Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Diagrid Systems
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“Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-rise Buildings: the Case of Diagrid Systems” MSc Giulia Milana; PhD, PE Konstantinos Gkoumas; Phd, PE, Professor Franco Bontempi Third International Workshop on Design in Civil and Environmental Engineering (DCEE 3) 22-23 August 2014 COPENHAGEN
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One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
Transcript of Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Diagrid Systems
“Sustainability Conceptsin the Design of High-rise Buildings:
the Case of Diagrid Systems”
MSc Giulia Milana; PhD, PE Konstantinos Gkoumas; Phd, PE, Professor Franco Bontempi
Third International Workshop on Designin Civil and Environmental Engineering
(DCEE 3) 22-23 August 2014 COPENHAGEN
CO
NC
EP
TU
AL M
AP
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 2
IMPROVED MODEL
Weight
&
Periods
U.L.S.
(Pushover)
ANALYSES
S.L.S.
(Disp.)
COMPARISON
60° 75°42°
Outrigger Diagrid
STRUCTURAL MODELING
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability in structures
INTRODUCTION
From http://www.fosterandpartners.comFrom http://www.wikipedia.com
SU
STA
INA
BIL
ITY
DEFINITION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
“Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”(Brundtland Commission)
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 3
SU
STA
INA
BIL
ITY
STEEL
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
STRUCTURES
Material
Used
Resource
Efficient
Site
Planning
Non
Pollution
Energy
Efficient
Structural
Scheme
Steel Material
• 40% of resources from recycling
• Manufacturing process with controlled environmental impact
• Material durability
• High recycling rate
Constuction Phase
• prefabrication/ offsite manufacture
Design and Service Life
• Weight reduction of structure
• Creation of versatile spaces
• Longevity and robustness of steel components
• Simple incorporation of renewable energy generation systems
End of Life
• Easy dismantling
• Reusability/Reciclability
Adapted from Arcelormittal
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 4
SU
STA
INA
BIL
ITY
EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
INTERIOR STRUCTURE EXTERIOR STRUCTURE
Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structure
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 5
ST
RU
CT
UR
AL M
OD
ELIN
GSTRUCTURES STUDIED
Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures42° 60° 75°
16
0 m
36 m
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 6
ST
RU
CT
UR
AL M
OD
ELIN
GSTRUCTURES
Original Stucture:
Outrigger
Improved Stucture:
Diagrid
Perimetral
Structure
Internal
Structure
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 7
WE
IGH
T A
ND
PE
RIO
DCOMPARISON WEIGHT
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1
ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - -
COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - -
COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 -
COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5
Acronym Description Colour
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid
75°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 75°
OutriggerDiagrid
42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid
75°
P
(ton)8052 6523 5931 5389
Saving
(%)- 19 26 33
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
P (
ton
)
Weight
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 8
VE
RIF
ICA
TIO
NS
STRUCTURES AND COMBINATIONS
SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -
COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -
COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -
COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1
HORIZONTAL
DISPLACEMENT
COMB
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
Acronym Description Colour
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid
75°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 75°
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 9
SLS
: H
OR
IZO
NTA
L D
ISP
LA
CE
ME
NT
S S.L.S.: COMPARISON DISPLACEMENTS
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (
m)
Horizontal Displacements Outrigger
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (
m)
Horizontal Displacements Diagrid 42°
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (
m)
Horizontal Displacements Diagrid 60°
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
U1 (m)
Z (
m)
Horizontal Displacements Diagrid 75°
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 10
VE
RIF
ICA
TIO
NS
STRUCTURES AND COMBINATIONS
ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y
DEAD 1 - - - - - - - -
VERT 1 1 1 - - - - - -
+STATIC PUSHOVER FORCES
PUSHOVER
DEAD VERT
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
Acronym Description Colour
Outrigger Outrigger Structure
Diagrid
42°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 42°
Diagrid
60°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 60°
Diagrid
75°
Diagrid Structure
with inclination of diagonal members of 75°
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 11
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
F (
kN
)
U1 (m)
Pushover
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
U1 (m)
Pushover+Vert
Outrigger
Diagrid 42°
Diagrid 60°
Diagrid 75°
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
U1 (m)
Pushover+Dead
ULS
: P
US
HO
VE
RU.L.S.: COMPARISON CAPACITY CURVES
DEAD VERT
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 12
CH
OIC
E O
F I
MP
RO
VE
D M
OD
EL
DEFINITION OF SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
R=Fmax : Strength
K=Fy/Dy : Stiffness
m=Dmax/Dy : Ductility
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 13
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert
Strength
(R)94775 110185 104972 97131
Stiffness
(K)77143 80615 71306 60897
Ductility
(m)1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564
Weight
(P)8052 6523 5931 5389
CH
OIC
E O
F I
MP
RO
VE
D M
OD
EL
COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Weighted average of the significant features
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert
Strength
(R)94775 110185 104972 97131
Stiffness
(K)77143 80615 71306 60897
Ductility
(m)1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564
Weight
(P)8052 6523 5931 5389
Eq. 4,20 5,97 7,25 5,08
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 14
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
R/R0
K/K0
m/m0
1,2 ((P0-P)/P0+1)
Pushover+Vert
Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°
CH
OIC
E O
F I
MP
RO
VE
D M
OD
EL
COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 15
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
F (
kN
)
U1 (m)
Pushover+Vert
Step11
Step16
Step39
Step47
Step55DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T P
LA
ST
IC H
ING
ES
DIAGRID 60°: PUSHOVER+VERT(YZ SECTIONS)
Step 47 Step 55Step 39Step 11
VERT
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 16
CO
NC
LU
SIO
NS
CONCLUSIONS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Considering the impact the construction industry has on the environment, it is very
important to investigate sustainable solutions
CONCLUSIONS
Diagrid structures allow a considerable saving of material compared to more
traditional structural schemes such as outrigger structures and guarantee a better
performance in terms of strenght, stiffness and ductility.
Among the diagrid structures considered the one with the best overall behavior results
to be the one with 60° diagonal element inclination
LIMITATIONS
Dynamic analyses should be performed in the future for both the serviceability and safety assessment, considering more appropriate loading scenarios.
The defined performance equation is calibrated with specific coefficient values that
highlight the sustainability aspect.
“Sustainability concepts in the design of high-rise buildings” DCEE 3 Giulia Milana, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Franco Bontempi 17
EN
D
Giulia Milana, MSc [email protected]
Konstantinos Gkoumas, PhD, PE
Franco Bontempi, PhD, PE
web: www.francobontempi.org
www.stronger2012.com
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