Sustainable Assignmen Environmental Impact
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Department of Civil Engineering \ Transportation
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Semester ! Session "#$%"#$'
Task 8/ Environmental Impact
Sustainable Urban Design
Name Stu(ent
Ameer Abdul Adheem Hussein
P8!""
)ecturer
P#$%& DAT$' I#& D# #I(A ATI) A*DU++AH *I, $&-&#AH.AT
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Task 8
(entify a *ig pro+ect in your home to,n- .ssess the environmental
impact of the pro+ect-
Solution 00
Introduction Environmental mpact assessment /E.0 is the term use( for the
assessment of the environmental conse1uences /positive an( negative0 of a
plan2 policy2 program2 or pro+ect prior to the (ecision to move for,ar( ,ith the
propose( action- n this conte3t2 the term 4environmental impact assessment4
/E.0 is usually use( ,hen applie( to concrete pro+ects an( the term 4strategicenvironmental assessment4 applies to policies2 plans an( programmers-
Environmental assessments may *e governe( *y rules of a(ministrative
proce(ure regar(ing pu*lic participation an( (ocumentation of (ecision ma5ing2
an( may *e su*+ect to +u(icial revie,-The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that (ecision ma5ers consi(er the
environmental impacts ,hen (eci(ing ,hether or not to procee( ,ith a pro+ect-
The nternational .ssociation for mpact .ssessment /..0 (efines an
environmental impact assessment as 6the process of i(entifying2 pre(icting2evaluating an( mitigating the *iophysical2 social2 an( other relevant effects of
(evelopment proposals prior to ma+or (ecisions *eing ta5en an( commitments
ma(e-6 /E.s0 are uni1ue in that they (o not re1uire a(herence to a
pre(etermine( environmental outcome2 *ut rather they re1uire (ecision ma5ers
to account for environmental values in their (ecisions an( to +ustify those
(ecisions in light of (etaile( environmental stu(ies an( pu*lic comments on the
potential environmental impacts- Engineering an( consulting companies ,or5
han( in han( as contractors for mining2 energy2 oil & gas companies e3ecuting/E.s0-
/Daura0 \\ is oil refinery locate( in the south!eastern su*ur*s of Bagh(a( near
the Tigris 7iver an( an area of nearly "%# hectares- .n( the site of the *ehol(er
surprise( at the sight of palm trees an( its fron(s of the colors of (ar5 green
an( along the si(e of Tigris 7iver from the (irection an( refinery an( from the
opposite si(e- The refinery of the ol(est large refineries in ra1 represents the
real start to the a(vancement of the mo(ern oil in(ustry in this oil!rich country-
s (esigne( the refinery for aim get nterest the ma3imum of cru(e oil to support
the gro,ing economy of the country4s interest2 has containe( a num*er of units
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that range from (istillation units easy to units comple3 fat pro(uction2 The refinery
*egan ,or5 an( continues to evolve an( gro,-
1a2 Soil and erosion
Map site (Daura Refnery) in
Photo (Daura Refnery) inBa hdad
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Soil erosion is one form of soil (egra(ation along ,ith soil compaction2 lo,
organic matter2 loss soil structure2 poor internal (rainage2 salini8ation2 an( soil
aci(ity pro*lems- These other forms of soil (egra(ation2 serious in themselves2
usually contri*ute to accelerate( soil erosion-
Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all lan(- .n( the (istri*ution of
soil levels (iffers along 7efinery 9ro+ect in 5eeping ,ith changing topography an(position on the slope- Soil erosion may *e a slo, process that continues
relatively unnotice(2 or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of
topsoil- The loss of soil from farmlan( may *e reflecte( in re(uce( crop
pro(uction potential2 lo,er surface ,ater 1uality an( (amage( (rainage
net,or5s-
Soil sta*ili8ation protects soil from erosion2 ,aterlogging an( salini8ation-
.menity :egetation *eautifies or enhances the character of an area heritage may
*e of historical importance or protecte( *y legislation-There are some streams in the pro+ect that are crosse( *y one or more of the
*uil( alternatives an( thus2 ,oul( *e soil affecte( *ecause 7efinery 9ro+ect2 also
*ecause of vi*ration (evices refinery plants may cause moving soil-
1b2 3ater 14hange in h5drological characteristics2
Contamination river ,ater *y thro,ing in(ustrial ,aste /in river0 ,hich is strongly
characteri8e( *y containing to3ic ha8ar(ous materials is (ifficult to (ispose them2
as cyani(e an( phenol or chemical compoun(s-
Due to 7efinery 9ro+ect an( the vi*ration of heavy e1uipment2 machinery an( soil
compaction; it ,ill impact for groun( ,ater an( ,ater 1uality2 an( it ,ill also
contaminate the groun(,ater *ecause (amage( (rainage net,or5s-
Some of the rain ,ater usually seeps into the groun(2 *ut ,hen they fall on the
groun( is a ,in(o, such as *uil(ings2 it *egins to flo, in a slope2 an( this s5etch
set forth *elo, to illustrate the percentages an( the change in hy(rological
characteristics /change in the groun(,ater level2 an( change in ,ater 1uality0-
1c2 %lora
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The refinery pro+ect /Daura0 ,as reason removal of a lot of palm groves an(
citrus trees2 ,hich lies on the si(e of the Tigris 7iver-
May *e ur*an street trees or remnant native vegetation; :egetation has a range
of *enefits inclu(ing *io(iversity contains a (iverse range of plants an( provi(es2
ha*itat for animals an( insects2 remnant native vegetation or naturally occurring
local native plants inclu(e trees2 small groun( covers2 native grasses2 ,etlan(plants an( marine plants2 these plants *een locate( in natural scru* or in isolate(
plants in a mo(ifie( setting-
The pollution ,ith particles is suspension /smo5e0 may generate negative effects2
shoul( *e for the protection of flora the refinery alignment an( (oes not cross the
palm groves an( citrus areas-
1d2 %auna
Construction sites may encroach on native animal ha*itat an( it is important to
ma5e sure that no native animals are harme( or 5ille( (uring construction
operations- f animals2 inclu(ing li8ar(s an( sna5es2 are foun( on site an( are
li5ely to *e (amage( *y earthmoving e1uipment2 they shoul( *e relocate( to an
area a,ay from the pro+ect- Native vegetation provi(es ha*itat for native animals2
reptiles an( insects inclu(ing shelter2 foo(2 protection from pre(ators an(
*ree(ing areas- The Environmental Management mplementation 9lan i(entifies
any special re1uirements for protecting native fauna on your site-Ensure that no runoff of materials2 fuels or other su*stances is allo,e( to enter
storm ,ater (rains2 ,atercourses an( the marine environment to avoi( (amage
to a1uatic an( marine animals an( fish- Usually in certain parts of 7efinery
9ro+ect perennial or semi!perennial streams an( small ,etlan(s occur-
.ffects the flora an( fauna in areas propose( ne, plant for /7efinery 9ro+ect0
shoul( *e a(e1uately assesse(2 to ensure that no protecte( or threatene(
species are lost<
! .ppropriate fencing shoul( *e erecte( to prevent animals an( livestoc5 fromgaining access to the propose( pro+ect-
! The presence of threatene( *ir( species shoul( *e esta*lishe( an( (isruption
of these species (uring the *ree(ing season avoi(e(-
! E3isting ,etlan(s shoul( *e conserve(-
! mpacts on ,ells an( the Stream of rivers on various farms along /7efinery
9ro+ect0 shoul( *e a((resse(-
1e2 ,oise
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E3cessive noise can *e a consi(era*le nuisance to neigh*ors- t is important to
minimi8e noise emissions2 particularly outsi(e normal operating hours an( in
areas of sensitive lan( use-
:i*ration e3cessive may cause property (amage an( *e a nuisance to
neigh*ors- :i*ration may *e (ue to *lasting2 piling2 truc5 movements an(
compacting operations-E3isting sources noise of 7efinery 9ro+ect ,oul( inclu(e machines-
Sta5ehol(ers are concerne( a*out the potential noise from 7efinery 9ro+ect an(
its visual impact on the environment-
=ey issues raise( are<
! 7efinery 9ro+ect ,ill *e visi*le from houses2 *uil(ings an( *e unsightly-
! The noise /machines an( large vehicles0 an( air pollution /smo5e0 that ,ill *e
generate( (uring operation2 ,ill *e (istur*ing-
The (esign engineers ,ill *e a(vise( sites so that they can incorporate noise!
re(ucing surfaces at these points-
162 Air 7ualit5
>aseous emissions as a result of cru(e oil (uring manufacturing2 an( turn it into
oil pro(ucts may affect the air 1uality- ?ther air emissions are relate( to the
e3haust fumes of e1uipment- These emissions are generally controlle( *y
ensuring that e1uipment is ,ell maintaine(- @o,ever2 the main component of air
pollution (erive( from construction activities is fugitive (ust- Fugitive (ust is the
generation of sufficient particulate matter that some portion of the material
escapes *eyon( the construction *oun(ary- Fugitive (ust emissions can *e
create( *y many construction relate( activities- 7easona*le precautions are
typically sufficient to control fugitive (ust emissions (uring construction- Dust can
cause a nuisance to neigh*ors an( impact on the environment *y contaminating
plants an( ,atercourses-
.tmospheric air can *ecome contaminate( as a result of the oil *usiness2
specifically cru(e oil (uring manufacturing2 an( turn it into oil pro(ucts such as
,hat is happening in the refining an( manufacture of associate( gas in oil fiel(s
an( ports in(ustry-
t can therefore *e rating air pollution as follo,s<
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A .tmospheric air pollution an( e3cess heat resulting from the com*ustion
gases e3change-A .tmospheric air pollution gases an( vapors to3ic an( harmful (uring
manufacturing processes or fuel e3change-A .ir 9ollution @a8e an( smo5e-
A .tmospheric air pollution in some gaseous material an( ,hich have acertain (egree of saturation-
9etroleum an( petrochemical pollutants to air<
A Sulfur (io3i(e gas-A @y(rogen sulfi(e gas-A Nitrogen o3i(es gases-A Car*on mono3i(e gas-A 9articles /grains0 soli( volatile-
A @y(rocar*on vapors-
1g2 Societ5 li6e and economical activit5
Photo gaseous emissions as a result o crude oil
during manuacturing in (Daura Refnery) in
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nterest *y sta5ehol(ers in *ecoming involve( in aspects of the pro+ect that ,oul(
*oost the local economy- Sta5ehol(ers as5e( if local e3pertise an( resources
coul( *e use( ,henever possi*le- =ey issues rose inclu(e(<
! The effect of air pollution on people4s lives *ecause near site /Daura 7efinery0 of
homes2 shops an( government (epartments in Bagh(a(-! uality of life for a(+acent resi(ents ,ill *e affecte( *ecause 7efinery 9ro+ect-! )ocal la*or shoul( *e utili8e( of the pro+ect2 an( create( ne, +o* opportunities-! f possi*le2 local haulage companies shoul( *e use( to transport materials-! nformal settlements shoul( *e a((resse( in accor(ance ,ith the responsi*ilities
of the various spheres of government-
1h2 +and use
/Daura 7efinery0 locate( in near the Tigris 7iver an( an area of nearly "%#
hectares2 it fin(s near of them the to,n homes2 groves palm trees in Bagh(a(-Num*ers of sta5ehol(ers have e3presse( concern of the value an( via*ility of
their farms coul( *e negatively impacte( of Daura 7efinery- The principal issues
of concern are that<! The value of houses ,ill *e lo,ere(-! The value of farmlan( ,ill *e lo,ere(-! The economic via*ility of farms ,oul( *e negatively impacte( upon-
! E3isting agricultural infrastructure such as crop sprayers2 *oreholes2 pipelines2points of access to farms or portions of farms ,oul( *e affecte(-! Current farming practices on certain portions of farms may no longer *e
via*le-
1i2 4ultural heritageDefinition of material an( cultural resources that it inclu(es any mova*le or
immova*le o*+ects2 sites2 structures2 groups of structures2 natural monumentsan( lan(scapes of archaeological2 historical2 archaeological2 religious an(
aesthetic an( cultural significance2 an( others- The physical cultural resources
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may *e locate( in ur*an or rural areas2 an( can *e a*ove or *elo, groun( or
un(er ,ater- These cultural resources may *e of interest at the local level an(
at the provincial level or the national level2 or ,ithin the international community2
an( in the case of acci(ents lea( to results or raise( on the physical an(
cultural resources that may occur (uring the implementation of su*!pro+ects2 the
contractor must inform the municipality imme(iately2 an( this means that<! Contractor is responsi*le for i(entifying the follo,ing 6measures to fin( the
assets6 in the event of (etection of culturally valua*le materials (uring
(rilling-! Stop ,or5ing imme(iately after the (iscovery of any material (ou*te( that
have historical value of the archaeological e3cavation2 or other cultural;
announce the results to the pro+ect manager2 an( shoul( *e reporte( to the
appropriate authorities-
! 9rotect the artifacts as ,ell as the possi*le use of plastic sheeting2 an(implement measures to achieve sta*ility in the region2 if necessary2 for the
protection of archaeological pieces correctly-! 9revent an( punish any unauthori8e( access to the artifacts-! 7estart construction ,or5 after o*taining permission from the relevant
authorities-! Control access to the site-
12 +andscape
7efinery 9ro+ect ,ill *e visi*le from houses2 *uil(ings an( *e unsightly- The most
o*vious effects on lan(scape *eautiful of those relating to the propose( pro+ects
(irectly2 an( can it is associate( ,ith the event that causes them-
Photos show the Daura Refnery near Baghdad
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Create pro+ects; may cause loss humi( lan(s2 (eforestation2 uprooting palm
groves an( the transfer of houses an( housing2 an( the associate( noise an(
nuisance an( concern for the population in the region-
:isual pollution phenomenon has *ecome one of the most important pro*lems
that ,e face in this Era an( is lin5e( to the loss of a sense of *eauty an( thecollapse of consi(erations2 aesthetic2 satisfaction2 an( acceptance for images
unsightly an( sprea( until it *ecame the visual scale of the eyes of the norm an(
the la, e3ists an( is even more (angerous ,henever the eye accustome( to it2
so ta5e it this is in place an( are (ifficult to repair-
.n( pollution optic is feeling alienate( soon see the vie,s or manifestations of
non!aesthetic or repulsive in the *uilt environment elements or structural voi(s or
,ays inconsistent an( incompati*le ,ith *oth the environment natural2 climatic2
an( functional or values religious2 an( moral or cultural or values aesthetic or architectural-
4onclusion
n Impact onDuring
ConstructionDuring operation
a Soil and erosionEffects on soils due to refinery There are some streams in the
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project and the movement of heavy
equipment, machinery and sand.
Including: sand and soil
compaction and causing loss of
topsoil.
project that are crossed by one or
more of the build alternatives and
thus, would be soil affected because
Refinery roject, also because of
vibration devices refinery plants may
cause moving soil.
b Water (Change inhydrological
characteristics)
!ome of the rain water usually
seeps into the ground, but when
they fall on the ground is a
window such as buildings, it
begins to flow in a slope.
"ontamination river water by
throwing industrial waste #in river$
which is strongly characteri%ed by
containing to&ic ha%ardous materials
is difficult to dispose them, as
cyanide and phenol or chemical
compounds.
c FloraThe refinery project #'aura$ was
reason removal of a lot of palm
groves and citrus trees, which lies
on the side of the Tigris River.
The pollution with particles is
suspension #smo(e$ may generate
negative effects, should be for the
protection of flora the refinery
alignment and does not cross the
palm groves and citrus areas.
d Fauna"onstruction sites may encroach
on native animal habitat. If
animals, including li%ards and
sna(es, are found on site and are
li(ely to be damaged by
earthmoving equipment, they
should be relocated to an area
away from the project.
Ensure that no runoff of materials,
fuels or other substances is allowed
to enter storm water drains,
watercourses and the marine
environment to avoid damage to
aquatic and marine animals and fish.
)ppropriate fencing should be
erected to prevent animals and
livestoc( from gaining access to the proposed project.
e Noise*ibration e&cessive may cause
property damage and be a nuisance
to neighbors. *ibration may be due
to blasting, piling, truc(
movements and compacting
operations.
The noise #machines and large
vehicles$ and air pollution #smo(e$
that will be generated during
operation, will be disturbing.
f Air qualityThe main component of air
pollution derived from
construction activities is fugitive
dust. +ugitive dust is the
generation of sufficient particulate
matter that some portion of the
material escapes beyond the
construction boundary. 'ust can
cause a nuisance to neighbors and
impact on the environment by
contaminating plants and
watercourses.
aseous emissions as a result of
crude oil during manufacturing, and
turn it into oil products may affect
the air quality.
It can therefore be rating air
pollution as follows:
- )tmospheric air pollution and
e&cess heat resulting from the
combustion gases e&change.
- )tmospheric air pollution gases
and vapors to&ic and harmful during
manufacturing processes or fuel
e&change.
- )ir ollution a%e and smo(e.
- )tmospheric air pollution in some
gaseous material and which have a
certain degree of saturation.
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g Society life and
economical
actiity
/ocal labor should be utili%ed of
the project, and created new job
opportunities. If possible, local
haulage companies should be used
to transport materials. Informal
settlements should be addressed in
accordance with theresponsibilities of the various
spheres of government.
Interest by sta(eholders that would
boost the local economy.
!ta(eholders as(ed if local e&pertise
and resources could be used
whenever possible. The effect of air
pollution on people0s lives because
near site #'aura Refinery$ of homes,shops and government departments
in 1aghdad. 2uality of life for
adjacent residents will be affected
because Refinery roject.
h !and use (possible
conflicts)
3umbers of sta(eholders have
e&pressed concern of the value and
viability of their farms could be
negatively impacted of 'aura
Refinery. The principal issues
before operation of concern are
that:
4 The value of houses will be
lowered.
4 The value of farmland will be
lowered.
4 The economic viability of farms
would be negatively impacted
upon.
Effects on marginali%ed
neighborhoods and residential
comple&es on both sides of the
project. Informal settlements should
be addressed in accordance with the
responsibilities of the various
spheres of government. 3umbers of
sta(eholders have e&pressed concern
of the value and viability of their
farms could be negatively impacted
of 'aura Refinery. The principal
issues before operation of concern
are that:
4 E&isting agricultural infrastructure
such as crop sprayers, boreholes,
pipelines, points of access to farms
or portions of farms would beaffected.
4 "urrent farming practices on
certain portions of farms may no
longer be viable.
i Cultural heritage!ome areas or buildings5 are
threatened by too much pressure
and other, suffer from neglect or
destruction5 it is important to save
these and it is important factor in
creating desirable cities or areasand tourist attraction. These areas
should be loo(ed at as assets, not
as just things that must be
preserved.
Effect on some areas "ultural
heritage that may occur during and
after the implementation the project.
)s well as influence on 6niversity of
1aghdad, this lies ne&t to refinery,
especially due to air pollution.
" !andscape(Compatibility #ith the
plans of nature frame)
"reate projects5 may cause loss
humid lands, deforestation,
uprooting palm groves and the
transfer of houses and housing,
and the associated noise and
nuisance and concern for the
population in the region.
Refinery roject will be visible from
houses, buildings and be unsightly.
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Daura refnery located on Tigris