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Sustainable Ambient Air Quality Management
Innovative Scientific Approaches for a Sustainable Environment
St.Pious X Degree & PG College for Women, Nacharam14th March 2017
Dr. M. SuneelaScientist & ENVIS CoordinatorEPTRI, Hyderabad
Sustainable Ambient Air Quality
Management
What is an impact?
3
Water Quality
Soil Quality
Biological Environment
Micro-Meteorological Study
Noise Quality
Ambient Air Quality
The components of
interest are those that
are likely to be affected
by your activity—or
upon which your
activity depends for its
success
Socio-Economic studies
The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) from the baseline situation
that is caused by the activity.
CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS
Natural contaminants
Ex: Natural fog, Pollen grains, bacteria and volcaniceruption.
Aerosols (particulates)
Ex: Dust, Smoke, Mists, Fog and fumes.
Gaseous and Vapours
Ex: Sulphur compounds, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbonmonoxide
Primary Air Pollutants are those
emitted directly from identifiable
source. They are
Finer particles (<10μ dia)
Coarse Particles (>10μ dia).
Sulphur compounds
Oxides of Nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Halogen compounds
Organic compounds & Radioactive
compounds
Secondary pollutants are which
produced in air by the interaction
among two or more primary pollutants
or by reaction with normal
atmospheric constituents with or
without photo activation.
O3
Peroxy acetyl Nitrate (PAN)
Photochemical smog
Formaldehyde
Formation of acid mists (H2SO4)
AIR POLLUTANTS CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
GROUPS: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS.
EMISSIONS MAY BE CLASSIFIED BY SOURCE
Stationary or Mobile, Point source (Large Stationary source), Area Source (Small Stationary Source and Mobile source with indefinite source, Line source (Mobile source with definite roots)
Total sources
Stationary sources Mobile sources
Point Source Area source Line source Area source
1. Industrial processing
2. Power Plants 3. Fuel Combustion (Coal, oil, gas) 4. Solid waste Disposal (Municipal Incinerators, open burning) 5. Miscellaneous.
1. Residential
By heating (Coal, gas, oil) 2 Institutional and commercial heating. (Coal, oil, gas) 3. On site incineration 4. Open-burning 5. Evaporative losses
1. High way
Locomotives Vehicles. 2. Rail road 3. Channel Vessels.
1. Motor vehicles.
(Light-duty, Medium-duty, heavy-duty) 2. Rail-yard Locomotives 3. Port-vessels. 4. Air-craft. 5. Miscellaneous
EFFECTS AND SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
Air pollutant Typical source Effects
Dust (or)
Particulates
Mines and quarries, pottery and ceramics,
factory stacks, power stations and Civil
construction works etc.
On man –respiratory diseases; diseases like silicosis, etc from
Specific dusts;
On property –soiling effect and corrosion
Sulphur dioxide Power houses, Sulphuric acid plants,
petroleum industry, oil refining, domestic
use of fuel
On man – suffocation irritation of throat and eye, respiratory;
diseases
On vegetation – destruction of sensitive crops and reduced yield
On property - corrosion
Nitrogen dioxide Acid manufacture, automobile exhaust,
explosive industry
On man – irritation, bronchitis, edema of lungs
On property- darkening of painted surfaces, corrosion.
Hydrogen
sulphide
Viscose rayon plants, petroleum industry,
sewage treatment, tanning industry, dye
manufacture etc.
On man—irritation of respiratory passages, danger of respiratory
paralysis and asphyxiation
Hydrogen
fluoride,
Fertilizer industry, chemical industry,
aluminum industry, chemical industry,
aluminum industry
On man – irritation of fluorosis, mottling of teeth, respiratory
diseases
On vegetation –destruction of crops
On animals- fluorosis in cattle grazing on such vegetation
Carcinogenic
hydrocarbons
Organic chemical industry, vehicular traffic
specially automobiles
On man – cancer
Carbon
monoxide
Fuel gases, automobile exhaust, mines,
blast furnaces
On man – poisoning increased accident liability.
Oxidants Photo- chemical products from organic
irradiated in the presence of Nitrogen
dioxide Nitrogen dioxide; by silent electric
discharge and by intense UV radiation
On man –lung irritation
On vegetation – destruction of vegetation
On property-deterioration of rubber smog formation is not
extensive in tropical countries like India.
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
Government of India enacted the Air (Prevention and Control ofPollution) Act 1981 to arrest the deterioration in the air quality.
FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD :
• To advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement ofthe quality of the air and the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.
• To plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention,
• control and abatement of air pollution.
• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the SPCB.
• To carry out and sponsor investigations and research related to prevention,control and abatement of air pollution.
• To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data related to airpollution;
• To lay down standards for the quality of air and emission quantities.
FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS :
• To plan a comprehensive programme for prevention, control and abatement of airpollution and to secure the execution thereof;
• To advise the State Government on any matter concerning prevention, controland abatement of air pollution.
• To collect and disseminate information related to air pollution.
• To collaborate with CPCB in programme related to prevention, control andabatement of air pollution; and
• To inspect air pollution control areas, assess quality of air and to take steps forprevention, control and abatement of air pollution in such areas.
National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP): The Board is
monitoring ambient air quality at 23 stations situated across the
Telangana State under NAMP Programme with CPCB & SPCB sharing
of funds. In this instruments were kept at selected placed and
monitored manually for 9 days per month (3 shifts per day). The
parameters are: PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, Ammonia, Heavy metals, etc.
State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme: In addition to the
above, the Board is monitoring ambient air quality in 22 additional
stations situated in all the districts of Telangana for assessing ambient
air quality with the Board funds.
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS):
TSPCB has installed 5 CAAQMS stations at (1)Sanathnagar, Head
Office, (2)HCU, (3)Punjagutta, (4) Zoo Park and (5) Pashamylaram IDA.
The CAAQMS has been provided with sophisticated analyzers for NO2,
SO2, PM10, PM2.5, O3 , BTX and CO, instant data generation, on line
data dissemination, meteorological parameters, etc.,
Air Quality Monitoring Programme
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
The ambient air quality objectives/standards are pre-requisite for
developing programme for effective management of ambient air
quality and to reduce the damaging effects of air pollution.
The objectives of air quality standards are: -
To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequatemargin of safety to protect the public health, vegetation andproperty
To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control ofpollutant level
To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at nationallevel and
To indicate the need and extent of monitoring programme.
“[SCHEDULE VII] [See rule 3(3B)]
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
S.No.
Pollutant Time
Weighted
Average
Concentration in Ambient Air
Industrial,
Residential,
Rural and
other Area
Ecologically
Sensitive
Area (notified
by Central
Government)
Methods of Measurement
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1 Sulphur Dioxide
(SO2), µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours**
50
80
20
80
- Improved West
and Gaeke
- Ghraviolet fluorescence
2 Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO2), µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours**
40
80
30
80
- Modified Jacob &
Hocbheiser (Na-Arsenic)
- Chemiluminescence
3 Particulate Matter
(size less than
2.5µm) or PM10
µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours**
60
100
40
100
- Gravimetric
- TOEM
- Beta attenuation
4 Particulate Matter
(size less than
2.5µm) or PM24
µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours**
40
60
40
60
- Gravimetric
- TOEM
- Beta attenuation
5 Ozone (O3)
µg/m3
8 hours**
1 hour**
100
180
100
180
- UV Photometric
- Chemilminescence
- Chemical Method
6 Lead (Pb)
µg/m3
Annual*
24 hours**
0.50
1.0
0.50
1.0
- AAS/ICP method after
sampling on EPM 2000
or equivalent filter paper
- ED-XRF using Tetlon
filter
Concentration in Ambient Air S.No. Pollutant Time Weighted Average
Industrial, Residential, Rural and other Area
Ecologically Sensitive
Area (notified by
Central Government)
Methods of Measurement
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3
8 hours** 1 hour**
02
04
02
04
- Non dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy
8 Ammonia (NH3) µg/m3
Annual* 24 hours**
100 400
100 400
- Chemiluminescene - Indophenol blue method
9 Benzene (C6H5) µg/m3
Annual* 05 05 - Gas chromatography based continuous analyzer - Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis
10 Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) – particulate phase only, ng/m3
Annual* 01 01 - Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC Analysis
11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3
Annual* 06 06 - AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 - AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at aparticular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or, 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall becomplied with 98% of the time in a year, 2% of the time, they may exceed thelimits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Air quality assessment (AQA) begins with a knowledge of
existing air quality conditions that depend on ambient
pollutant concentrations, pollutant sources and their
locations, meteorology and climatology and local
topographical and physical conditions affecting pollutant
dispersion.
METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES
An Automatic meteorological station, AutoMet(model 466A) is used for monitoring of the micro-meteorological conditions.
The monitoring equipment has sensors to recordwind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relativehumidity, rainfall, solar radiation and barometricpressure at predefined intervals ranging from 20seconds to one hour intervals.
The data logger provider in the instrument wouldfacilitate downloading of meteorological data ontothe computer with the help of the software provided.
ActivityParameters to be
monitored
Sampling
period and
frequency
Total No.
of Samples
Measurement
Methods
Micro-
meteorol
ogical
study
Meteorological:
i) Wind speed and
direction
ii)Max & Min Temp
iii)Ambient
temperature
iv) Relative Humidity
v) Rainfall
Sampling
period:
one season
Frequency:
Hourly
observations
for one season
2160 for 3
months
(Hourly
data)
Automatic
weather
station
Rain Gauge
As per IMD
specification
Automatic meteorological station
Wind Rose Diagram
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
ActivityParameters to be
monitored
Sampling
period and
frequency
Total No. of
Samples
Measuremen
t Methods
Ambient
air
quality
(AAQ
Particulate matter
(PM)
i) Particulate
Matter(size less than
10 µ)PM 10
ii) Particulate
Matter(size less than
2.5 µ) PM 2.5
Gaseous pollutants
(GP)
iii) Sulphur dioxide
(SO2)
iv) Oxides of Nitrogen
(NO2)
Sampling Period:
24 hourly
sample for
particulate
matter(PM 10 &
PM 2.5 ) and 8
hourly sample
for gaseous
pollutants and
averaged for
24hours
Frequency:
Twice a week for
one season
PM 10= 24
samples/sta
tion
* 10 stations
PM 2.5= 24
samples/sta
tion
* 10
stations
GP = 72
samples/sta
tion
* 10
stations
Gravimetric
(RDS )
Gravimetric
(Ambient Fine
dust
sampler)
Improved
West-Geake
method.
Modified
Jacob-
Hochheiser
method.
Respirable Dust Sampler Ambient Fine Dust Sampler
A Case Study
Hyderabad
HYDERABAD: AT A GLANCE
Fifth largest in the country
Hyderabad was founded by Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah on
Southern bank of Musi River in 1591
Location: Deccan plateau
Elevation: 536 m above sea level
Coordinates: 17.3660 N latitude and 78.4760 E longitude
Languages: Telugu/Urdu/English
Climate: Tropical Wet and Dry.
Temperatures:
Summer: Max 40 0C and Min 22 0C.
Winter: Max 22 0C and Min 13.8 0C.
Area: City has grown from 175 km2 (2007) to 650 km2
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is categorised into five zones
(south, east, north, west and central zones), 24 circles, 150 Wards, 10
municipalities & 8 panchayats from Rangareddy district, 2 municipalities
from Medak district. Population is over 84 lakhs (House Hold Survey, GHMC, 2014).
Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah
3.0
60.6
41.8
20.2 18.9
87.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population Growth Rate (%)
Po
pu
lati
on
Gro
wth
rat
e %
Growth of Hyderabad
1449716988 18172
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1991 2001 2011
Population Density per Sq. Km
Area – 650 sq. Km
Population rise in last decadephenomenally high
Density increase about 7% only
Population growth largely driven bygrowth in IT sector followed byupswing in other activities
Immediate impact
Increase in residential andcommercial sector construction
Increase in population commuting
Increased water demand
Increased power demand
Temporal variations in LULC in & around Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration 2001 & 2015
S.No
LULC (Adapted fromClass-3 classification:NRSC-2011)
Areas in Ha(2001)
Areas inHa (2015) Change Status Remarks
Annual Growth rate(ha)
1 Agricultural plantation 416.35 2028.33 1611.99 Increase Positive development 115.14
2 Crop land 13975.40 9135.79 -4839.62 DecreaseExpected outcome ofurban growth -345.68
3 Fallow land 89843.90 87088.40 -2755.51 Decrease Urban growth -196.82
4Land with/withoutscrubs 57174.02 38014.62
-19159.40 Decrease Negative impact -1368.52
5 Scrub/forest 18338.74 16960.69 -1378.05 DecreaseNegative impact on livingcondition -98.43
6Barren rocky / Stonywaste 36034.82 25539.90
-10494.92 Decrease Construction work -749.63
7 Builtup industrial 1744.93 2232.36 487.43 Increase Growth engine 34.81
8 Builtup rural 2006.87 2483.80 476.92 Increase Urban sprawl 34.06
9 Builtup urban 40246.16 75354.57 35108.41 Increase Growth 2507.74
10 Open land 65.21 103.93 38.72 Increase Positive impact 2.76
11 Play ground / Recreation 113.20 129.11 15.91 Increase Positive 1.13
12 Urban vegetation 1639.74 1681.26 41.52 Increase Positive 2.96
13 Reservoir/Tanks (Dry) 8491.33 9114.84 623.51 Increase Positive impact 44.53
14 River/stream 1662.64 1532.33 -130.31 DecreaseNegative impact. Cause forurban flooding -9.30
15 Water body 5949.28 4764.73 -1184.56 DecreaseNegative impact. Cause forUrban flooding -84.61
16 Roads 4841.56 6465.62 1624.07 IncreaseRoads widening &construction of ORR & IRR 116.00
17 Forest plantation 400.13 305.92 -94.21 DecreaseConstruction of RGIA in
Shamsabad -6.72
Statistics of LULC variations in Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA)
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
Ve
hic
le S
tre
ngt
h
Vehicular Strength in Hyderabad
Road Transport
TSRTC bus fleet strength increased by24% i.e. only 3% every year whereas the
Population carried increased by only11% i.e. only 1.4% every year
Total km operated per bus droppedfrom 1.82lakh km to 1.7 lakh km
Population was increasing by atleast8% every year
Rate of increase of bus fleet & population carried is much smaller than population growth rate, resulting in more than 100% growth (i.e. over 13% annual growth) in overall vehicle strength.
Secondary
pollutants
8%
Bio mass burning
4%
Coal
4%
Cement
2%
Road dust
33%
Vehicles
49%
Source: PCB, study in 2003
The source apportionment studies
indicates contribution of Particulate
Matter(i.e. PM10) mainly due to mobile
sources (vehicles 49%), road dust
(33%), secondary pollutants (8%), bio-
mass burning (4%) and other 6%.
Air Quality
Source: CPCB
Source: TSPCB
S.
No.Station Name
PM10 µg/m3
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1 Balanagar 94 100 100 127 144 135 104
2 Uppal 96 89 97 109 90 99 104
3 Jubilee Hills 47 52 78 83 72 80 99
4 Jeedimetla 104 97 108 97 92 107 120
5 Paradise 107 82 99 93 84 120 128
6 Charminar 108 78 105 110 95 112 140
7 Zoopark 57 61 60 68 73 73 86
8 BPPA 74 66 61 72 54 68 75
9 MGBS 84 72 66 66 79 69 67
10 Chikkadapally 85 68 87 87 79 84 87
11 Langar House 101 103 99 105 104 91 180
12 Madhapur 86 74 47 82 88 66 61
13 Shameerpet 45 51 59 68 74 79 71
14 Kukatpally 93 90 100 117 137 114 123
15 Sainikpuri 50 59 72 85 113 92 136
16 Rajendranagar 39 38 35 43 42 33 29
17University of
Hyd38 43 40 39 55 71 106
18 Nacharam 86 85 86 85 74 94 106
19 Abids 106 97 98 99 81 104 105
20 Panjagutta 113 109 99 122 120 117 130
21 KBRN Park 48 51 57 60 44 58 63
Standards 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Average 79 75 79 87 85 89 101
Air Quality
Figure illustrates the sector-wise carbonemissions
Due to lack of appropriate publictransport system in Hyderabad andhaphazard growth due to unplannedurbanization has led to large scale usageof private vehicles. Emissions fromtransport sector is 56.86%
Source: GHG footprint of Major cities in IndiaArticle in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · January 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.036
Air Pollution Impacts on Respiratory Health
72000 more deaths
Source: CSE India, State of India Health Report,2015
SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONEMENT
Maintenance of factors or practices that contribute to quality of Environment on long term basis
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Set of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
INNOVATION
Application of Better Solutions
Sustainable Development
Goals
The Goal 3 “Ensure healthy lives andpromote well being for all at all ages”aims at securing a healthy life for all.Measures to achieve this goal involvessubstantially reducing the number ofdeaths and illness from hazardouschemicals and air, water, and soilpollution and contamination.
5 SINS OF POLLUTION
12
3
4
5
Source: Times of India ,Hyderabad November 6,2016
Actions taken by Government
Phasing out of Transport vehicles of more than 15 years’ age:
All goods vehicles of more than 15 years’ age and above have been
prohibited from plying within the twin cities.
Promotion of alternate fuels:
It is proposed to encourage the usage of LPG/CNG in Motor vehicles.
Restriction of 3 wheeled Contract Carriages (Auto rickshaws):
New auto rickshaw permits are granted with LPG / CNG fuel only.
Inspection and maintenance in-use transport vehicles:
Strict regime of inspection is being followed at the time of renewal of
fitness certificate for the transport vehicles.
Implementation of B.S-III and B.S-IV Standards for Registration:
BS-III emission standards are made mandatory for Registration of 2 and
3-wheeled vehicles in Hyderabad including Secunderabad i.e., GHMC
Area manufactured on or after 1-4-2010.
BS-IV emission standards are made mandatory for 4 wheeled vehicles in
Hyderabad including Secunderabad i.e. GHMC Area manufactured on or
after 1-4-2010.
Transport department will initiate steps for retrofitting of particulate
filters in diesel vehicles when BS-V quality fuel is available.
Monitoring of pollution levels in the vehicles registered in
GHMC Area
All the 234 Pollution Testing Stations Licensed in GHMC Area are
computerized for better testing of vehicle pollution levels and issue
PUCs.
Introduction of Green Tax to control movement of aged
vehicles:
Government has introduced the Green Tax, to control the
movements of aged vehicles and to control the pollution, caused
by in use aged vehicles.
Tax exemption of Battery/CNG/Solar energy Vehicles for 5
years:
Booking of cases by Transport Dept on Pollution:
Steps taken by Police (Traffic) Department:
ATC (Area Traffic Control) with Synchronized signal and corridor
management.
Cameras to monitor the traffic congestions, density on each
road.
Meet Clean air and energy saving targets
Strengthening the second generation action on public
transport, walking and cycling and cleaner fuels and technologies
and land use planning
Upscale public transport
New JNNURM buses and the deluxe metro services are becoming
more expensive where as conventional service is deteriorating
Integrate all forms of transport to maximize access.
Walk and cycle more
Sustainability goal can remain elusive if the city fails to protect its
walkers, cyclists with well planned and safe infrastructure and
design
Cities will have to change the spending pattern.
Need compact dense cities
Needs network design for area of influence to make it more walkable
and transit oriented
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
Cities should negotiate harder with the national government for
tighter emissions standards to reduce toxic emissions
Expand the program for cleaner fuels-CNG and electric vehicles-with
right incentives and the infrastructure backup.
Build relevant and credible data bases for policy action
Targeting emissions source to meet air quality standards
Cities should carry out pollution source inventory and
apportionment studies to refine their action plans
Account for the health cost linked to air pollution in decision
making.
Need strong baseline data on diseases and deaths as well as
robust protocol to support health risk assessment in all medical
institutions
Build public information system on daily air quality with health.
Source: Citizen’s Report Air Quality and Mobility Challenges In Hyderabad
Thank You