SUSCOS Sustainability Lessons18 19

DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTIONS

Helena Gervásio

([email protected])

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions

under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC

PART B – Design guidelines for Sustainable Construction

B3 – Case studies

Design of Sustainable Constructions

European Erasmus Mundus

Master Course


under Natural Hazards

and Catastrophic Events

SINGLE FAMILY

DWELLING

PART B – Design guidelines for

Sustainable ConstructionPART B

B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies

B4 – Assessment of

buildings – Part 1



Master Course




Comparative analysis between two alternative structural

solutions of a dwelling in the context of sustainable

construction;

Both solutions were designed for a service life of 50 years

according to their respective Structural Eurocodes;

Life cycle environmental analysis takes into account the

balance between the operational energy and the embodied

energy of the building;

A sustainability analysis is carried out in order to evaluate

which structural system has a better environmental

performance, considering a life cycle approach.

INTRODUCTION



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course



and Catastrophic EventsEmbodied energy

Operational energy

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Production of materials

Transport

Construction

UseDemolition

Transport

Recycling



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




The functional unit

A residential house, for a family of 5 persons,

designed to fulfil the requirements of national

regulations about safety, comfort and energy

demand, for a service life of 50 years



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




1st Floor – 183 m2 2nd Floor – 183 m2 3rd Floor – 68 m2



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB

1. C 150 profile (walls), C 250 profile (slabs)

2. Gypsum plaster board BA15

3. Rock wool (140mm)

4. OSB 11 (walls), OSB 18 (slabs)

5. Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)

Case A – Lightweight steel solution



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




INTERIOR WALLS

1. C90 profile 2. Gypsum plaster board BA15 3. Rock wool (70mm)

4. Gypsum plaster board WA13 5. Ceramic




B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Bill of materials

Material Quantities Unit

Concrete 70680 kg

Cold formed steel 19494 kg

Rock wool 12335 kg

Gypsum plaster board 13208 kg

Oriented strand board 7016 kg

Reinforcement steel 1307 kg

Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS):

Insulation board (Polystyrene) 330 m2

Finish Coat (acrylic) 330 m2

Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)

Element U

Exterior wall 0.240

Roof 0.292

Terrace 0.289



Sustainable Construction



Master Course




1. Internal clay brick wall (11 cm)

2. External clay brick wall (15 cm)

3. Mortar (2 cm) + Paint

4. Air space (6 cm)

5. Mineral wool (6 cm)

EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB

Case B – Concrete solution



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




1. Concrete frame

2. Clay brick wall (11cm)

3. Mortar

4. Mineral Wool (6cm)

5. Stucco

6. Paint

7. Nesting mortar

INTERIOR WALL




B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Bill of materials

Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)

Element U

Exterior wall 0.483

Roof 0.610

Terrace 0.500

Material Quantities Unit

Concrete C25/30 517482 kg

Reinforcement steel 15877 kg

Brick walls (int. + ext.) 120852 kg

Cement mortar 38508 kg

Insulation board (polystyrene) 1327 kg

Alkyd paint 139 kg






Master Course




PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE

(PCA)

INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Portland

Cement

Production

Coarse

Aggregate

Production

Fine Aggregate

Production

Material

Transportation

Ready-Mix Plant

Operations

Functional Unit of

Concrete



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




PRODUCTION OF STEEL (IISI)

Emissions

to earth

Equivalent

By-product

functions

By-products

minus

System

Raw material

and energy

production

(including

extraction)

Consumable

s production

Transportation Steelworks

Recovery

processes

Save

external

operations

Scrap

Natural

resources

from earth

Site boundaries

Steel

products

Non allocated

By-products

INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Merchant

scrap,

other

steelwork,

etc





Master Course




Operational energy quantification

ISO 13790⎯ A fully prescribed monthly quasi-steady state calculation method;

⎯ A fully prescribed simple hourly dynamic calculation method;

⎯ Calculation procedures for detailed dynamic simulation methods.

RCCTE (Dec.Lei 80) - Quasi-steady approach, in which dynamic

effects are taking into account by means of a gain and/or loss

utilization factor

annual energy need for heating (Nic) < Ni

annual energy need for cooling (Nvc) < Nv

European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings

[2002/91/CE]

OPERATION STAGE

ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Climate data of Portugal

Coimbra Coimbra

Winter climatic zones Summer climatic zones



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Operational energy quantification

Heating season

Set point temperature: 20oC

Coimbra: climatic winter zone I1

Length of heating season: 6 months

Degree-days: 1 460 oC.days

Cooling season

Set point temperature: 25oC

Coimbra: climatic summer zone V2

Length of cooling season: 4 months (June-September)

OPERATION STAGE



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Energy need for space heating (per year):

NiC = 27.92 kWh/m2 (= 8835.67 kWh) < Ni = 81.08 kWh/m2

Nvc = 13.98 kWh/m2 (= 4424.50 kWh) < Nv = 18.00 kWh/m2

NiC = 34.17 kWh/m2 (= 10813.32 kWh) < Ni = 81.08 kWh/m2

Nvc = 11.26 kWh/m2 (= 3563.82 kWh) < Nv = 18.00 kWh/m2

Case A – LW. steel frame:

Case B – Concrete frame:

Case A – LW. steel frame:

Case B – Concrete frame:

Note: From the simulation analysis Ni = 4216.60 kWh (-52%)

Note: From the simulation analysis Nv = 6517.08 kWh (+47%)

Energy need for space cooling (per year):



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




OPERATIONAL ENERGY vs. EMBODIED ENERGY



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




END-OF-LIFE SCENARIOS

END-OF-LIFE STAGE



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – LIGHTWEIGHT

STEEL FRAME





Master Course





LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS –

CONCRETE FRAME





Master Course





LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS





Master Course





LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




BRIDGE CROSSING A MOTORWAY



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Total area of the deck - 936.71 m2

Three spans: 18.50 m, 40.80 m and 18.50 m

BRIDGE CROSSING A MOTORWAY



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




A motorway bridge, with a required service life of 100 years,

to overpass a dual carriageway with a capacity of four lanes

in each direction.



The functional unit

PART B

B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Construction Operation End of lifeMaterial

Production

Raw material acquisition

Transportation to production site

Production of construction

materials

Transportation to construction site

Transportation of construction equipment

Use of construction equipment

Construction processes

Transportation of materials/waste to

disposal site

Demolition of structure

Use of equipment

Transportation of equipment

Maintenance operations

Rehabilitation processes

Traffic congestion

Traffic congestion

Traffic congestion

SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




LIFETIME STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCEScenario-based approach: Maintenance Plan



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

Year 2010 Year 2060 Year 2110ADT (vehicles/day) 31522 70287 79723

Year 2010 Year 2060 Year 2110ADT (vehicles/day) 5000 7500 10000

TRAFFIC UNDER AND ABOVE THE BRIDGE

AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC (ADT)

y = 13612ln(x) + 17037R² = 0,9537

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

55000

60000

65000

70000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

TRAFFIC GROWTH OVER TIME





Master Course




Total emissions in work zone

TRAFFIC CONGESTION- QUEWZ model

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Environmental Impact Assessment (LCEA)

Social Impact Assessment (LCSA)

Economic Impact Assessment (LCCA)

Global warming (kg.CO2 eq)

Acidification (kg.SO2 eq)

Eutrophication (kg.NO2 eq)

Photo-oxidant formation (kg.C2H4 eq)

Ozone depletion (kg.CFC-11 eq)

Ecotoxicity (kg. 1,4-DB eq

Human toxicity (kg.1,4-DB eq)

Abiotic depletion (kg.Sb eq)

Initial costs (€)

Operational costs (€)

End-of-life costs (€)

Impacts on users of the bridge:

VOC(€), DDC(€), Safety Cost (€)

_______

CRITERIA





Master Course




0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Abiotic depletion

Acidification

Eutrophication

Global warming 100a

Ozone layer depletion steady state

Human toxicity 100a

Freshwater aquatic ecotox. 100a

Marine aquatic ecotox. 100a

Terrestrial ecotoxicity 100a

Marine sediment ecotox. 100a

Freshwater sediment ecotox. 100a

Photochemical oxidation

Reinforced concrete Steel production Steel fabrication

Painting of the bridge Asphalt Light-weight concrete

LIFECYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

MATERIAL PRODUCTION STAGE

Reinforced

concrete

Steel

fabrication

Painting of

steel structure

Asphalt

production

Light-weight

concrete

Materials

production

Steel

production

Transportation



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Abiotic depletion

Acidification

Eutrophication

Global warming 100a


Human toxicity 100a







Equipment during construction Traffic congestion

Transportation of precast concrete Transportation of steel structure

Transportation of fresh concrete Transportation of debris

Transportation of reinforcement steel

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Transportation

of materials

Use of

equipment

Traffic

congestion

problems

Construction of

bridge




B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




OPERATION STAGE

Transportation

of materials

Use of

equipment

Traffic

congestion

problems

Operation

of bridge

Production of

materials




B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




-80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Abiotic depletion

Acidification

Eutrophication

Global warming 100a


Human toxicity 100a







Equipment during demolition Traffic emission during demolition

Transportation Disassemble of composite bridge

END-OF-LIFE STAGE

Demolition Use of

equipment

Traffic

congestion

problems

Operation

of bridge

Sorting of

materials

Transportation

of debris

Landfill Recycling


End-of-life scenario

The steel structure is recycled (recycling rate of 90%) with an

efficiency of 0.952 (assuming a “close-loop” methodology)

and the remaining construction waste is sent to a landfill of

inert materials.





Master Course




AGGREGATE RESULTS


-10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Abiotic depletion

Acidification

Global warming 100a


Human toxicity 100a


Eutrophication


Material production stage Construction stage Operation stage End-of-life stage

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Abiotic depletion

Acidification

Global warming 100a


Human toxicity 100a


Eutrophication


Production of materials Transportation of materials Use of equipment Traffic congestion



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

0,00 €

100.000,00 €

200.000,00 €

300.000,00 €

400.000,00 €

500.000,00 €

600.000,00 €

700.000,00 €

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

387.289,50 €

614.173,55 €

LIFE CYCLE SOCIAL ANALYSIS



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




Probabilistic analysis

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Abitoc depletion Acidification Eutrophication Global warming

95%

75%

Mean

25%

5%@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Human toxicity Ozone depletion Photo. oxidation Ter. ecotoxicity

95%

75%

Mean

25%

5%

@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies






Master Course





Deterministic analysis

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies





Master Course




0,00 €

100.000,00 €

200.000,00 €

300.000,00 €

400.000,00 €

500.000,00 €

600.000,00 €

700.000,00 €

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

387.289,50 €

614.173,55 €

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

0 5 10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

10

0

Val

ue

s in

Th

ou

san

ds

(€)

5% - 95%

+/- 1 Std. Dev.

Mean

@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version@RISK Student Version


Deterministic analysis

LIFE CYCLE SOCIAL ANALYSIS



B1 – Life Cycle

Analysis

B2 – Lifetime

performance

B3 – Case studies



• This lecture was prepared for the Edition 2 of SUSCOS

(2013/15) by Helena Gervásio (UC).

http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

Thank you

for your attention

http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

SUSCOS Sustainability Lessons18 19

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