hold solids Structural Control Earth Dike Construct a mound of stabilized soil to divert surface runoff volumes from

distributed areas or into sediment basins or sediment traps Silt Fence Construct posts with a filter fabric media to remove sediment from

stormwater volumes flowing through the fence Sediment Trap Excavate a pond area or construct earthen embankments to allow for

settling of sediment from stormwater volumes Sediment Basin Construct a pond with a controlled water release structure to allow for

settling of sediment from stormwater volumes

Silt Fencing Temporary/Permanent Seeding Sediment Basin

Environmental Benefit Sedimentation and erosion control will prevent the loss of topsoil, which greatly reduces the soil’s ability to support plant life, regulate water flow, and maintain the biodiversity of soil microbes and insects that control disease and pest outbreaks. Loss of nutrients, soil compaction and decreased biodiversity of soil inhabitants can severely limit the vitality of landscaping. This can lead to additional site management and environmental concerns, such as increased need for fertilizers, irrigation and pesticides, as well as increased stormwater runoff that heightens the pollution of nearby lakes and streams. Cost-Benefit Erosion and sedimentation control measures are required by code in most areas to minimize difficult and expensive mitigation measures in receiving waters, and in these cases adds no first cost to the budget. The cost for implementation in terms of installation and performance inspection will vary depending on the type, location, topography, and soil conditions of the project.


Approach and Implementation Typically, the civil engineer identifies erosion-prone areas and soil stabilization measures. The contractor then adopts a plan to implement the measures presented by the civil engineer and responds to rain events and other activities accordingly. The result of this coordination is the Erosion and Sediment Control (ESC) Plan. The ESC Plan is most effective when incorporated into the construction drawings and specifications with clear instructions regarding responsibilities. Strategies and Technologies Create the ESC Plan during the design phase of the project. The technologies available are in two forms: stabilization and structural control. See specific actions for each technology above. Resources and Product Options The Construction General Permit (CGP) outlines the provisions necessary to comply with Phase I and Phase II of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program and offers a comprehensive approach to construction pollution prevention. http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/cgp.cfm


#2 PREFERRED PARKING FOR FUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLES Sustainable Building Strategy Provide preferred parking for low-emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles by designating prime parking spaces with regulatory signage, such as “Hybrid Vehicle Parking Only”.

Hybrid vehicle Hybrid Signage Environmental Benefit Alternative fuel and alternative technology vehicles offer the possibility of reducing air pollutants from vehicular travel as well as the environmental effects of producing gasoline. Motor gasoline is estimated to account for 60 percent of all carbon dioxide (a major greenhouse gas) emitted in the United States in the last 20 years. Cost-Benefit There is a minor premium for the purchase and installation of the required signage that would otherwise not be purchased. There are no immediate or long-term paybacks to the landlord for offering this service to the owner’s of low-emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles, though there may be some marketing or public relations benefits. Approach and Implementation The designation of parking spaces for low-emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles can be done at many stages of the building process, from the design phase to post-occupancy, as it does not require any change to the site plan nor should it increase the parking capacity. For LEED, the number of spaces to assign for the use of low-emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles should be equal to 5 percent of total parking capacity, and should be preferred in relation to main building entrances.


#3 GREEN ROOF SYSTEM Sustainable Building Strategy Install a vegetated roof system on either the total or a partial area of the building’s roof surface.

Intensive green roof system Extensive green roof system Environmental Benefit Ecological and economic benefits include the recovery or introduction of green space, moderation of the urban heat island effect, improved stormwater management, water and air purification, and a reduction in energy consumption. The mitigation of stormwater runoff is considered by many to be the primary benefit because of the prevalence of impervious surfaces in urban areas and the potential to reduce the size / cost of other (traditional) stormwater infrastructure. The rapid runoff from roof surfaces can result in flooding and increased erosion. The larger volume of runoff also results in a greater quantity of water that must be treated before it is potable. A major benefit of green roofs is their ability to absorb stormwater and release it slowly over a period of several hours, meanwhile serving a stormwater quality treatment. Green roof systems have been shown to retain 60-100 percent of the stormwater they receive. In addition, green roofs have a longer life-span than standard roofs because they are protected from ultraviolet radiation and the extreme fluctuations in temperature that cause roof membranes to deteriorate. Cost-Benefit While the installation of a green roof system is always an additional project expense when compared to a baseline model, there are several long-term financial savings that can be realized. Cost savings can be achieved from increased stormwater retention, attenuation of peak flows and urban flooding, through the re-establishment of predevelopment hydrology, and a decreased need to expand or rebuild separate storm sewer system infrastructure due to a decrease in total hydraulic loads. Approach and Implementation Urban projects in particular should consider the implementation of a vegetated roof system. Select native or adapted, non-invasive species, and ensure that the roof structure is designed to support the added weight of the vegetated layer (added weight will vary on vegetated roof system). Research the species that are likely to utilize this space (primarily birds and insects) and select plants that will help support these species by providing food, forage or nesting areas. Strategies and Technologies Modern green roofs can be categorized as ‘intensive’ or ‘extensive’ systems depending on the plant material and planned usage for the roof area. Intensive green roofs use a wide variety of plant species that may include trees and shrubs. They require deeper substrate layers, are generally limited to flat roofs, require ‘intense’ maintenance, and are often park-like areas accessible to the general public. They also require additional load bearing capacity of the roof structure. In contrast, extensive roofs are limited to herbs, grasses, mosses, and drought tolerant succulents such as Sedum. They can be sustained in a substrate layer as shallow as 2.0 cm (1.5 in), require minimal maintenance, and are generally not accessible to the public. They usually do not require any additional load bearing capacity of the roof structure.


Resources and Product Options Green roof system manufacturers:

GreenGrid Systems www.greengridroofs.com Xero Flor America, LLC www.xeroflora.com Elevated Landscape Technologies www.eltgreenroofs.com

The following is a green roof industry resource portal offering basic information, product and service directory, and research links: www.greenroofs.com


#4 PERVIOUS PAVING MATERIAL Sustainable Building Strategy Install a pervious paving system such as pavers or porous concrete for paved site surfaces such as pedestrian and vehicular traffic as well as parking areas.

Pervious Concrete Pavers Environmental Benefit Pervious paving systems reduce the amount of untreated runoff discharged into storm sewers, directly recharge groundwater to maintain aquifer levels, channel more water to tree roots and landscaping, so there is less need for irrigation, mitigate pollutants that can contaminate watersheds and harm sensitive ecosystems, and eliminate hydrocarbon pollution from asphalt pavements and sealers. In addition, pervious paving systems can aid in reducing the urban heat-island effect. Because they have an open-cell structure, pervious surfaces don’t absorb and store heat and then radiate it back into the environment like a typical asphalt surface. The open void structure also allows cooler earth temperatures from below to cool the pavement. Increased safety for drivers and pedestrians is addressed due to the fact that pervious surfaces absorb water rather than allowing it to puddle, thus reducing the chance of hydroplaning and tire spray. Cost-Benefit Reduction in heat islands lowers the cost of cooling and HVAC equipment needs, which offers significant savings over the lifetime of a building. Pervious paving systems cost slightly more upfront, and may have increased maintenance over traditional concrete due to maintaining the porosity of the system. Because pervious paving systems allow stormwater to percolate through, smaller stormwater collection and treatment systems can accommodate the site and lessen the burden on municipalities for maintenance and repair, resulting in a more affordable and stable tax base. Approach and Implementation While pervious paving systems can be used anywhere conventional concrete is used, pavers should be limited to pedestrian traffic and minimal vehicular traffic. The use of pervious paving systems will not alter the desired paving design. Strategies and Technologies Essentially, pervious concrete is a structural concrete pavement with a large volume (15 to 35 percent) of interconnected voids. Like conventional concrete, it’s made from a mixture of cement, coarse aggregates and water. However, it contains little or no sand, which results in a porous open-cell structure that water passes through readily. It’s possible to achieve pervious concrete compressive strengths of 3,000 to 4,000 pounds per square inch (psi) and flexural strengths of 500 to 600 psi, which are on par with conventional concrete. Pervious concrete that is partially saturated should have sufficient voids to accommodate the expansion caused by freezing of water. Structural damage could occur, however, if the pavement becomes fully saturated or the ability of the concrete to drain water is compromised due to clogging of the void structure.


Resources and Product Options Pervious paving system manufacturers: EcoGrid Porous pavers by Hanover Architectural Products www.hanoverpavers.com InfiltraStone by Pavestone Corporation www.pavestone.com Stoneycrete by Stoney Creek Materials www.stoneycreekmaterials.com


#5 STORMWATER HARVESTING, DETENTION AND RETENTION PONDS Sustainable Building Strategy Manage stormwater runoff by creating bioswales or retention ponds on site. Another effective stormwater management system is to capture and store rainwater in cisterns for later use in non-potable water systems such as irrigation, fire suppression, toilet and urinal flushing, and custodial uses.

Stormwater cistern Detention pond Environmental Benefit As areas are constructed and urbanized, surface permeability is reduced, resulting in increased stormwater runoff volumes that are transported via urban infrastructure (e.g., gutters, pipes and sewers) to receiving waters. Stormwater management techniques such as rainwater harvesting, bioswales and retention ponds reduce the negative effects of sedimentation and transport of contaminants through the infrastructure and into local water bodies, as well as recharge natural aquifers. Cost-Benefit If natural drainage systems are designed and implemented at the beginning of site planning, they can be integrated economically into the overall development. Water detention and retention features require cost for design, installation and maintenance. However, these features can also add significant value as site amenities if planned early in the design. Smaller stormwater collection and treatment systems lessen the burden on municipalities for maintenance and repair, resulting in a more affordable and stable tax base. Approach and Implementation If applying rainwater harvesting, there are several options for storage and reuse techniques, which range from small-scale systems (e.g., rain barrels) to underground cisterns that may hold large volumes of water. A rainwater harvesting plan should consider the following things: anticipated rain fall, water need for the intended use, water release method, drainage area, conveyance system, pretreatment, and pressurization. A retention pond is designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity. A detention pond holds excess water when it needs to and dries up when the water has percolated away from the site at a slower pace. Both are permanent features on the site. Strategies and Technologies Design the project site to maintain natural stormwater flows by promoting infiltration. Retention ponds and bioswales are both effective methods of minimizing impervious surfaces, while specifying a rainwater harvesting system creates an alternate water source to potable municipal water for non-potable uses. Resources and Product Options Stormwater Best Management Practice Design Guide, EPA/600/R-04/121A http://www.epa.gov/ord/NRMRL/pubs/600r04121/600r04121.htm


#6 SHADE (ARCHITECTURAL DEVICES OR LANDSCAPING MEASURES

SUCH AS TREES)

Sustainable Building Strategy Provide shade for site hardscapes such as roads, sidewalks, courtyards, and parking lots in the form of landscaping and trees and/or architectural shading devices.

Architectural shading device Tree shade as part of landscaping plan Environmental Benefit Vegetation cools the area surrounding it via shade and evapotranspiration. Heat islands can be mitigated through the application of shading and the use of materials that reflect the sun’s heat instead of absorbing it. Cost-Benefit Appropriate shading as a result from the landscaping design can be applied at no additional cost if integrated into the plan at an early stage. The benefit of shade providing vegetation not only lowers the cost of cooling and HVAC equipment needs, offering a significant savings over the lifetime of a building, it also creates an enjoyable outdoor space maximizing the projects usable exterior space. Approach and Implementation Provide shade using native or adaptive trees, large shrubs, and non-invasive vines along pedestrian walkways, exterior gathering spaces, and parking lots. Trellises and other exterior structures can support vegetation to shade parking lots, walkways, and plazas. Strategies and Technologies Deciduous trees allow a building to benefit from solar heat gain during the winter months. Where on-site location tree planting is not possible, use architectural shading devices to block direct sunlight radiance in the form of overhangs, pergolas, trellises, etc. Resources and Product Options Heat Island Effect, US Environmental Protection Agency: Basic information about heat island effect, its social and environmental costs, and strategies to minimize its prevalence. www.epa.gov/heatisland


#7 HIGH REFLECTANCE ROOFING AND PAVING

Sustainable Building Strategy Install white or light grey concrete for all paved surfaces including pedestrian and vehicular traffic-ways, as well as parking lots. Install a light colored roof finish.

High reflectance roof system High reflectance paving material Environmental Benefit The use of light colored, reflective surfaces for parking, roofs, walkways, and other surfaces contributes to the prevention of heat island effected created when radiation from the sun is absorbed into dark, non-reflective surfaces and transferred back to the local climate through convection and conduction. As a result of heat island effects, ambient temperatures in urban areas can be artificially elevated by more than 10 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) when compared to undeveloped areas. Heat islands can be mitigated through the application of shading and the use of materials that reflect the sun’s heat instead of absorbing it. Cost-Benefit Reduction in heat islands lowers the cost of cooling and HVAC equipment needs, which offers significant savings over the lifetime of a building. Concrete with white cement may cost up to twice as much as that made with gray cement. Approach and Implementation Darker paving and roofing materials, such as asphalt, generally exhibit low reflectance and consequently low solar reflectance index (SRI) values. Grey or white concrete has a higher reflectance and a higher SRI value. Strategies and Technologies High reflectance surfaces minimize the absorption of summer heat, thereby reducing air conditioning costs. High reflectance roofs, sometimes called cool roofs, typically are white and are made of either metal, single ply membrane, or elastomeric coating (or other type of coating) over a conventional roof. Simply increasing the reflectivity of a roof surface can decrease average daily air conditioning electricity use from 13 to 16 percent. High reflectance roofs lower energy use by:

Lowering the absorption of solar energy; Reducing surface temperatures; and Decreasing heat transfer into a building.

Resources and Product Options Cool Roof Rating Council: A non-profit organization dedicated to providing energy performance ratings for roof surfaces including product durability. www.coolroofs.org American Concrete Pavement Association: See report issued June 2002, “Albedo: A Measure of Pavement Surface Reflectance” http://www.pavement.com/Downloads/RT/RT3.05.pdf


#8 DOWN FACING/MODEST EXTERIOR LIGHTING Sustainable Building Strategy Design the project’s exterior lighting to avoid over lighting (too much or too bright), up-lighting, or lighting pollution to surrounding areas.

Down facing parking lot lighting plan

Environmental Benefit Sensitively designed lighting systems that minimize glare and provide more uniform light at lower levels will help create aesthetically pleasing environments that are safer and more secure. Minimizing light pollution allows for night sky access by the surrounding community. Another key benefit is better visual comfort and improved visibility. A carefully designed and maintained outdoor lighting system can help a project be a non-intrusive member of the community. Cost-Benefit Carefully designed exterior lighting solutions can reduce infrastructure costs and energy use when compared to common practice solutions. Energy and maintenance savings over the lifetime of the project can be substantial. Approach and Implementation Projects should consider the use of low intensity, shielded fixtures as well as curfew controllers to turn off non-essential site lighting after some appropriately determined time, such as 10:00 p.m., or immediately after closing (whichever is later) to further reduce the effects of light pollution. Projects should minimize the lighting of architectural and landscape features. Where lighting is required for safety, security, egress or identification, utilize down-lighting techniques rather than up-lighting. Strategies and Technologies Adopt site lighting criteria to maintain safe light levels while avoiding off-site lighting and night sky pollution. Minimize sight lighting where possible and mode the site lighting using a computer model. Curfew timers and controls can be effective components of the overall lighting strategy. Resources and Product Options International Dark Sky Association: A nonprofit agency dedicated to educating and providing solution to light pollution. www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/index.html


#9 MINIMIZE TURF AREA AND CHOOSE PLANTS WITH SITE

ADAPTABILITY Sustainable Building Strategy Use turf sparsely throughout the landscape design, and in its place employ climate-tolerant plants that can survive on natural rainfall quantities after initial establishment. Contour the land to direct rainwater runoff through the site to give vegetation an additional water supply. Use techniques such as mulching and composting to maintain plant health.

Native landscaping Minimized turf area Environmental Benefit Water efficient landscaping helps to conserve local and regional potable water resources. Maintaining natural aquifer conditions is important to providing reliable water sources for future generations. Consideration of water issues during planning can encourage development when resources can support it, and prevent development if it exceeds the resource capacity. Cost-Benefit Currently, the most effective strategy to avoid escalating water costs for irrigation is to design landscaping adapted to the local climate and the site’s microclimate. The cost can be reduced or eliminated through thoughtful planning and careful plant selection and layout. Native or adapted plants further reduce operating costs because they require less fertilizer and maintenance than turf grass. Approach and Implementation Understand the inherent qualities of the site such as topography, orientation, sun and wind exposure, and shadow profiles to make appropriate design choices. Plant turf grasses only for functional benefits such as recreational areas, pedestrian use, or specifically for soil conservation. Complete a soil analysis and amend the soil as deemed necessary. When choosing plants, consider the mature size of the plant, growth rate, texture and color, use no mono-species or excessive multi-species selection, and keep the plant choices diverse. All plant choices should be made on regional plant life so that it is able to sustain itself with the site’s natural water supply. Strategies and Technologies Perform a soil/climate analysis to determine appropriate landscape types and design the landscape with indigenous plants to reduce or eliminate irrigation requirements. Consider using stormwater, graywater, and/or condensate water for irrigation. Product Options Visit the PlantNative website (below) to find an informative resource on native plants by region including local nurseries and professionals to assist in the implementation of native landscaping into the building site plan. http://www.plantnative.com/


Chapter 2: WATER SYSTEMS # Sustainable Building Strategy 10 ZONE TURF AND PLANT BED AREAS SEPARATELY FOR IRRIGATION, USING EFFICIENT SPRINKLER HEADS WITH MOISTURE SENSORS FOR TURF AND DRIP LINES FOR BED AREA 11 USE GRAYWATER AND/OR CAPTURED STORMWATER FOR IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE 12 LOW FLOW TOILETS, DUAL FLUSH TOILETS, COMPOSTING TOILETS AND WATERLESS URINALS 13 LOW FLOW SHOWERHEADS 14 FAUCET OCCUPANCY SENSORS AND/OR AERATORS


#10 ZONE TURF AND PLANT BED AREAS SEPARATELY FOR IRRIGATION, USING EFFICIENT SPRINKLER HEADS WITH MOISTURE SENSORS

FOR TURF AND DRIP LINES FOR BED AREA Sustainable Building Strategy In addition to making landscaping choices based on a soil and climate analysis, use water saving methods for installing an irrigation system including the use of water zones, efficient sprinkler heads, moisture/rain sensors, and drip irrigation techniques.

Water saving heads Sample zoning plan Efficient sprinkler system Environmental Benefit Reduction in the amount of potable water used for irrigation lessens demand on limited supplies. Since landscape irrigation is the largest potable water consumption system, it is an important opportunity to reduce overall potable water usage. Cost-Benefit Currently, the most effective strategy to avoid escalating water costs for irrigation is to design landscaping adapted to the local climate and the site’s microclimate. The cost can be reduced or eliminated through thoughtful planning and careful plant selection and layout. Native or adapted plants further reduce operating costs because they require less fertilizer and maintenance than turf grass. Although the additional design cost for a drip irrigation system may make it more expensive than a conventional system, a drip system usually costs less to install and has lower water use and maintenance requirements. This usually leads to a very short payback period. Approach and Implementation Plant using water zones: High=regular watering; Moderate=occasional watering; Low=natural rainfall. Regularly check irrigation systems for efficient and effective operation. Use drip, micro misters, and sub-surface irrigation systems where applicable, and smart irrigation controllers throughout. Do not irrigate plants from November through April, and do not irrigate shrubs from September to June. Strategies and Technologies High efficiency irrigation strategies include micro-irrigation systems, moisture sensors, rain shut-offs, and weather-based evapotranspiration controllers. Drip systems apply water slowly and directly to the roots of plants using 30-50 percent less water than sprinkler irrigation. Moisture and rain sensors save water by ensuring that plants only receive water when necessary. Resources and Product Options To achieve a water efficient irrigation system, the focus is not on the irrigation products in particular, but on the irrigation design.


#11 USE GRAYWATER AND/OR CAPTURED STORMWATER FOR

IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE Sustainable Building Strategy Save and store non-potable water for uses where potable water is unnecessary such as irrigation.

Commercial graywater recycling diagram

Environmental Benefit Reduction in the amount of potable water used for irrigation lessens demand on limited supplies. Since landscape irrigation is the largest potable water consumption system, it is an important opportunity to reduce overall potable water usage. Cost-Benefit While the installation of a rainwater harvesting or graywater collection system is a significant first cost item, a long term financial benefit is reducing or eliminating dependence on municipal water and its associated fees. Approach and Implementation Often times, it is appropriate to use a combination of water saving strategies to effectively achieve the best water saving plan. An effective approach is to a landscaping plan with native and adaptable plant life first to reduce water demand and then meet the demand in the most sustainable manner. It is important to research local rainfall quantity and quality, as collection systems may be inappropriate in areas with rainfall of poor quality or low quantity. The Northwest is an ideal climate for rainwater collection because it comes in fairly regularly and fairly gently. However, many other areas of the country also receive enough rainwater to make harvesting it an option. According to www.weather.com, Orlando, FL receives an average of 48 inches of rain per year; 37 inches of precipitation falls yearly in Dallas, TX. Northerly cities like Chicago, IL (38 inches per year) and New York City, NY (46 inches per year) receive enough rainfall to make a harvesting system possible, but frozen precipitation needs to be taken into account. In extremely dry climates, such as Phoenix, where rainfall is less than 10 inches per year, rainwater harvesting is not as practical. Strategies and Technologies A rainwater collection system (e.g., cistern, underground tank, ponds) can significantly reduce or completely eliminate the amount of potable water used for irrigation. Rainwater can be collected from roofs, plazas and paved areas and then filtered by combination of graded screens and paper filters to prepare it for use in irrigation. Waste water recovery can be accomplished either on site or at the municipal level. On-site systems include graywater and/or wastewater treatment. Graywater consists of wastewater from sinks, showers and washing machines, and other building activities that do not involve human waste or food processing. Resources and Product Options Graywater treatment manufacturers:

Brac Systems www.bracsystems.com Greywater Treatment Systems by Clivus Multrum, Inc: www.clivusmultrum.com

Rainwater harvesting system manufacturers: Rainwater Catchment Systems by Rain Man Waterworks: www.rainharvester.com


#12 LOW FLOW TOILETS, DUAL FLUSH TOILETS, COMPOSTING TOILETS, AND WATERLESS URINALS

Sustainable Building Strategy Install low-flow or dual-flush toilets and waterless urinals. Specify toilet flow rates that are less than 1.6 gallons per minute (gpm) and 1.0 gpm for urinals, which are the national baseline low flow rates for those fixtures as set forth by the Energy Policy Act of 1992.

Example dual flush toilet Dual flush technology diagram Environmental Benefit Reducing the amount of potable water consumption in buildings for water closets and urinals protects the natural water cycle and conserves scarce water resources. Another benefit of potable water conservation is reduced energy use and chemical inputs at municipal water treatment plants. When used in conjunction with other water efficient technologies and fixtures, significant savings can be obtained, both in terms of resource conservation and municipal utility charges. Cost-Benefit Low-flow and/or dual-flush toilets involve either no additional cost or only minimal cost premiums. Waterless urinals tend to have a marginally higher first cost and also require training the janitorial staff on proper maintenance procedures. The important environmental and economic savings is apparent post-occupancy where reductions in water consumption will significantly minimize building water use fees furthermore contributing to a reduction in operational costs. Approach and Implementation To determine the most effective strategies for a particular condition, the project team should analyze the water conservation options available to the project based on location, code compliance and overall project function. Determine areas of high water usage and evaluate potential alternative water savings technologies. Consider reuse of stormwater and graywater for non-potable applications such as toilet and urinal flushing. Strategies and Technologies There are a number of ultra high efficiency toilets that use considerably less than the 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf) required by standard building code. Waterless urinals use advanced hydraulic design and a buoyant fluid instead of water to maintain sanitary conditions and provide an odor seal. These products significantly reduce water consumption without sacrificing performance. Resources and Product Options Dual Flush Toilets Vienna by Vortens www.vortens.com Caravelle by Caroma www.caromausa.com Waterless Urinals McDry Waterless Urinal by Duravit www.duravit.com Steward by Kohler www.kohler.com


#13 LOW FLOW SHOWERHEADS Sustainable Building Strategy Install low flow showerheads throughout all shower facilities. Specify showerheads that have a flow rate less than 2.5 gpm, which is the national baseline flow rate for showerheads as set forth by the Energy Policy Act of 1992.

Delta H2Okinetic low flow head Niagara Conservation Corp. low flow head Environmental Benefit Reducing the amount of potable water consumption in buildings for water closets and urinals protects the natural water cycle and conserves scarce water resources. Another benefit of potable water conservation is reduced energy use and chemical inputs at municipal water treatment plants. Cost-Benefit Water-conserving showerheads that use less water than the requirements in the Energy Policy Act of 1992 may have higher initial costs. However, installation of these showerheads can result in significant long-term financial savings. Approach and Implementation No alterations or deviations from typical design approaches or implementation tactics need to be taken when considering the use of water saving showerheads as they do not require any special rough in or vary in installation from traditional showerheads. When deciding on a water saving showerhead however, pay particular attention to water quality as this aspect does vary in quality among brands. Strategies and Technologies There are a number of water saving showerheads that use less than the 2.5 gpm required by standard building code. The water saving device within the showerhead in an aerator similar to those installed on sink faucets. Many showerheads also incorporate a water shaping feature which optimizes the water quality. Resources and Product Options H2Okinetic by Delta www.deltafaucet.com Niagara Conservation Corporation www.niagaraconservation.com


#14 FAUCET OCCUPANCY SENSORS AND/OR AERATORS Sustainable Building Strategy Install faucet aerators on all faucets along with electronic flow sensors for commercial application. With the addition of a faucet aerator, the flow rate should be below 2.5 gpm, which is the national baseline flow rate as set for by the EPAct of 1992, for both bathroom and kitchen applications. Most occupant sensors for faucets have a programmable flow time option, and in most commercial settings are programmed to 12 seconds per use.

Occupancy sensor Faucet aerator Environmental Benefit Reducing the amount of potable water consumption in buildings for faucet fixtures protects the natural water cycle and conserves scarce water resources. Another benefit of potable water conservation is reduced energy use and chemical inputs at municipal water treatment plants. Cost-Benefit Most contemporary standard faucet assemblies include an aerator and therefore no additional first cost should be required. If the aerator is not included in the assembly, they can be purchased very inexpensively. The important environmental and economic savings is apparent post-occupancy where reductions in water consumption will significantly minimize building water use fees furthermore contributing to a reduction in operational costs. Strategies and Technologies Faucets utilizing aerators can achieve a flow rate as little as 1.0 gpm compared to the 2.5 gpm required by standard building code. Aerators are very affordable and are available with tamper proof devices to ensure post-occupancy usage. Electronic flow sensors eliminate the possibility of excessive water usage. Product Options Low-flow, high-efficiency faucets with electronic flow sensors are readily available in the marketplace and can be installed in the same manner as conventional fixtures.

Toto, EcoPower Faucets http://www.totousa.com Sloan, Optima Solis http://www.sloanvalve.com/index_2763.htm


Chapter 3: ENERGY SYSTEMS # Sustainable Building Strategy 15 COMMISSION ENERGY SYSTEMS 16 MAXIMIZE INSULATION VALUE 17 HIGH EFFICIENCY WINDOWS 18 MAXIMIZE HVAC EFFICIENCY 19 MAXIMIZE HOT WATER HEATER EFFICIENCY 20 AUTOMATIC OCCUPANCY SENSORS FOR LIGHTING AND LIGHTING DIMMER SWITCHES 21 HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING FIXTURES 22 DAYLIGHT SENSORS 23 TANDEM WIRING 24 ELIMINATE USE OF CFC-BASED REFRIGERANTS 25 MAXIMIZE THE USE OF DAYLIGHTING 26 SOLAR SHADE AND DIFFUSING DEVICES 27 INSTALL ON-SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE 28 MEASURE AND VERIFY BUILDING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE POST-OCCUPANCY 29 PURCHASE GREEN POWER CONTRACT FROM UTILITY PROVIDER 30 ENERGY STAR APPLIANCES


#15 COMMISSION ENERGY SYSTEMS

Sustainable Building Strategy Employ a commissioning agent to ensure that all energy systems are functioning as designed.

Commissioning agents inspecting systems

Environmental Benefit Building commissioning is a quality-assurance process of ensuring that a building’s complex array of systems is designed, installed, tested, and operated to perform according to the design intent and the building owner’s operational needs. Cost-Benefit In a recent study1, researchers found that for new construction, median commissioning costs were $1.00 per square foot, representing 0.6 percent of total construction costs. The energy-savings alone yielded a median payback time on the commissioning costs of 4.8 years. For existing buildings, the researchers found median commissioning costs of $0.27 per square foot, with whole-building energy savings of 15 percent and a payback time of 0.7 years. The benefits of commissioning include:

Fewer change orders during construction Fewer call-backs after construction Lower energy bills Avoided premature equipment replacement costs Proper training of the building’s operational staff Safer and healthier indoor environment Long-term tenant satisfaction Improved profit margin

While existing buildings showed a six-fold greater energy savings and four-fold lower commissioning costs than new construction, the median payback time in both cases is still very attractive, especially when non-energy impacts are accounted for. The non-energy benefits of commissioning, which are rarely quantified, can include reduced change-orders thanks to early detection of problems during design and construction, and identification and correction of problems that may lead to equipment breaking down prematurely. The study found that median one-time non-energy benefits were $1.24 per square foot per year for new construction — comparable to the entire cost of commissioning. 1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s study, “The Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial-Buildings Commissioning,” can be downloaded

from http://eetd.lbl.gov/emills PUBS/Cx-Costs-Benefits.html.


Approach and Implementation For new construction, commissioning ideally starts as soon as a facility is conceptualized, and continues until the building is occupied. Through the commissioning process, expectations for the performance of the building systems are established and well-defined procedures are put in place to determine whether those expectations have been met. Although building commissioning originally was created to ensure that HVAC systems were properly specified and installed, it can be successfully applied to virtually any building system, and to existing buildings as well as new construction. Resources and Product Options Energy Design Resources offers comprehensive commissioning guidelines, design briefs on commissioning and related topics, plus many other resources. Be sure to check out Energy Design Resources’ Commissioning Assistant, a web-based tool that you can use to evaluate probable commissioning costs, identify an appropriate commissioning scope, and access commissioning specifications. www.energydesignresources.com The California Commissioning Collaborative is a nonprofit organization that provides programs, tools and techniques to encourage the use of the building commissioning process. www.cacx.org Building Commissioning Authority Database of Commissioning agents: www.bcxa.org


#16 MAXIMIZE INSULATION VALUE Sustainable Building Strategy Install the most effective insulation R-value product for the project’s site location and building operation.

Cotton batt insulation Spray-in foam insulation Blown-in cellulose insulation Environmental Benefit Properly installed insulation helps to prevent air infiltration into the building. By helping to reduce unwanted infiltration, the likelihood of moisture problems is also reduced. Commercial and residential buildings consume approximately 2/3 of the electricity and 1/3 of all energy in the United States. Conventional forms of energy production may have devastating environmental effects. Energy efficiency in building limits the harmful environmental side effects of energy generation, distribution and consumption. Cost-Benefit Some energy-efficiency measures may not require additional first costs. Many measures that do result in higher capital costs may generate cost savings from lower energy use, smaller equipment, reduced space needs for mechanical and electrical equipment, and utility rebates. The saving may vastly exceed the incremental capital costs associated with the energy efficiency measures. Approach and Implementation In addition to site location, determine method of wall construction to apply the most effective insulation type and R-value as recommended in the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 (see Appendix). Strategies and Technologies Design the building envelope to maximize energy performance in conjunction with the HVAC, lighting and other systems within the building. There are several choices for insulation including blown-in cellulose insulation, spray-in foam insulation and batt insulation, which includes typical fiberglass, formaldehyde-free and cotton. Additional R-value can be obtained through insulated sheathing and thermal mass from non-stick frame construction, such as SIPs, ICFs and haybale structures. See typical R-values for varying insulation types in chart below.


2" x 4" 2" x 6"Formaldehyde Free Fiberglass Batt R-13 R-19 Standard batt installation process

Structurally Insulated Panel (SIP) R-15 R-23

Engineered panel that provides structural framing, insulation, and exterior sheathing in a solid, one-piece componentFairly difficult to install, trained installer is required

Cotton Batt R-13 R-19 100% recycled cotton (i.e. jeans, etc.)Blown-In Cellulose R-17 R-24.7 100% recycled newspaper

For wall cavities, requires either a binder or blow loose fill in behind a wire meshSettling will occur initially as part of installation process, but additional settling over time can compromise performanceIs not moisture resistant

Insulated Exterior Wall Sheathing

Wall thickness is irrelevant Is an additional layering of insulation to the wall cavity insulation Is especially appropriate when specifying metal stud wall construction

Insulating Concrete Form Block (ICF) R-28 R-32Insulated concrete forms snap into place, concrete is poured in cavity

Cavity Spray Foam R-27 R-39Available in open-cell (isocyanurate) or closed-cell (polyurethane)Can be combined with fiberglass batts for best cost and enhanced efficiency (i.e.- 1" of spray foam and finished with batt)

Closed cell spray foam eliminates need for house wrap (air, vapor, moisture barrier inherent in closed cell)Formaldehyde free

R-Value in Wall ConstructionInsulation Type Implementation Notes

R-3.5

*R-Values are altered by regional/seasonal conditions (i.e., wind, moisture, outdoor temperature). All values listed in chart are considered average thermal resistance.


#17 HIGH EFFICIENCY WINDOWS Sustainable Building Strategy Specify spectrally selective high efficiency, low-emitting windows with the appropriate U-value and solar heat gain reflectance (SHGR) coefficient for the project’s site and climate.

High performance windows Diagram of high performance window construction Environmental Benefits Energy consumption in buildings can be dramatically reduced by installing high performance glazing that reduces heat loss in the winter months and heat gain in the summer months. Cost-Benefit High efficiency glazing generally have higher first costs but represent significant operational cost savings through lower energy use, smaller equipment, reduced space needs for mechanical and electrical equipment, and utility rebates. Approach and Implementation Reference the regional U-factor and solar heat gain coefficient recommendations included in the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 to determine appropriate window performance for the project climate (see Appendix). It is important to balance the glass type’s thermal parameters with visible light transmittance to increase the amount of natural light in the building. Strategies and Technologies Lower unit U-factors (U-factor of glass and frame assembly together) reduce heat loss. While all Low-E products reduce heat loss, not all Low-E products keep out excess heat in the summer. Lower shading coefficient values reduce heat gain, which in turn reduces cooling energy consumption. It is important to balance these two factors when selecting glazing properties. Spectrally selective glazing incorporates technical advances in Low-E coatings that filter out the heat producing portions of the solar spectrum, but still allow the greatest possible visible light transmittance. Spectrally Selective Low-E glass allows more natural light into buildings, while controlling radiated heat, providing maximum energy efficiency, and reducing heat loads in areas where cooling costs are high. Resources and Product Options The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) develops and administers comparative energy and related rating programs that serve the public and satisfy the needs of its private sector partners by providing fair, accurate and credible, user-friendly information on fenestration product performance. http://www.nfrc.org/default.aspx


#18 MAXIMIZE HVAC EFFICIENCY Sustainable Building Strategy Specify high efficiency HVAC with minimum Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) rating of 10.2, or 15 percent more efficient than a system that is in minimum compliance with ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 – 2001. Effective strategies include high efficiency gas remote thermal unit (RTU) with air-side economizers, packaged Variable Air Volume (VAV) with Variable frequency Drives (VFDs) on supply air fans, modulating burners, indirect evaporative pre-cooling stages, evaporative condensers, heat recovery systems, and air-source heat-pumps. In areas with high demand charges, consider load shifting rooftop units like the Ice Bear 50.

Environmental Benefit The two biggest uses of energy in retail buildings are lighting and HVAC systems. Choosing the right HVAC system can greatly impact a building’s energy performance and indoor air quality. As a result, environmental consequences associated with energy production will be minimized, as will energy costs. Cost-Benefit High efficiency HVAC systems will include higher up-front costs compared to conventional units. However, selecting a high performance HVAC system is one of the most important strategies to consider when designing a sustainable building. High efficiency HVAC systems typically result in quick payback periods because of the large energy savings. For example, in hot climates like Phoenix, AZ and Las Vegas, NV, indirect evaporative pre-cooling pays for itself immediately in the first cost savings from downsizing equipment.

Strategies and Technologies For smaller tenant spaces (< 10,000 square feet (SF)) served by rooftop units, consider high efficiency packaged rooftop units with gas heat and DX cooling. Also, specify units with refrigerants with low ozone depleting potential and low global warming potential, such as R-410a rather than R-22.

Equip units with modulating economizers (air-side economizers) to reduce cooling energy use in dryer climates. Tables 6.5.1 and B-4 are taken from ASHRAE 90.1-2004 and identify those climates in which the energy standard requires economizers. In climates such as those in Colorado (5b) and California (3a), economizers are required on units larger than 5 tons. In Chicago, Il and Cleveland, OH, economizers are required on units larger than 10 tons. There are more humid climates for which there are no economizer requirements.


The majority of gas-fired rooftop space heaters have heating efficiencies in the 80 percent range. Improved performance is achievable with modulating gas burners that enhance part-load performance. Modulating units regulate combustion air and natural gas flows according to heating demand. These systems provide better temperature control, and are capable of maintaining high comfort levels in multiple zones.

For larger tenants (> 10,000 SF) consider packaged VAV rooftop units with variable frequency drives on supply air fans. A variable air volume system will adjust the supply air flow and supply air temperature in response to the different zones served by a VAV rooftop unit. This reduces fan energy use, and cooling and heating energy use. Fans controlled with a variable-speed drive on HVAC motors operate much more efficiently than those with inlet vanes.

For larger tenants (>10,000 SF) located in dryer climates, indirect evaporative pre-cooling stages can reduce installed cooling capacity and save on cooling energy costs. Indirect evaporative units can also be used for heat recovery when in heating mode. Ventilation heat recovery systems are worth considering in climates with significant heating hours and with systems that run long hours.

Another alternative is evaporative condensers, rather than standard air-cooled condensers. Evaporative condensers improve equipment efficiency by allowing the condenser to reject heat to a lower temperature source (i.e., water). These units have a minimum EER of 12. Smaller split systems (<5 tons) are available with evaporatively cooled condensers. See the link to the Freus system below.

Some areas of the country have high demand charges for electricity power use during their peak periods of consumption. The peak times are generally in the afternoon and early evening. Shifting power consumption to the nighttime can lower demand charges. The Ice Bear 50 system is a small packaged rooftop unit (7.5 tons) that makes ice at night and uses it to cool the building during the day.

For ground floor spaces below multi-story areas, consider high efficiency heat pump split systems with supplemental gas heat. Heat pumps are more efficient than other all-electric heating and cooling options. Air source heat pumps extract heat from, and reject heat to, the air. Since their heating capability below 40o F is poor, back-up heat is required in colder climates. Another option is a variable refrigerant flow system, which is sometimes termed a multi-split system and functions like a split system that serves multiple zones. Either of these options requires supplemental outdoor air ventilation. Resources and Product Options All of the major HVAC manufacturers offer high efficiency alternatives. Selecting an HVAC system that includes energy efficient equipment without compromising indoor environmental quality is one of the most important elements to sustainable buildings. While the actual unit specifications will depend on tenant location, size, occupancy, etc, here are some brand names and models to consider:

Trane, Precedent High Efficiency http://www.trane.com/Commercial/ Trane, IntelliPak http://www.trane.com/Commercial/ Carrier, 48PG Centurion http://www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac/ York, Stellar Plus http://www.york.com/products/esg/ Lennox, S-Class SPA http://www.lennoxcommercial.com McQuay, Applied Rooftop System, SuperMod Burner

http://www.mcquay.com Fujitsu Multi-Split System http://www.fujitsugeneral.com/multi.htm Mitsubishi Multi-Split System http://www.mitsubishielectric.com Ice Bear 50, Ice Energy http://www.ice-energy.com Freus evaporatively cooled Split System http://www.freus.com


#19 MAXIMIZE HOT WATER HEATER EFFICIENCY Sustainable Building Strategy Specify high efficiency water heaters or “non-conventional” technologies such as solar, tankless, gas condensing or heat pump water heaters rather than conventional technologies. In retail applications where hot water use is low, insulate the tank and either insulate the pipes or upgrade the heat trap to improve the performance of the system. Environmental Benefit Water-heating energy costs can be managed by selecting the appropriate fuel and water heater type, using efficient system design, and reducing hot water consumption. Cost-Benefit Energy costs for water heating can be reduced to anywhere between 20 and 80 percent. In applications with small hot water loads, insulating and heat traps are the most cost effective option with storage water heaters. In applications with higher loads, the more efficient alternatives carry a premium that can be recovered in 5-10 years. Strategies and Technologies Conventional storage hot water heaters lose heat to their surroundings throughout the year. Fortunately, there are a number of technologies available to heat water efficiently: solar thermal, heat pumps, gas condensing and demand water heaters offer significant energy savings potential compared to conventional storage products. However, where hot water usage is low, the most cost effective strategy is insulating the tank and either insulating the pipes or upgrading the heat trap. High efficiency storage water heaters, such as condensing water heaters, are typically cost prohibitive. A recent addition to the market – the A.O. Smith Vertex – is a reasonably priced (less than $1,000), high efficiency water heater. It is possible to completely eliminate standby heat losses from the tank and reduce energy consumption 20 to 30 percent with demand (or instantaneous) water heaters, which do not have storage tanks. Demand hot water heaters offer a practical solution for buildings that do not have high demand for hot water (like most retail applications). Instantaneous water heaters, while double the cost of storage water heaters, are more energy efficient and require less space and can have shortened runs to the fixtures. Heat pump water heaters use heat from the surroundings to heat water instead of generating heat directly with electricity. Heat pumps cost more up-front, but can provide up to 60 percent energy savings over conventional electric water heaters. A by-product of heat pump water heaters is cooling of the surrounding room air. Solar water-heating systems reduce the use of electricity or fossil fuels by as much as 80 percent. These systems typically have a simple payback of 12 years, but with a 30 percent Federal Tax Credit and accelerated depreciation the cost effectiveness of these systems is much improved. Resources and Product Options Selecting the proper water heating technology depends on climate and consumption needs. With these considerations in mind, here are a few recommendations for high-efficiency water heaters.

A.O. Smith Vertex 90 percent Water Heaterhttp://www.hotwater.com Paloma, PH24M Tankless Water Heaterhttp://www.tanklesswaterheaters.com/palomaph24m.html Takagi Industrial Co. USA Inc, Tankless Water Heatershttp://www.takagi.com/index.asp Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc., Heat Pump Water Heatershttp://www.colmaccoil.com/ Solargenic Energy, LLC, Solar Water Heating Systemhttp://www.solargenix.com/


#20 AUTOMATIC OCCUPANCY SENSORS FOR LIGHTING AND LIGHTING

DIMMER SWITCHES Sustainable Building Strategy Install occupancy sensor controls and dimming wall switches. Environmental Benefit The two biggest uses of energy in commercial buildings are lighting and HVAC systems. Lighting control strategies such as dimming wall switches and occupancy sensors can significantly reduce a building’s energy needs. Occupancy sensors can reduce lighting energy use by 30 to 60 percent, depending on the frequency of room usage. As a result, environmental consequences associated with energy production will be minimized (global warming, air and water pollution, habitat degradation, etc.). Cost-Benefit Savings due to occupancy sensors and dimming switches vary considerably across building types depending on specific use requirements. Given the limited area in retail spaces that can effectively utilize these strategies, energy savings is not thought to be significant. However, first costs are minimal, and this strategy can have a profound ripple effect in educating employees to the importance of energy conservation. Strategies and Technologies In most commercial buildings, electric lights are left on when rooms are unoccupied. While light switches are usually available, occupants do not typically turn off lights when rooms are not in use. Occupancy sensors overcome this problem by automatically turning lights off or on as needed. Dimming wall switches allow building occupants to easily reduce light levels for varying visual task requirements. Occupancy sensor control is applicable for most interior spaces where it is common for lights to be on when no one is present for short to long periods throughout the day. In a commercial environment, these strategies should be implemented in all back-of-house spaces. Restaurants should also consider installing these mechanisms in restroom areas. Product Options Most lighting companies carry occupancy sensors and offer dimming features for most switches.

The Watt Stopper, WD Dimmable PIR Wall Switch www.wattstopper.com Leviton Lighting Control Division, Occupancy Sensor

http://www.leviton.com/sections/prodinfo/sensor/S5C14P1.HTM


#21 HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING FIXTURES Sustainable Building Strategy Specify high efficiency lighting fixtures to reduce lighting power density to 15 percent below that allowed by ASHRAE Standard 90.1–2004. In retail applications, ASHRAE 90.1-2004 allows for 1.5 watts per square foot (W/SF) of general lighting, plus additional lighting for displays. The standard allows for 1.6 W/SF of display lighting (based on area of display) for general merchandise and 3.9 W/SF for valuable merchandise, such as jewelry, fine apparel, china, etc. Design with T8 and T5 fluorescents, compact fluorescents and metal halides. Highly energy efficient LED lights can provide low-maintenance, accent lighting. Consider controls as well with separate switching and dimming controls for display lighting. Use of daylighitng through top lighting, such as clerestories and skylights, is also recommended. Environmental Benefit Based on surveys conducted by the Lighting Research Center (LRC) of lighting power densities, a typical mall store will use about 11,000 kilowatt hours (kWhs) of electricity for lighting its display windows each year.2 At an average cost of $0.10 per kWh, this works out to $1,100 per year in electricity costs. This same study found that stores could reduce the wattage of the lighting in the display windows by half, and still maintain the windows' visual appeal and their ability to capture shoppers' attention without negatively impacting retail sales. This strategy only takes into account changing lighting strategies in display windows. If high efficiency lighting fixtures are specified throughout the store, savings go up exponentially. Cost-Benefit It is possible to reduce lighting energy requirements by up to 40 percent. While you will pay more for high efficiency fixtures, not only will you save money on your energy bill, you also will significantly cut down on replacement lighting costs. Strategies and Technologies There are a number of different lighting strategies that will allow retailers to reduce lighting power densities while still capturing shoppers’ attention. Lighting fixture efficiencies have improved dramatically over the years. Some alternative high efficiency fixtures to consider include Standard T8 and T5 Fluorescents, and High Performance T8 and T5 fluorescents, and superior quality compact fluorescents with high color rendition and daylight color temperatures. The Standard T8 has an efficiency of about 83 Lumens per Watt (lm/W) compared to 12 lm/W for a conventional incandescent bulb. Also consider ceramic metal halides, a type of high intensity discharge (HID) lamp, and light emitting diode (LED) lights.

Linear fluorescent lamps should be specified with electronic ballasts. They are also available with dimmable ballasts and can be efficiently integrated into a well-daylit space. Fluorescent fixtures on programmed start electronic ballasts can handle twice times the starts that standard ballasts can. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) also have electronic ballasts and there are dimmable CFL available.

HID lamps produce light by striking an electrical arc across tungsten electrodes housed inside a specially designed inner glass tube. This tube is filled with both gas and metals. The gas aids in the starting of the lamps and the metals produce the light once they are heated to a point of evaporation. HID lamps produce a large quantity of light in a small package in comparison with incandescent and fluorescent sources. HID lighting is typically used when high levels of light are required over large areas and when energy efficiency and/or long life are desired. More recently, however, HID sources, especially metal halide (MH), have been used in small retail and residential environments. Note that HID lamps cannot be dimmed.

2 Lighting Research Center. “Saving Energy in Retail Display Windows.” http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/completedProjects.asp?ID=69


MH lamps produce a white light, while high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps produce a yellow light. Recent research has shown that the white light produced by MH lamps can allow people to see in greater detail than yellow light, especially in lower level lighting conditions. Ceramic metal halides (39W) are recommended in applications with ceilings over 10 feet and recessed or ceiling-mounted fixtures, and can be used in lieu of MR (multireflector) lamps and halogen PAR lamps. LED’s are light emitting diodes that we are familiar as small display lights on consoles. LED’s operate on low-voltage current and have the longest life of the various light sources. LED’s are directional light sources like PAR and MR lamps. They are assembled in arrays to produce sufficient light but use 1/10th of a comparable incandescent light source. Resources and Product Options Almost all major lighting manufacturers offer high efficiency lamps. Some of the leading companies include the following.

Osram Sylvania http://www.sylvania.com/ Lithonia Lighting http://www.lithonia.com/ Phillips http://www.lighting.philips.com Universal Lighting Technologies http://www.universalballast.com/


#22 DAYLIGHT SENSORS Sustainable Building Strategy Specify interior photo-sensors connected with electronic dimming ballasts in daylit spaces. Environmental Benefit The purpose of utilizing photo-sensors to control electronic dimming ballasts is to reduce electric lighting energy in daylit spaces by dimming the electric lighting system based on the availability of daylight. In principle, daylighting can reduce electrical use both for lighting and for cooling. However, these benefits will only occur if electric lighting is switched off or dimmed when daylight provides adequate illumination. Therefore, daylighting measures need to be fully integrated with the electric lighting scheme. In addition to energy savings, electric light dimming systems offer two other advantages over conventional lighting systems. First, conventional lighting systems are typically designed to over-illuminate rooms to account for the 30 percent drop in lighting output over time. Electric light dimming systems automatically compensate for this reduced output to give a constant light level over time. Second, daylighting controls can be adjusted to give the desired light level for any space. Thus, when floor plans are changed, it is easy to adjust the light levels to meet the lighting needs of each area (provided the system is zoned properly and has sufficient lighting capacity). Cost-Benefit The use of natural, day light can save money through reduced electrical HVAC requirement, increase environmental comfort, and conserve resources. Studies consistently show increased worker productivity, retail sales and other benefits from spaces that incorporate natural light. Strategies and Technologies Most lighting systems in commercial environments operate at full output regardless of outdoor conditions. On most days, however, daylighting (sunlight through windows and/or skylights) can provide sufficient light levels for most retail activities. Dimming daylighting control systems use interior photo-sensors to control electronic dimming ballasts, which gradually dim or brighten lamps within the daylight zone. This system is transparent to the building occupant since the dimming system continuously maintains the designed light levels without switching lamps on or off. The daylight zone depth for controlling light fixtures for this strategy can be from 2 to 2.5 times the head height of the window. If combined with Skylights or Light Pipes (#25 Maximize the Use of Daylighting), the entire retail sales floor area should utilize these calibrated daylighting controls.

Product Options As with other lighting systems and controls, most lighting companies offer photo-sensors and electronic dimming capabilities.

Advance Transformer Co. http://www.advancetransformer.com/index.jsp Osram Sylvania http://www.sylvania.com/


#23 TANDEM WIRING

Sustainable Building Strategy Where 2-lamp fixtures are used, "tandem-wire" adjacent fixtures so the fixtures can be controlled by one 4-lamp ballast. In other words, a pair of fixtures have one (1) 4-lamp ballast in the master servicing the two lamps of each fixture and one (1) 2-lamp ballast in the master servicing the center single lamp in each fixture.

Environmental Benefit Energy efficiency in buildings limits the harmful environmental side effects of energy generation, distribution and consumption. Tandem wiring has been known to reduce energy use by these fixtures by 9 percent, and more in some cases. Cost-Benefit Even with the extra labor costs for tandem wiring, a 4-lamp ballast costs about the same as two 2-lamp ballasts. This technique allows fewer single-lamp ballasts in the combination, thus reducing material costs and energy. Approach and Implementation This technique is usually found in recessed lay-in fluorescent fixtures having three lamps in each fixture. Luminaires designed for use with one or three linear fluorescent lamps greater than 30 W each can use two lamp tandem-wired ballasts in place of single lamp ballasts when 2 or more luminaires are in the same space and on the same control device. Exceptions include:

1. Recessed luminaires more than 10 ft apart measured center to center; 2. Surface mounted or pendant luminaires which are not continuous; 3. Luminaires using single lamp high-frequency electronic ballasts; 4. Luminaires using three lamp high-frequency electronic ballasts or three lamp electromagnetic ballasts; 5. Luminaires on emergency circuits; and 6. Luminaires with no available pair.

Strategies and Technologies Tandem wiring is one measure towards whole building energy efficiency as prescribed in the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004. Tandem wiring specifically addresses demand reduction. To accomplish whole building demand reduction, consider optimizing building form and orientation, reducing internal loads through shell and lighting improvements, and shifting load to off-peak periods.


#24 ELIMINATE USE OF CFC-BASED REFRIGERANTS Sustainable Building Strategy Specify zero use of CFC-based refrigerants in HVAC&R systems. Environmental Benefit CFC-based refrigerants destroy ozone in the earth’s atmosphere, which is the root cause of numerous environmental and health problems. Ozone is needed to shield the earth against harmful ultraviolet radiation. Using non-CFC building equipment slows the depletion of the ozone layer and reduces the accumulation of greenhouse gases and the potential for global climate change. Strategies and Technologies Until recently, most refrigeration (air-conditioning) systems used CFCs. As a result of the Montreal Protocol to protect the earth's ozone layer, CFC production in the United States was completely phased out by the end of 1995. Specification of non-CFC building equipment is now standard as no new systems utilizing CFCs are being manufactured. In most cases, CFCs have been replaced with HCFCs (typically R22 and R123). Although HCFCs have only 1/20th the ozone depleting potential of CFCs, the use of HCFCs does reduce the ozone layer. As a result, the use of HCFCs will also be phased out, beginning in 2004. There are several classes of refrigerants that have zero ozone-depletion potential. Product Options All contemporary HVAC&R systems come standard without CFC-based refrigerants. Since the end of 1995, CFC refrigerants have not been manufactured in the United States.


#25 MAXIMIZE THE USE OF DAYLIGHTING

Sustainable Building Strategy Design the building to maximize interior daylighting luminosity, including south-facing glazing in addition to skylights and light tubes.

Retail daylighting Commercial daylighting Skylight daylighting Environmental Benefit Both glazing and skylights or light tubes greatly enhance the daylighting benefits in many building environments. Daylighting reduces the need for electric lighting of building interiors, resulting in decreased energy use. This lighting energy use reduction conserves natural resources and reduces air pollution impacts due to energy production and consumption. Cost-Benefit Specialized glazing can increase initial costs for a project and can lead to excessive heat gain if not design properly. Glazing provides less insulating effects compared to standard walls, resulting in higher energy use and requiring additional maintenance. A well designed daylit building is estimated to reduce lighting energy use by 50 to 80 percent. Daylit spaces can increase occupant productivity and reduce absenteeism and illness. In most cases, occupant salaries significantly outweigh first costs of incorporating daylighting measures into a building design. Approach and Implementation The desired amount of daylight will differ depending on the tasks occurring within each program space. Daylit spaces often have several daylight zones with differing target light levels. In addition to light levels, the implementation of daylighting should address interior color schemes, direct beam penetration and integration with the electric lighting system. Glare control is perhaps the most common failure in daylighting implementation. Strategies and Technologies Strategies to consider include building orientation, shallow floor plates, increased building perimeter, exterior and interior permanent shading devices, high performance glazing, and automatic photocell-based controls. Predict daylight factors via manual calculations or model daylighting strategies with a physical or computer model to assess footcandle levels and daylight factors achieved. Product Options See “High Efficiency Windows” for a reference to determine the most appropriate window products to use in terms of climate. The following are light tube product options.

Solatube http://www.solatube.com/ Sun-Dome Tubular Skylights by Daylighting Technologies, Inc. www.sun-dome.net


#26 SOLAR SHADE AND DIFFUSING DEVICES Sustainable Building Strategy Install exterior solar shading devices such as awnings and interior daylight diffusers, such as light shelves. Environmental Benefit Day-lighting reduces the need for electric lighting, which results in decreased energy consumption. Daylit spaces may also increase occupant productivity. However, if not controlled properly, this light can provide unwanted glare, therefore, it is important to employ shading devices to control glare. Cost-Benefit Solar shade and diffusing devices reduce heat gain obtained through glazed surface areas. As a result, these techniques contribute to an energy efficient fenestration strategy as well as increase the interior distance to which the benefits of daylighting can be obtained. Collectively, daylighting strategies provide an opportunity to downsize mechanical cooling equipment at the design stage and/or permit energy savings resulting from decreased lighting and cooling requirements. Strategies and Technologies Awnings should be installed to prevent excessive glare in a commercial application. Light shelves allow daylight to penetrate the space up to 2.5 times the distance between the floor and the top of the window, while simultaneously blocking unwanted glare. Typical installations usually make a feature of the light shelf. Light shelves are usually part of a broader daylight strategy that does not depend on the light shelf; rather; the light shelf is an extension of the strategy.


#27 INSTALL ON-SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE Sustainable Building Strategy Supply a portion of the building’s total energy through the use of on-site renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaics (PVs). Environmental Benefit With growing concern over climate change, rising energy prices and the reliability of conventional fuel sources, how electricity is generated has become critical. The use of renewable energy reduces environmental impacts associated with utility energy production and use. In addition to preventing environmental degradation, on-site use of renewable energy can improve power reliability and reduce reliance on the local power distribution grid. Cost-Benefit While still expensive, the costs of PV systems have come down significantly in recent years. The higher first costs can be off-set by federal and state utility rebates (see resource link above), as well as by net metering arrangements in which excess peak electricity is sold back to the utility. With Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPVs), the costs should also include the marginal savings on the replaced elements of the building such as roofing or cladding. Strategies and Technologies Renewable energy can be generated on a building site by using technologies that convert energy from the sun, wind and biomass into usable energy. Solar PVs, which convert sunlight directly into electric power, are the most practical renewable energy technology for small to medium sized commercial buildings. In the past, PVs were assembled into panels that required a structure to orient them to the sun. In recent years, the efficiency of the cells has increased and BIPVs are increasingly incorporated into building elements such as the roof, shell or window systems. Solar PV systems can provide a renewable, non-polluting electricity source and reduced electric bills. PV systems for buildings utilize a parallel connection with the utility which allows buying electricity or power for usage over that supplied by PVs and selling surplus power back to the utility when PV power exceeds the building load. Net metering, a system in which power is put back into the utility grid when the local demand is less than the capacity of the PV array, is required in some 30 states. This means that the PV-generated power is worth the retail price of the electricity being displaced. In commercial buildings with “time-of-day” billing, electricity displaced during the sunniest hours of the day is worth the most. Resources and Product Options There are various types of PVs and companies that specialize in different areas ranging from design, engineering, sales, installation, and service. At the FindSolar link below, a comprehensive database for local renewable energy professionals as well as a solar calculator is available for both commercial and residential building types. http://www.findsolar.com/index.php The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) is a comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility and selected federal incentives that promote renewable energy. http://www.dsireusa.org/index.cfm?EE=1&RE=1


#28 MEASURE AND VERIFY BUILDING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE POST-OCCUPANCY

Sustainable Building Strategy Develop a measurement and verification (M&V) plan to evaluate building and/or energy system performance. Environmental Benefit Measurement and verification of a building’s ongoing energy use allows for optimization of related systems over the lifetime of the building. As a result, the cost and environmental impacts associated with energy can be minimized. Cost-Benefit The added cost to institute an M&V program in a new construction project is strongly tied to the complexity of the building systems. The factors that typically affect M&V accuracy and costs are:

Level of detail and effort associated with verifying post-construction conditions; Number and types of metering points; Duration and accuracy of metering activities; Number and complexity of dependent and independent variables that must be measured or

determined on an ongoing basis; Availability of existing data collecting systems; and Confidence and precision levels specified for the analyses.

Approach and Implementation The International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP) Volume III provides a concise description of best-practice techniques for verifying the energy performance of building projects (see resource link below). The IPMVP is not prescriptive regarding the application of M&V options, but instead defers to the professional judgment of the implementer(s) to apply the options in a manner that is appropriate to the project scale while still meeting the M&V objective. Strategies and Technologies Install the necessary metering equipment to measure energy use. Track performance by comparing predicted performance to actual performance, broken down by component or system as appropriate. Evaluate energy efficiency by comparing actual performance to baseline performance. Resources and Product Options The IPMVP volumes are available for download, which is the organization's flagship product in the form of a set of framework documents used:

To develop an M&V strategy and plan for quantifying energy and water savings in retrofits and new construction;

To monitor indoor environmental quality; and To quantify emissions reductions. http://www.ipmvp.org/


#29 PURCHASE GREEN POWER CONTRACT FROM UTILITY PROVIDER

Sustainable Building Strategy Provide a portion or all of the building’s electricity from grid-source renewable energy technologies. Most renewable energy utilities require at least a one year contract agreement. Environmental Benefit Conventional energy production is a significant contributor to air pollution that results in acid rain, smog and global warming. As an effect, these pollutants have widespread and adverse effects on human health. Green electricity products reduce the air pollution and resource impacts of electricity generation by relying on cleaner energy sources such as solar, water, wind, biomass, and geothermal. Purchasing Green Power is a way for a project to demonstrate its commitment to sustainability and make a significant positive environmental impact. This purchase can be a way to make a building “green” without changing the design or locating green energy on site. Cost-Benefit Many customers will appreciate the environmental commitment. Nine out of ten Americans want to know about the values and causes of the companies they do business with. Companies with a strong social commitment have higher levels of employee loyalty and morale. (Source: 2002 Cone Corporate Citizenship study).

When you sign-up for Green Power, you can let your customers know that your business is powered by clean renewable energy.

With rising price of electricity and natural gas, green power products are very competitive with conventional energy sources. Furthermore, as the green power market matures and impacts on the environment and human health are factored into power costs, green power products are expected to be equal or less expensive than conventional energy production methodologies. Additionally, with Renewable Choice offering discounted energy rates to Forest City projects, the purchase of renewable energy is even more affordable. Strategies and Technologies Grid source renewable energy sources are defined by the Center for Resource Solutions (CRS) Green-e products certification requirements (see resource link below). Green power may be procured from an accredited utility program or a third-party Green-e certified power marketer. Green-e certification ensures that:

Renewable Energy Certificate purchases support new renewable energy generation; Renewable energy meets stringent environmental and consumer protection standards; and Renewable energy is audited annually to ensure that customers receive promised benefits.


Resources and Product Options Renewable Choice Energy is a national provider for wind source power and offers service to Forest City projects at a discounted rate. Renewable Choice Energy http://www.renewablechoice.com/m/index.php For a list of local green power providers and associated costs go to: http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/locator/index.htm

To learn more about the Center for Resource Solutions and Green-e certification, go to: www.green-e.org


#30 ENERGY STAR APPLIANCES (All information and data derived from the Energy Star website at http://www.energystar.gov/ )

Sustainable Building Strategy Purchase appliances that perform to the Energy Star standard and carry the Energy Star label. Environmental Benefit The performance of Energy Star products is the same or better than standard products while consuming less energy. To earn the Energy Star endorsement, appliances must meet the energy efficiency criteria set by the US Environmental Protection Agency or the US Department of Energy. Since they use less energy, these products save money post-occupancy and subsequently reduce emissions from power plants. Resources and Product Options The following summarizes the most typically installed appliances in a commercial setting. Within each appliance section is a list of manufacturers that produce Energy Star labeled appliances. Please note that not all models made by the listed manufacturers meet the Energy Star standard. To find exact model names for each manufacturer that are Energy Star labeled, follow the link to the Energy Star website at the end of each section: Clothes Washers Strategies and Technologies Commercial ENERGY STAR qualified commercial washers for laundry facilities offer significant savings over the length of operation and also provide laundry users with optimal laundry performance. The following manufacturers produce Energy Star standard commercial clothes washers: Ajax Kenmore Continental Maytag Dexter Speed Queen Frigidaire Staber General Electric Unimac Huebsch Wascomat IPSO See Energy Star website for complete listing of Energy Star endorsed models for the above manufacturers as well as additional performance information at http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=clotheswash.display_commercial.com Clothes Dryers Strategies and Technologies Energy Star does not label clothes dryers because most dryers use similar amounts of energy, which means there is little difference in energy use between models.


Energy Star has provided recommendations for adjustments in the laundering process that can be exercised to reduce energy consumption. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=clotheswash.pr_clothes_dryers Dishwashers Strategies and Technologies Residential Energy Star qualified residential dishwashers use 25 percent less energy than the federal minimum standard for energy consumption as well as consume much less water than conventional residential models. Specific water savings vary between models. The following manufacturers produce Energy Star standard residential dishwashers: Adora Eurotech LG Electronics Amana Fagor Magic Chef Americana Fisher & Paykel Maytag Ariston Frigidaire Miele Asko Gaggeneau Monogram Blomberg General Electric Performa Bosch Haier Profile Crosley Heartland Roper DCS Hotpoint Sharp Dacor Ikea Siemens Danby Designer Inglis Silhouette Electrolux Jenn-Air Sunbeam Equator Kenmore Thermador Estate KitchenAid Viking Eterna Kuppersbusc Whirlpool White-Westinghouse See Energy Star website for complete listing of Energy Star endorsed models for the above manufacturers as well as additional performance info at http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=dishwash.display_products_html Commercial EPA is currently developing a new product specification for commercial dishwashers. After collecting and analyzing data on current commercial dishwasher models, EPA has introduced a Draft 1 Energy Star Commercial Dishwashers Specification Version 1.0 for stakeholder consideration. Since final specifications are under, no commercial dishwashers carry the Energy Star endorsement.


Refrigerators and Freezers Strategies and Technologies Residential Energy Star qualified residential refrigerator models use high efficiency compressors, improved insulation, and more precise temperature and defrost mechanisms to improve energy efficiency, while consuming between 10-20% less energy than required by current federal standards and 40% less energy than the conventional models sold in 2001. Energy Star qualified freezer models use at least 10% less energy than required by current federal standards. The following manufacturers produce Energy Star labeled residential refrigerators and freezers: Absocold General Electric Perlick Admiral Gladiator Profile Adora Amana Haier Roper Avanti Heartland Samsung BSH Continental Hotpoint Sanyo Beaumark Ikea Silhouette Bosch Jenn-Air Sub Zero Freezer Co., Inc. Classic 50’s Kenmore Summit Craftworks Kirkland Sun Frost Crosley KitchenAid Thermador Dacor LG Electronics U-Line Danby Liebherr United Danby Designer Mabe Viking Danby Millenium Magic Chef Whirlpool Electrolux Mastercool Woods Eterna Maytag Frigidaire Microfridge Gallery Monogram See Energy Star website for complete listing of Energy Star endorsed models for the above manufacturers as well as additional performance info at http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=refrig.display_products_html Commercial Energy Star labeled commercial solid door refrigerators and freezers are more energy efficient because they are designed with components such as ECM evaporator and condenser fan motors, hot gas anti-sweat heaters, or high-efficiency compressors, which will significantly reduce energy consumption and utility bills. Compared to standard models, Energy Star labeled commercial solid door refrigerators and freezers can lead to energy savings of as much as 45% with a 1.3 year payback. The following manufacturers produce Energy Star labeled commercial refrigerators and freezers: Artic McCall Refrigeration Axiom Equipment Nor Lake Incorporated Biomedical Solutions, Inc. Randell Manufacturing Beverage Air Sci-Cool, Inc. Continental Refrigerator Silver King Refrigeration The Delfield Company True Manufacturing Electrolux Home Products Turbo Air, Inc. Turbo Air, Inc. Victory Refrigeration Traulsen & Co., Inc. Duke Manufacturing Hoshizaki America, Inc. Follett Corporation See Energy Star website for complete listing of Energy Star endorsed models for the above manufacturers as well as additional performance info at http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products/prod_lists/commer_refrig_prod_list.pdf


Sample IAQ Management Plan

Company: XYZ Property Development Project: ABC Office Building IAQ Coordinator: John Doe IAQ Goals:

• Prevent indoor air quality problems resulting from the construction process in order to help sustain the comfort and well-being of construction workers and building occupants.

• Meet or exceed the recommended Design Approaches of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditional National Contractors Association (SMACNA) IAQ Guideline for Occupied Buildings Under Construction, 1995, Chapter 3.

• Achieve LEED Credit 3.1, Construction IAQ Management: During Construction Communication Plan:

• IAQ management procedures will be discussed at each safety meeting • Each subcontractor will receive a copy of the IAQ Management Plan • The subcontractor will be responsible for ensuring that their crews comply with the IAQ

Management Plan and wear appropriate masks or respirators when installing VOC-emitting products. • IAQ management measures will be regularly inspected by the IAQ Coordinator, and maintained as

needed. IAQ Management Methods:

HVAC Protection HVAC equipment will be protected from collecting dust and odors When possible, the system will be shut down to prevent uptake of contaminants during heavy

construction or demolition. The system will be isolated from the surrounding environment as much as possible to prevent

introduction of pollutants. All return system openings in or immediately adjacent to the construction area will be sealed

with plastic. When the system must remain operational during construction, temporary filters with a MERV

of 8 will be used at each return air grill, as determined by ASHRAE 52.2-1999. Filters will be maintained during construction.

Filters will be replaced at the end of construction, immediately prior to occupancy. Filters shall have a MERV of 8 as determined by ASHRAE 52.5-1999 for media installed at the end of construction.

If the system must remain operation, and if possible, areas of heavy construction activity will be dampered or blocked off.

No construction or waste materials will be stored in the mechanical room(s). If needed due to major dust loading or construction related odors, filters with improved dust

spot efficiency or odor control media may be used. If the system is off for the duration of construction, diffusers and window units will be sealed

in plastic. If the system becomes contaminated, shows excessive dust and debris under diffusers, or

ventilation is restricted, ducts will be inspected and cleaned.


Source Control Low-VOC products specified by the Architect, including adhesives, sealants, paints, coatings,

carpet, and composite wood products, will be used. Idling of motor vehicles will be restricted where emissions could be drawn into occupied areas. Lower emission equipment, such as bottled gas or electric-powered equipment, will be

considered where feasible. Equipment will be cycled off when not needed. Demolition techniques will attempt to limit the production of airborne dust. Where appropriate, sources of indoor pollution will be exhausted to the exterior, or an air

cleaner will be used. Sources of VOC emissions such as roofing materials, wet products, and waste containers, will

be kept covered or sealed as much as feasible to reduce evaporation or release of odors and dust.

Supplemental ventilation will be used during the installation of carpet, paints, furnishings, and other VOC-emitting products, for at least 72 hours after work is completed.

Pathway Interruption Where appropriate, work areas will be depressurized to prevent flow of potential contaminants

to other areas. Where appropriate, building areas that remain occupied during construction will be pressurized

to help exclude airborne dust and odors. Barriers, ranging from dust curtains to continuous seals, will be erected as appropriate to

contain dust and odors from construction areas. Where work or equipment may impact critical air flow pathways, materials or equipment may

be relocated to minimize the impact of emissions. In the case of unacceptable contaminant levels and in the absence of other control

opportunities, intake dampers may need to be temporarily sealed. Housekeeping Airborne dust will be suppressed through increased cleaning frequency, efficient dust collection

methods, or the use of wetting agents or sweeping compounds. Spills or excess applications of solvent-containing products will be removed as soon as possible. Accumulated water will be removed as soon as possible, and dehumidification of wet areas will

be used if necessary. Porous materials such as insulation will be protected from exposure to moisture. Porous items

that remain wet for an extended period will be replaced. Proper procedures will be undertaken for any housekeeping activities that involve hazardous

materials, such as lead-based paint.

Scheduling If the building remains occupied during construction, activities with high pollution potential

will be conducted during off hours. If the building remains occupied during construction, a buffer zone may be created around the

work area to minimize transfer of dust and odors to occupied areas. Where the schedule a work agreement allows, a period of continuous ventilation and flush-out

shall be conducted after construction and cleaning is complete, but before occupancy.


Documentation Photographs will be taken throughout the project of IAQ management measures such as

protection of ducts, physical protection barriers, and sequencing of installation for absorptive materials.

At least 18 photographs – six photographs taken on 3 different occasions during construction – will be provided to the Owner/Architect. Each photo will have a caption identifying the SMACNA approach featured by each photograph.


Chapter 4: BUILDING MATERIALS # Sustainable Building Strategy 31 PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR POST-OCCUPANCY RECYCLING 32 BUILDING REUSE/RETRO FIT 33 CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING 34 SALVAGED AND/OR REFURBISHED BUILDING MATERIALS 35 RECYCLED CONTENT MATERIALS 36 REGIONALLY EXTRACTED (HARVESTED) AND MANUFACTURED MATERIALS 37 RAPIDLY RENEWABLE MATERIALS 38 FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC) CERTIFIED WOOD 39 LOW-VOC ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 40 LOW EMITTING PAINTS AND COATINGS 41 CARPET AND RUG INSTITUTE (CRI) GREEN LABEL PLUS CARPET AND CRI GREEN

LABEL CARPET CUSHION 42 UREA-FORMALDEHYDE FREE COMPOSITE WOOD AND AGRIFIBER PRODUCTS 43 LOW EMITTING AND FORMALDEHYDE FREE INSULATION 44 LOW EMITTING SYSTEMS FURNITURE AND SEATING


#31 PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR POST-OCCUPANCY RECYCLING Sustainable Building Strategy Designate an area within the building that is dedicated to the separation, collection and storage of materials for recycling including paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and aluminum.

Environmental Benefit Providing convenient recycling opportunities for building occupants can significantly reduce the quantity of waste directed to landfills. Recycling reduces the need to extract virgin natural resources and also reduces environmental impacts of waste in landfills. Cost-Benefit Recycling requires no added direct costs and offers significant environmental benefits. Implementing a recycling program is an effective way to educate employees and customers about the benefits of environmentally conscious buildings. Strategies and Technologies The most effective method for promoting recycling activities is to create convenient opportunities for building occupants to recycle. This includes designating adequate space for recycling collection within the tenant premises. During the design phase, designate a well-marked collection and storage area for recyclables including office paper, newspaper, cardboard, glass, metals and plastics. The landlord should provide multiple central collection locations on the site for storage of tenant recycling materials. Resources and Product Options Recycling is a process not a product that can be purchased. There are a number of resources available on the web to assist with creating an effective recycling program.

Business Resource Efficiency and Waste Reduction www.ciwmb.ca.gov/bizwaste Waste at Work www.informinc.org Recycling at Work www.usmayors.org/USCM/recycle

The following are recycling receptacle product options:

Stainless steel round receptacles by Barco Products http://www.barcoproducts.com/store/item.asp?ITEM_ID=814&DEPARTMENT_ID=104

The Recycled Recycler Indoor Square Series

http://ecolad.com/ecom.asp?pg=products&specific=jnqpono8&gotogrp=56&gotopgnum=1


#32 BUILDING REUSE/RETRO FIT Sustainable Building Strategy Inventory existing buildings conditions and identify elements of building suitable for reuse.

Environmental Benefit Building reuse diverts material from the construction waste stream, reducing the need for landfill space and environmental impacts pertaining to associated water and air contamination issues. The reuse of existing building elements also reduces the environmental impacts of producing new construction products and materials. Cost-Benefit Reuse of existing building components can reduce the first costs of construction substantially. Approach and Implementation Develop a floor plan showing the location of existing structural components, finished ceiling, finished flooring, interior wall partitions, doors within the interior walls, exterior and party walls, and exterior windows and doors. Strategies and Technologies Consider reuse of existing, previously occupied buildings, including structure, envelope and elements. Remove elements that pose contamination risk to building occupants and upgrade components that would improve energy and water efficiency such as windows, mechanical systems and plumbing fixtures.


#33 CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING Sustainable Building Strategy Divert 50 percent of construction waste to a recycling facility by employ a construction waste recycler, either commingled or separated waste, and informing subcontractors of appropriate disposal procedures.

Environmental Benefit Construction activities generate enormous quantities of solid waste. Commercial construction generates between 2 and 2.5 pounds of waste per square foot, the majority of which can be recycled. Construction and demolition debris makes up roughly 25 percent of North American landfill space. Recycling construction debris reduces the environmental impacts associated with resource extraction and processing, and also reduces potential contamination sources from landfills. Diverting construction waste from landfills to recycling facilities can eliminate these negative impacts. Cost-Benefit In recent years, increased materials and waste disposal costs coupled with stricter waste disposal regulations and decreasing landfill capacity have lowered the cost of construction recycling. As landfill tipping fees continue to escalate, the option to recycle becomes more economical. Recyclable materials have differing market values depending on location of facilities, supply and demand, and other market forces. Strategies and Technologies Salvage companies, recycling centers and waste management companies are excellent sources for both selling and buying salvaged and recyclable/recycled materials. It is the owners’ responsibility to provide facility for the collection and storage of construction waste materials. It is the responsibility of the tenants and the general contractor to train site workers on the proper recycling protocol and the provide documentation of recycling efforts. Resources and Product Options EPA report: Setting Up a Jobsite Recycling Program: http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/solid/cd3.pdf Refer to local government publications and online resources for regional construction waste management information and hauler information.


#34 SALVAGED AND/OR REFURBISHED BUILDING MATERIALS Sustainable Building Strategy Incorporate salvaged materials into the material specifications.

Salvaged wood flooring Salvaged plumbing supplies Environmental Benefit Building material choices are important because of the environmental burden associated with the extraction and manufacturing of raw materials. Each building material specified contributes to the building’s overall environmental footprint. Alternatively, by specifying salvaged building materials, the negative impacts on the environment can be avoided. Cost-Benefit The use of salvaged materials not only minimizes environmental consequences associated with new materials, but they can also save on materials costs while adding character to a building. Strategies and Technologies Salvaged materials are construction materials recovered from existing buildings or construction sites and reused in other buildings. Common salvaged materials include structural beams and posts, wood and tile flooring, doors, cabinetry, brick, and decorative items. The use of salvaged materials not only minimizes environmental consequences associated with new materials, but they also save on materials costs and can add a unique distinction to a building. Resources and Product Options Building Materials Reuse Association architectural salvage directory: http://www.buildingreuse.org/directory/


#35 RECYCLED CONTENT MATERIALS Sustainable Building Strategy Incorporate materials with high recycled content into the building material specifications.

Both fly ash concrete and steel have high recycled content Environmental Benefit Recycled content building products contain materials recovered from consumers or industrial waste streams. These products are beneficial to the environment because they reduce virgin material use and solid waste volumes. Cost-Benefit Most recycled content products exhibit performance similar to products containing virgin materials and can be incorporated into building projects with ease. Recycled content products may cost more than equivalent virgin products. Strategies and Technologies Establish a project goal for recycled content materials and identify material suppliers that can achieve this goal. During construction, ensure that the specified recycled content materials are installed. Consider a range of environmental, economic and performance attributes when selecting products and materials. Resources and Product Options Many commonly used products are now available with recycled content. Some of these products include metals, concrete, masonry, acoustic tile, carpet, ceramic tile, and insulation. Recycled-Content Product Directory (State of California website) http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/rcp/Search.asp


#36 REGIONALLY EXTRACTED (HARVESTED) AND MANUFACTURED

MATERIALS

Sustainable Building Strategy Strive to purchase building materials and products that are extracted and manufactured within 500-miles of the project site.

Environmental Benefit Choosing regional materials over imported ones helps to minimize transportation costs, conserve energy and reduce pollution. It also encourages the local community to adopt more environmentally sensitive acquisition and manufacturing practices. Cost-Benefit Depending on availability, many products acquired regionally will cost less than products purchased afar because of the reduced transportation costs. Furthermore, by purchasing regionally manufactured materials, dollars are retained in the region, supporting the local economy. Strategies and Technologies Consider the incorporation of regional building materials early in the schematic design phase. Research regionally sourced and manufactured building materials for durability, performance and other environmental considerations. Resources and Product Options Check with your local Chamber of Commerce and regional and state economic development agencies for building materials manufacturers in your area.


#37 RAPIDLY RENEWABLE MATERIALS Sustainable Building Strategy Specify rapidly renewable building materials and products that are made from plants that are typically harvested within a ten-year cycle or shorter.

Bamboo Wool Environmental Benefit Rapidly renewable materials generally require less land input, natural resources, capital, and time. They also provide the opportunity to displace raw materials that have greater environmental impact. Cost-Benefit Because rapidly renewable resources may be harvested more quickly, they tend to give a faster payback on investment for manufacturers. As demand increases, they are expected to become cost-competitive with conventional materials. Some rapidly renewable materials, such as bamboo flooring and wheatcore cabinet panels, have significant durability advantages over conventional building materials. Approach and Implementation Identify opportunities to incorporate rapidly renewable materials and incorporate products into the project specifications and plans. Strategies and Technologies Consider materials such as bamboo, wool, cotton insulation, agrifiber, linoleum, wheatboard, strawboard, and cork. Resources and Product Options Environmental Product Directories www.oikos.com www.greenspec.com


#38 FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC) CERTIFIED WOOD Sustainable Building Strategy Identify FSC Certified suppliers that can provide certified wood for the project’s wood demand including general dimensional framing, flooring, sub-flooring, wood doors, and finishes.

Environmental Benefit The FSC standard incorporates many criteria that contribute to the long-term health and integrity of forest ecosystems. The elements of responsible FSC certified forestry include removing no more timber volume than can replace itself over the cutting interval or rotation, preserving wildlife habitat and biodiversity, maintaining soil and water quality, minimizing the use of harmful chemicals, and conserving endangered and old growth forests. Cost-Benefit Currently, the costs of FSC certified wood products are equal to or higher than conventional wood products and availability varies by region. The price of FSC certified wood products is expected to be more competitive with conventional wood products in future years as the world’s forests are depleted and the forest industry embraces more widespread adoption of sustainable business principles. Approach and Implementation Research the availability of wood species and products that you wish to use to ensure that they are available from FSC certified sources. At the earliest opportunity, make contact with local vendors, suppliers and manufacturers that provide FSC certified products. Strategies and Technologies Provide project bidders with a list of certified vendors and encourage them to make contact early in the project to establish product availability and pricing. Resources and Product Options Forest Stewardship Council certified member directory http://www.fscus.org/certified_companies/?num=20


#39 LOW-VOC ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS Sustainable Building Strategy Specify Low-VOC adhesives and sealants as to not exceed the VOC content limits of South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule #1168.

Environmental Benefit Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are chemical compounds that contribute to air pollution outdoors while having an adverse effect on the well-being of building occupants indoors. VOCs react with sunlight and nitrogen in the atmosphere to form ground level ozone, a chemical that damages lung tissue, reduces lung function, and sensitizes lungs to other irritants. Use of low-VOC materials improves indoor air quality during construction as well as over the lifetime of the building. Cost-Benefit Costs for low-VOC adhesives and sealants are generally competitive with conventional materials, yet they can reduce worker illness and/or increase worker productivity, making a strong case for their use. Strategies and Technologies Information about source specific standards can be found at: http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg11/r1168.pdf. Product Options See Appendix for SCAQMD Super Compliant Architectural Coating Manufacturers Database.


#40 LOW EMITTING PAINTS AND COATINGS Sustainable Building Strategy Specify paints and primers for all interior uses as to not exceed the VOC limits of Green Seal’s Standard GS-11 requirements. Specify anti corrosive and anti rust paints applied to interior ferrous metal substrates that do not exceed the VOC limits of the Green Seal Standard GC-03. Specify clear wood finishes, floor coatings, stains, sealers, and shellacs that do not exceed the VOC content limits of the SCAQMD Rule 1113.

Environmental Benefit VOCs are chemical compounds that contribute to air pollution outdoors while having and adverse effect on the well-being of building occupants indoors. VOCs react with sunlight and nitrogen in the atmosphere to form ground level ozone, a chemical that damages lung tissue, reduces lung function, and sensitizes lungs to other irritants. Use of low-VOC materials improves indoor air quality during construction as well as over the lifetime of the building. Cost-Benefit Costs for low-VOC paints are generally competitive with conventional materials. Use of low-VOC content materials can reduce worker illness and/or increase worker productivity, making a strong case for the use of low-VOC paints. Strategies and Technologies Green Seal, a nonprofit organization that promotes the manufacture and sale of environmentally responsible consumer products, developed standard GS-11 for paints and primers. National regulations limit the amount of VOCs in paints and other coatings to 380 grams per Liter (g/L) for non-flat and 250 g/L for flat. Green Seal’s voluntary standard further restricts VOC limits to 150 g/L and 50 g/L respectively. Resources and Product Options See Appendix for Green Seal Certified GS-11 product list.


#41 CARPET AND RUG INSTITUTE (CRI) GREEN LABEL PLUS CARPET

AND CRI GREEN LABEL CARPET CUSHION Sustainable Building Strategy If installing carpet, specify Low-VOC carpet as to not exceed the requirements of the Carpet and Rug Institute’s Green Label Indoor Air Quality Test Program (0.5 milligrams per square meter (mg/m2* hr)), and strive to incorporate carpet tiles rather than roll carpet.

Environmental Benefit With approximately 1.8 million tons per year of rugs and carpets sent to landfills in the United States, it is important to increase the sustainable use and recovery of this material. Cost-Benefit Healthy occupants are more productive and have less illness-related absenteeism. Use of high-VOC content materials can cause illness and may decrease occupant productivity. As a result, low-VOC carpet alternatives may result in decreased expenses for building owners and operators. Recycled content products do typically cost more than equivalent virgin products. Strategies and Technologies Roll carpet is typically used but consideration should be given to carpet tiles as it is easier to replace portions that receive higher wear and tear instead of replacing the entire carpet, and tiles produce less waste during installation (typically 1-2 percent as compared to 5-7 percent for roll). Carpet selections should meet or exceed CRI Green Label testing program that sets emissions thresholds for VOC’s, formaldehyde and other compounds found in carpets, cushions and adhesives. Finally, select carpet materials that are made from recycled or renewable materials, may themselves be recyclable, and are durable in application. Resources and Product Options In recent years some carpet companies have been working to "close the loop" by developing carpets that are easier to recycle at the end of their useful life because both the backing and the face material can be recycled together. See Appendix for Green Label Plus carpet manufacturer list.


#42 UREA-FORMALDEHYDE FREE COMPOSITE WOOD AND AGRIFIBER

PRODUCTS Sustainable Building Strategy Specify composite wood finishes, fixtures and furnishings containing no added urea-formaldehyde resins.

Environmental Benefit Americans spend an average of 90 percent of their time indoors, where levels of pollutants may be two to five times higher than outdoor levels. Many of these pollutants can cause health problems. The carcinogenicity of formaldehyde is classified as a confirmed human carcinogen. Therefore, specifying low-emitting and formaldehyde free composites will minimize the risks associated with exposure to any toxic materials found in traditional insulation products. Cost-Benefit Costs for low-emitting and formaldehyde free composites are generally more expensive than conventional composites. However, by selecting low-emitting materials, both outdoor and indoor air quality impacts can be avoided, which can reduce worker illness and/or increase worker productivity. Strategies and Technologies Specify composite woods containing no added urea formaldehyde. It may be necessary to request emissions data from product manufacturers and compare the test data with comparable products. When appropriate, specify exterior grade composite wood and agrifiber products as they contain phenol formaldehyde rather than added-urea formaldehyde. Since phenol formaldehyde only off gasses at higher temperatures, they are safe to use in an indoor environment where temperatures will remain moderate. Resources and Product Options

Medite and Medex by Sierra Pine http://www.sierrapine.com/ PureBond Formaldehyde-Free Hardwood Plywood by Columbia Forest Products

www.columbiaforestproducts.com AdvanTech OSB by J.M. Huber Wood Products www.huberwood.com Primeboard www.primeboard.com


#43 LOW EMITTING AND FORMALDEHYDE FREE INSULATION Sustainable Building Strategy Specify low emitting and formaldehyde free insulation materials.

Formaldehyde free insulation

Environmental Benefit Americans spend an average of 90 percent of their time indoors, where levels of pollutants may be two to five times higher than outdoor levels. Many of these pollutants can cause health problems. The carcinogenicity of formaldehyde, which could be released from conventional fiberglass insulation, is classified as a confirmed human carcinogen. Therefore, specifying low-emitting and formaldehyde free insulation will minimize the risks associated with exposure to any toxic materials found in traditional insulation products. Cost-Benefit Low-emitting insulation materials typically cost the same as conventional materials, and they offer a cleaner, safer environment to work in. Strategies and Technologies Seek out insulation products that are Greenguard certified (see resource link below), which verifies that the insulation product does not compromise the air quality of indoor environments as set by the standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. To optimize indoor air quality, specify a formaldehyde free insulation product that uses an acrylic binder as opposed to formaldehyde. Resources and Product Options There are several insulation manufacturers that provide low-emitting materials. Johns Manville was the first to introduce a 100 percent acrylic binder:

Johns Manville http://www.jm.com/insulation/building_insulation/4465.htm Owens Corning http://www.owenscorning.com/ CertainTeed http://www.certainteed.com/certainteed/undefined/insulation Greenguard Certification http://www.greenguard.org


#44 LOW EMITTING SYSTEMS FURNITURE AND SEATING Sustainable Building Strategy Install low emitting systems furniture, such as office cubicles, and permanent seating throughout building interior where required.

Environmental Benefit Americans spend an average of 90 percent of their time indoors, where levels of pollutants may be two to five times higher than outdoor levels. Many of these pollutants can cause health problems. The carcinogenicity of formaldehyde and other VOCs, which could be released in small quantities from conventional fiberglass insulation, is classified as a confirmed human carcinogen. Therefore, specifying low-emitting and formaldehyde free furniture and seating will minimize the risks associated with exposure to any toxic materials found in traditional insulation products. Cost-Benefit Costs for low-emitting and formaldehyde free furniture are generally more expensive than conventional products. However, by selecting low-emitting materials, both outdoor and indoor air quality impacts can be avoided, which can reduce worker illness and/or increase worker productivity. Approach and Implementation Identify interior fit out needs and use low emitting alternatives to conventional materials that may off gas after installation and occupancy. Resources and Product Options Xsite and Interworks panel systems, Footprint and Traxx system furniture by Kimball Office Furniture www.kimballoffice.com Sustainable Building Strategy Office System, Ethospace, My Studio Environments, and others by Herman Miller, Inc. www.hermanmiller.com Greenguard Systems Furniture Certification database www.greenguard.org


Chapter 5: HVAC SYSTEMS # Sustainable Building Strategy 45 MECHANICAL (ACTIVE) VENTILATION 46 NATURAL (PASSIVE) VENTILATION 47 NO SMOKING POLICY 48 INSTALL CO2 SENSORS IN CONJUNCTION WITH OUTDOOR AIR DELIVERY SYSTEM 49 PROTECT ALL HVAC EQUIPMENT FROM DUST AND OTHER PARTICULATE MATTER DURING CONSTRUCTION 50 DURING CONSTRUCTION, PROTECT ALL ABSORPTIVE MATERIAL FROM MOISTURE 51 ISOLATE CONSTRUCTION AREAS 52 POST-CONSTRUCTION BUILDING FLUSH OUT 53 ISOLATE AND VENT AREAS OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL USE 54 INSTALL WALK OFF GRATES AT ALL EXTERIOR ENTRANCES TO BUILDING 55 INDIVIDUAL THERMAL CONTROLS IN CONJUNCTION WITH INDIVIDUAL

DIFFUSERS


#45 MECHANICAL (ACTIVE) VENTILATION Sustainable Building Strategy Install a forced ventilation system to circulate fresh air into interior space. Environmental Benefit Under ventilated buildings may be stuffy, odorous, uncomfortable, and/or unhealthy for occupants, while properly ventilated buildings ensure healthy indoor air quality. Cost-Benefit Increasing ventilation rates will yield higher HVAC energy costs and potentially greater HVAC capacity. This increase in HVAC capacity and energy use will be more evident in extreme climates rather than in mild, temperate climates. Healthy indoor air quality is associated with improved employee health, welfare, well-being, and productivity. Approach and Implementation A building should provide its occupants with superior indoor air quality to support their health, comfort and well-being. A key component or maintaining superior indoor air quality is providing adequate ventilation rates. Strategies and Technologies

Supply fan approach: The preferred method for continuous mechanical ventilation is for the fan to be installed to push air into the space. This approach is preferred because it directly controls the source of the ventilation air, and because it will not depressurize the space, which could cause back-drafting of fireplaces and/or vented combustion appliances.

Exhaust fan approach: extracts air from the interior space and releases to outdoor air. Does have the potential to depressurize the space. Typically used in kitchen and baths, but are capable of exhausting whole spaces.

Consider the use of heat recovery where appropriate to minimize the additional energy consumption associated with higher ventilation rates. Heat recovery ventilation systems employ heat exchangers to bring the fresh air temperature to room temperature.


#46 NATURAL (PASSIVE) VENTILATION Sustainable Building Strategy Incorporate operable windows in your building. Follow the eight designs steps described in the Carbon Trust Good Practice Guide 237 to obtain an effective natural ventilation design.

1. Develop design requirements 2. Plan airflow paths 3. Identify building uses and features that might require special attention 4. Determine ventilation requirements 5. Estimate external driving pressures 6. Select types of ventilation devices 7. Size ventilation devices 8. Analyze design

Operable windows

Environmental Benefit Under ventilated buildings may be stuffy, odorous, uncomfortable and/or unhealthy for occupants, while properly ventilated buildings ensure healthy indoor air quality. Cost-Benefit While a naturally ventilated building may have less equipment than a comparable mechanically ventilated building, natural ventilation designs may require additional costs for operable windows, increased thermal mass, and other architectural elements with allow for passive ventilation and space conditioning. Energy and maintenance costs tend to be lower than for comparable mechanically ventilated spaces. Approach and Implementation A building should provide its occupants with superior indoor air quality to support their health, comfort and well-being. A key component for maintaining superior indoor air quality is providing adequate ventilation rates.


Strategies and Technologies Maximize wind induced ventilation by sitting the ridge of a building perpendicular to the summer

winds Naturally ventilated buildings should be narrow Each room should have two separate supply and exhaust openings (e.g., orient windows across the

room) Operable windows Adequate internal air flow Consider the use of clerestories or vented skylights Provide attic ventilation Consider use of fan assisted cooling strategies Determine whether the building requires a open- or closed-building ventilation approach:

o Closed - works well in hot, dry climates where there is a large variation in temperature from day to night. Ventilate at night, and then close in the morning to keep in cool air. Also incorporates massive walls and floor construction.

o Open - works well in warm and humid areas where temperature does not change much from day to night. Daytime cross-ventilation is encouraged to maintain indoor temperatures close to outdoor temperatures.

Resources and Product Options The Carbon Trust Good Practice Guide 237- Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings, a guide for designers, developers and owners: www.thecarbontrust.org.uk The Chartered Institution of Building Service engineers (CIBSE) Applications Manual 10: 2005, Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings: www.cibse.org


#47 NO SMOKING POLICY Sustainable Building Strategy Prohibit smoking within building and provide designated smoking areas outside of the building where tobacco smoke cannot enter building or ventilation system.

Environmental Benefit The correlation between smoking and various health risks has been well documented. A strong link between second hand smoke and health problems has also been demonstrated. Cost-Benefit A no smoking policy is a simple way to ensure building occupant health, which in turn increases employee productivity and reduces employee absenteeism. Prohibition of indoor smoking can also increase the useful life of interior fixtures and furnishings. Strategies and Technologies The most effective way to avoid health problems associated with tobacco smoke is to prohibit smoking in indoor areas. A no smoking policy eliminates the need for a separate ventilation system for isolated smoking areas. Resources and Product Options Prohibition of smoking is a policy decision, not a product or technology that needs to be purchased.


#48 INSTALL CO2 SENSORS IN CONJUNCTION WITH OUTDOOR AIR

DELIVERY SYSTEM Sustainable Building Strategy Install permanent monitoring and alarm systems that provide feedback on ventilation system performance in a form that affords operational adjustments. Monitoring components should include an outdoor airflow measurement device and/or CO2 sensors. Environmental Benefit Buildings are supplied with outdoor air to flush airborne contaminants and to replenish fresh air on a regular basis. Ventilation rates are conventionally determined using ventilation standards for a particular building design. A better method for determining and maintaining adequate outdoor air ventilation rates is to measure CO2 concentrations. High CO2 concentrations are generally an indication of poor indoor air quality. Cost-Benefit While a CO2 monitoring system adds first costs to a project, the increase in occupant productivity and decrease in absenteeism will contribute to a more profitable operation. Strategies and Technologies CO2 sensors, located in return air ducts, are used to reduce ventilation in proportion to the number of occupants served by the system. To implement this strategy, CO2 sensors are added to the return air ducts as needed to ensure concentrations in the building do not exceed threshold values. The volume of ventilation air moving through a common fresh-air intake is controlled according to the indoor CO2 concentration. CO2 ventilation control systems must be calibrated and tested by the contractor and proper operation must be verified as part of the building commissioning process. Resources and Product Options When specifying your HVAC system, be sure to inquire about the capability of adding CO2 sensors. Most HVAC systems include this as an option. A CO2 sensor is not a device that is typically purchased and installed separately from the HVAC system.


#49 PROTECT ALL HVAC EQUIPMENT FROM DUST AND OTHER

PARTICULATE MATTER DURING CONSTRUCTION Sustainable Building Strategy Avoid use of HVAC system during construction, and if used, replace all filters prior to occupancy. Seal all duct work penetrations from particulate matter during construction process with plastic.

HVAC system protected during construction

Environmental Benefit Contaminant reduction is beneficial to building occupants, resulting in greater comfort, lower absenteeism and greater productivity. Cost-Benefit The protection of superior indoor air quality is likely to increase worker productivity translating to greater profitability for companies. Additional time and labor may be required during construction to protect and clean ventilation systems and building spaces. However, these actions can extend the lifetime of the ventilation system and improve ventilation system efficiency, resulting in reduced energy use. Approach and Implementation As part of a construction indoor air quality plan, an HVAC equipment protection plan should be developed and implemented by the on-site construction manager. All subcontractors and site workers should be made aware of the correct storage and placement of these materials. Strategies and Technologies If permanently installed air handlers are used during construction, filtration media with a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) of 8 should be used at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE 52.2-1999. All filtration media should be replaced immediately prior to occupancy. Resources and Product Options Controlling Pollutants and Sources (USEPA report): Detailed information on exhaust or spot ventilation practices during construction activity www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/controlling.html


#50 DURING CONSTRUCTION, PROTECT ALL ABSORPTIVE MATERIAL

FROM MOISTURE Sustainable Building Strategy Adopt a management plan to protect the HVAC system during construction by sequencing the installation of materials to avoid contamination of absorptive materials such as insulation, carpeting, ceiling tile, and gypsum wallboard and informing site crew of intention to protect those materials.

Wrapped cellulose insulation Elevated ceiling tiles Environmental Benefit Contaminant reduction is beneficial to building occupants, resulting in greater comfort, lower absenteeism and greater productivity. Cost-Benefit Superior indoor air quality is likely to increase worker productivity translating to greater profitability for companies. Additional time and labor may be required during construction to protect and clean ventilation systems and building spaces. However, these actions can extend the lifetime for the ventilation system and improve ventilation system efficiency, resulting in reduced energy use. Approach and Implementation A protection plan should be developed and implemented by the on-site construction manager. All subcontractors and site workers should be made aware of the correct storage and placement of these materials.


#51 ISOLATE CONSTRUCTION AREAS Sustainable Building Strategy During construction, isolate areas of work to prevent contamination of clean or occupied spaces.

Separating construction activity areas

Environmental Benefit Contaminant reduction is beneficial to building occupants, resulting in greater comfort, lower absenteeism and greater productivity. Cost-Benefit Superior indoor air quality is likely to increase worker productivity translating to greater profitability for companies. Additional time and labor may be required during construction to protect and clean ventilation systems and building spaces. However, these actions can extend the lifetime for the ventilation system and improve ventilation system efficiency, resulting in reduced energy use. Approach and Implementation An ongoing circulation plan for the scheduled work should be implemented and maintained by the on-site construction manager based on the locations of current work and the avoidance finished or clean areas. All subcontractors and site workers should be made aware of the correct storage and placement of these materials. Strategies and Technologies Coordinate construction activities to minimize or eliminate disruption of operation in the occupied portions of the building. Construction activities over the duration of the project should be sequenced carefully to minimize the impact on the indoor air quality.


#52 POST-CONSTRUCTION BUILDING FLUSH OUT Sustainable Building Strategy Perform building flush-out (100 percent outside air introduced to the building) or test VOC concentration in air quality prior to occupancy. Environmental Benefit Contaminant reduction is beneficial to building occupants, resulting in greater comfort, lower absenteeism and greater productivity. Cost-Benefit Superior indoor air quality is likely to increase worker productivity translating to greater profitability for companies. Additional time and labor may be required during construction to protect and clean ventilation systems and building spaces. However, these actions can extend the lifetime of the ventilation system and improve ventilation system efficiency, resulting in reduced energy use. Approach and Implementation After construction ends, prior to occupancy and with all interior finishes installed, perform a building flush out by supplying a total air volume of 14,000 cubic foot of outdoor air per SF of floor area while maintaining an internal temperature of at least 60°F and relative humidity no higher than 60 percent.. Strategies and Technologies Prior to occupancy, perform a building flush-out or test the air contaminant levels in the building. The flush-out is often used where occupancy is not required immediately upon substantial completion of construction. Resources and Product Options Indoor Air Quality: A Systems Approach (Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractor’s National Association [SMACNA] report): www.smacna.org


#53 ISOLATE AND VENT AREAS OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL USE Sustainable Building Strategy Design facility cleaning and maintenance areas with isolated exhaust systems for contaminants.

Environmental Benefit Contaminant reduction is beneficial to building occupants, resulting in greater comfort, lower absenteeism and greater productivity. Cost-Benefit Additional materials and energy may be required to isolate chemical use areas, however through proper management of hazardous chemicals used for building operations and maintenance, chemical spills and accidents can be avoided that would otherwise harm wildlife and ecosystems. Approach and Implementation Depending on the weather conditions, ventilate using 100 percent outside air to exhaust contaminated air direction to the outside during installation of VOC emitting materials. Depressurize the work area. Strategies and Technologies Where hazardous gases or chemicals may be present or used, exhaust each space sufficiently to create negative pressure with respect to adjacent spaces with the doors to the room closed. For each of these spaces, provide self closing doors and deck to deck partitions or a hard lid ceiling. The exhaust rate should be at least 0.50 cubic feet per minute per square foot (ft3/SF) with no air recirculation.


#54 INSTALL WALK OFF GRATES AT ALL EXTERIOR ENTRANCES TO

BUILDING Sustainable Building Strategy Install permanent architectural entryway systems such as grilles or grates to prevent occupant-borne contaminants from entering the building.

Floor grating Entrance grating

Environmental Benefit Contaminant reduction is beneficial to building occupants, resulting in greater comfort, lower absenteeism and greater productivity. Cost-Benefit Additional materials and energy may be required to provide entryway systems; however, an environmentally sound building also supports the well-being of occupants, which may contribute to lowering health insurance rates and healthcare costs. Approach and Implementation Employ permanent entryway systems at least six feet long in the primary direction of travel to capture dirt and particulates from entering the building at all entryways that are directly connected to the outdoors. Strategies and Technologies Entryway systems include permanently installed grates, grilles or slotted systems that allow for cleaning underneath. Roll out mats are an efficient method when maintained on a weekly basis by a contracted service organization. Product Options

EnvIRONtread by Arden Architectural Specialties, Inc. www.ardenarch.com C/S Pedisystems by Construction Specialties, Inc www.c-sgroup.com Safetrack Recycled-Aluminum Foot Grilles by Mats, Inc. www.matsinc.com


#55 INDIVIDUAL THERMAL CONTROLS IN CONJUNCTION WITH

INDIVIDUAL DIFFUSERS Sustainable Building Strategy Provide individual comfort controls for the building occupants to enable adjustments to suit individual task needs and preferences.

Individual floor diffuser Under-floor air delivery system

Environmental Benefit Increased occupant comfort translates directly to worker productivity and decreased absenteeism. While the initial reaction may be that the controls will be abused and/or neglected by the users, studies show that an energy savings is realized when users can take ownership of their indoor temperature levels. Cost-Benefit The most frequently reported occupant complaints involve thermal discomfort. Studies show that individual occupant controls can potentially increase the satisfaction and productivity of occupants. Additional controllability may add to first costs of a project, however, these costs are generally offset by energy savings through lower conditioned temperatures, natural ventilation and less solar gain through proper use of shading devices. Approach and Implementation Conventional buildings too frequently are built as sealed space where the occupants have no control. A more desirable approach provides individuals the controls to adjust the thermal conditions for amore comfortable environment. The design team should determine the level of individual control desires. Design the building with comfort controls to suit both individual needs and those of groups in shared spaces. Strategies and Technologies ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can be developed to expand on the comfort criteria to allow adjustments to suit individual need and preferences. Specific strategies include occupant access to thermostats, operable windows, and operable shading devices. Typically integrated into an under floor air delivery system. Resources and Product Options

Hydronic Panel Radiators by Buderus www.buderus.net T3SQ Thermally Powered VAV Diffusers by Titus www.titus-hvac.com A Field Study of PEM (Personal Environmental Module) Performance in Bank of America’s San

Francisco Office Buildings www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/bauman1998_bofa.pdf


U.S. CLIMATE ZONE MAP (For use when referencing the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 building envelope requirement tables below).

COLD

HOT / ARID HOT / COLD

HOT / HUMID

TEMPERATE


Green Seal Certified GS-11 Product List - Paints & Coatings

Manufacturer Product Standard

Benjamin Moore Benjamin Moore's EcoSpec Interior line (Latex Primer Sealer, Flat, Eggshell Enamel, and Semi-Gloss Enamel)

GS-11 Paints

Cloverdale Paint Horizon Interior line (Latex Primer, Flat, Eggshell, Semi-Gloss)

GS-11 Paints

Dutch Boy Dutch Boy Clarity Interior Latex line (Primer Sealer, Flat Wall & Ceiling Paint, Satin Wall & Trim Enamel and Semi-Gloss Wall & Trim Enamel)

GS-11 Paints

MAB Paints Enviro-Pure Interior Latex Zero VOC line (Primer, Flat, Eggshell and Semi-Gloss)

GS-11 Paints

HealthyHome.com HealthyHues Interior Latex line (Drywall All Purpose Primer, Flat Ceiling White, Flat Enamel, Eggshell Enamel and Semi-Gloss Enamel)

GS-11 Paints

Miller Paint Co. Acro Solvent Free Interior Acrylic line (Flat, Eggshell, Satin, and Semi-Gloss)

GS-11 Paints

Olympic Paint and Stain Zero-VOC Olympic Premium Interior line (Flat, Eggshell, Satin, Semi-Gloss, Kitchen & Bath)

GS-11 Paints

PPG Architectural Finishes, Inc. Pittsburgh Paints Pure Performance line (primer, flat, eggshell, semi-gloss)

GS-11 Paints

Rodda Paint Company Horizon Exterior line(Latex Primer, Flat, Velvet Flat, Satin, Lowgloss Enamel, and Semigloss Enamel) Horizon Interior line (Latex Sealer, Flat, Satin, Lowgloss Enamel, Semigloss Enamel, and Pearl Lustre)

GS-11 Paints

Sherwin Williams Harmony Series – available on primer, flat, eggshell and semi gloss Duration Home – available in flat satin and semi gloss ProGreen 200 Series – available primer, flat, eggshell and semi gloss

GS-11 Paints

Sico Inc. Ecosource line (Primer-Sealer, Ceiling Flat, Velvet, Melamine and Semi-gloss) Expert line (Primer-Sealer, Eggshell, Velvet, Platinum, Melamine, Pearl and Semi-gloss)

GS-11 Paints

Southern Diversified Products American Pride line (primer, flat, eggshell, semigloss, ceiling) American Pro line (primer, flat, eggshell)

GS-11 Paints

V.ABC Paints Manufacturing (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.

Ecobest Super Luxury Elastic Emulsion Ecobond Super Acrylic Exterior Coating Elastic Acrylic Exterior Coating Elastic Texture Acrylic Middle Coating Rust Buster Primer Coating Water-based Zinc Rich Primer (2 pack) Water-based Epoxy Middle Coating (2 pack) Water-based Acrylic Top Coating

GS-11 Paints GC-03 Anti-Corrosive

Paints

Vista Paint Carefree Earth Coat line (Primer, Flat, Velva Sheen, Eggshell and Semi-Gloss)

GS-11 Paints

YOLO Colorhouse YOLO Interior line (Latex Primer, Flat, Satin, Semi-Gloss) GS-11 Paints


CRI Carpet Testing Program Manufacturer Approved "Green Label" Product

Identification Numbers Contact Info

Atlas Carpet Mills City of Commerce, CA

13795278 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 30304428 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 33454453 - nylon predyed with polyurethane backing 11391564 - nylon postdyed with polyurethane backing

800-372-6274

Barrett Carpet Mills, Inc. Dalton, GA

16848678 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 21628691 - olefin predyed with SBR backing 18580678 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing

800-241-4064 ﾠ

Beaulieu of America Dalton GA Beaulieu Commercial BOLYU Contract Cambridge Commercial Carpets Aqua Hospitality Carpets Coronet Hollytex

18093078 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 95779925 - polyester postdyed with SBR backing 16887078 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 18561478 - olefin predyed with SBR backing 13000078 - nylon predyed with SBR Unitary backing 20157530 - olefin predyed with polyurethane backing 41851092 - Nylon predyed with polyurethane backing 33370712 - nylon post-dyed with polyurethane backing 33988595 - Nylon predyed with PET secondary backing

800-227-7211 www.beaulieugroup.com

Bentley/Prince Street An Interface Company City of Industry CA

48568936 - nylon predyed with SBR 10194435 - nylon postdyed with SBR 37155410 - nylon post-dyed with polyurethane 24131641 - nylon pre-dyed with polyurethane

626-934-2153 www.bentleyprincestreet.com

Blue Ridge Commercial Carpet Ellijay, GA

14222878 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 16654078 - nylon with predyed with SBR backing 34679712-nylon predyed with PVC hardback

800-241-5945 www.blueridgecarpet.com

Brintons Limited (U.K.) Kidderminster, England

16733278 - wool and wool blends predyed with SBR backing 45121516 - nylon pre-dyed with SBR unitary

UK: 156-282-0000 156-263-5446 www.brintons.net

C&A Floorcoverings Inc Dalton, GA

16146558 - nylon predyed with PVC backing, cushion/RS tile 25571366 - nylon predyed with PVC backing, ER3 tile 41039744 - nylon predyed with PVC backing, cushion/RS 23348030 - nylon predyed with PVC backing, ER3 Cushion Roll-goods

800-241-4902 www.powerbond.com

Camelot Carpet Mills Fullerton, CA (Div. Royalty)

14030678 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 800-481-5900

Carpets International Thailand Public Company, LTD Bangkok, Thailand

48160106- pre-dyed nylon with SBR / felt cushion modular backing

66(0)2976-0123 [email protected]

Clayton Miller Hospitality Carpets Dalton GA

48360324 - Pre-dyed nylon with SBR backing (Cadence line)

877 261 6334 www.clayton-miller.com

Colin Campbell & Sons Vancouver BC Canada

24567020- wool or wool blends pre-dyed with SBR backing

604-734-2758

Constantine Dalton, GA

56608064 - nylon post dyed with SBR backing 65000642 - nylon post dyed with polyurethane backing 40356295 - nylon post-dyed with PVC backing

706-277-0826

Couristan, Inc. Fort Lee NJ

46800041 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 46781240 - wool and wool blends predyed with SBR backing

800-223-6186 www.couristan.com

Creston Carpet Mills LLC Chatsworth, GA

27601387 - 100% Polypropylene predyed with SBR 706-695-2250

Crossley Carpet Mills, Ltd. Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada

17062478 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 18287678 - nylon predyed with SBR unitary 13989878 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 47032160 - nylon pre-dyed with polyurethane backing

902-895-5491

Dalian Jiamei Carpet Co. Ltd. Dalian, China

35586185 - nylon pre-dyed with SBR backing 86-411-3641020 www.jiamei-carpet.com

Dongsheng Carpet Co. Ltd. Rizhao, Shandong PV., China

97311383- olefin predyed with SBR backing ﾠ

Fortune Contract Dalton, GA

85842365 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 706-279-3669

Glen Eden Wool Carpet Calhoun, GA

99215081 - wool predyed w/SBR backing 800-848-1728

Gulistan Carpet, Inc. Aberdeen, NC

16324878 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 17530878 - nylon predyed with SBR backing

910-944-6311 www.gulistan.com

Interface Flooring Systems LaGrange, GA

24131641 - nylon predyed/polyurethane backing 18530820 - nylon predyed/PVC hardback

800-336-0225 www.interfaceflooring.com

Invision Carpet Systems Dalton, GA (Div. J&J Industries)

65308310 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 39158636 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 25288311 - nylon pre-dyed with polyurethane backing 38582123 - nylon postdyed with polyurethane backing

800-241-4586 www.invisioncarpet.com

J&J Commercial Dalton, GA (Div. J&J Industries)

14672078 - nylon predyed with SBR unitary 14263678 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 37842092 - nylon postdyed with polyurethane backing 17297878 - nylon predyed with polyurethane backing 27425055 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 27939716 - nylon pre-dyed with PVC backing

800-241-4586

Kraus Carpet Mills, Ltd. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

14806678 nylon predyed with SBR backing 12764678 polypropylene predyed with SBR backing 16031878 nylon postdyed with SBR backing

519-884-2310

Lees Carpets by Mohawk Industries 11716184 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 800-523-5550

"Green Label" Testing Program - Approved Product Categories for Carpet


Glasgow, VA 10984338 - nylon predyed with PVC backing 14069078 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 48204179 - nylon postdyed with EVA 39901930 - nylon predyed with EVA

Liyang Kaili Carpet and Fiber Co., LTD Liyang City, Jia

33712392 - Predyed wool and wool blends with SBR latex backing

T-0519-7301857 F-0619-7301274

Mannington Carpets, Inc. Calhoun, GA Mannington Co

71929740 - nylon postdyed with polyurethane backing 85827616 - nylon predyed with PVC hardback 10242278 - nylon postdyed with PVC hardback 13660678 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 29140945 - nylon predyed with polyurethane backing 13622278 - nylon predyed with SBR backing

800-241-2262

Masland Carpets/Dixie Homes, Inc. Atmore, AL

54417460 - olefin predyed with SBR backing 17511678 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 23132950 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 40150138 - nylon predyed with polyurethane backing 30785470 - nylon postdyed with polyurethane backing

800-633-0468

Milliken & Company LaGrange, GA

6112860 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 45327205 - nylon predyed with polyurethane backing

706-880-5511 www.millikencarpet.com

Mohawk Industries, Inc. Atlanta, GA Bigelow Commercial, Durkan Commercial, Durkan Patterned Carpets, Image Ind., Karastan Contract, Mohawk Commercial, World Carpets

10749226 - nylon postdyed with EVA unitary backing 14148216 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 87055335 - wool predyed with SBR Unitary Backing 40904952 - nylon predyed with EVA backing 87382692 - nylon postdyed/polyurethane backing 13427678 - polyester postdyed with SBR backing 14866678 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 44622771 - nylon predyed with polyurethane backing 54763281 - polypropylene predyed with SBR/Unitary backing 17920078 - wool predyed with SBR backing 22673802 - nylon predyed with SBR 18133878 - polypropylene predyed with SBR Backing 70944731 - nylon postdyed with EVA 10984338 - nylon pre-dyed with PVC backing

888-387-9881 www.mohawkind.com

Monterey Carpets, Inc. Santa Ana, CA

13874478-100% nylon predyed with SBR backing 14787478-100% nylon postdyed with SBR backing

714-557-8615

Pacificrest Mills Irvine, CA Div. of Royalty

13600678-Post-dyed nylon with SBR backing 800-522-8838

Royalty Carpet Mills, Inc. Irvine, CA

16634566 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 13600678 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing

800-854-8331

Shanghai Judong Tile Carpet Co. Ltd. Shanghai, China

.47628305 - nylon pre-dyed with SBR Unitary backing www.shjdte.com

Shaw Industries, Inc. Dalton, GA - Queen Carpet

16908472 - nylon predyed with SBR backing 15508078 - polyester postdyed with SBR backing 17958478 - nylon postdyed with polyurethane backing 18112278 - olefin predyed with polyurethane backing 31259167 - nylon predyed with polyurethane backing 15488878 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 23252271 - nylon predyed with SBR unitary backing 18736878 - olefin predyed with SBR backing 59269968 - nylon predyed with EcoWorx backing 14691278- olefin predyed with SBR unitary backing

800-441-7429 www.shawfloors.com

Tai Ping Carpets Americas, Inc. (Options, Tai Ping)

17394519 - wool with SBR backing 25139660 - nylon with SBR backing

706-625-8905

Terza, S.A. DE C.V. Carpet El Carmen, N.L. Mexico

15964809 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 55529926 - polyester postdyed with SBR backing

011 52 (8) 328-4900

Venture Carpets Limited Drummondville, Quebec Canada

35780739 - polypropylene predyed with SBR backing 30421121 - nylon postdyed with SBR backing 18887492 - nylon predyed with SBR backing

819-477-4117

Weihai Shanhua Huabao Carpet Co., LTD Weihai, Shandong,

29859220 - nylon or nylon blends predyed with SBR backings

ﾠ www.shanhuagroup.com

Westbond, Ltd. Brampton, Barnsley UK

48652206 - nylon pre-dyed with EVA backing +44(0)1582 876 161 www.westbond-carpets.com

Worldbest Chemical Fibre Co., LTD Hefei City, Anhui Prov., China

43221331 - olefin predyed with SBR backing (86)551-7672041 http://ahhyhx.com/about.asp?lbid=101102

Zhejiang Artistic Carpets Mfg. Co., Ltd. China

10052509-Wool pre-dyed with SBR Unitary 86-571-86244532

APPENDIX


ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 CLIMATE ZONES FOR UNITED STATES LOCATION ..75 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 1 ........................................................................................................ 76 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 2 ........................................................................................................ 77 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 3 ........................................................................................................ 78 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 4 ........................................................................................................ 80 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 5 ........................................................................................................ 81 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 6 ........................................................................................................ 82 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 7......................................................................................................... 83 ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1-2004 BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR CLIMATE ZONE 8......................................................................................................... 84 SCAQMD SUPER-COMPLIANT ARCHITECTURAL COATING MANUFACTURERS DATABASE.................................................................................................................... 85 GREEN SEAL CERTIFIED GS-11 PRODUCT LIST .......................................................... 86 GREEN LABEL PLUS CARPET MANUFACTURER LIST.................................................. 87

Disclaimer – The Forest City Sustainable Building Reference Guide is intended to convey best practices in the area of sustainable development, however, the Landlord, its agents and consultants assume no responsibility for code compliance, ADA compliance, dimensional accuracy, engineering accuracy or selection of technology, product or manufacturer. It is the Tenant’s sole responsibility to comply with all applicable laws, codes and regulations.

Sustainable Buidling Reference Guide - Forest City

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