17�22 августа 2009, Москва, ЦМТAugust 17–22, 2009, WTC, Moscow

ОХОТА. ОХОТНИЧЬЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО. ОБЩЕСТВО В ГАРМОНИИ С ПРИРОДОЙ.GAME. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT. SOCIETY IN HARMONY WITH NATURE.

XXIX МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ КОНГРЕССБИОЛОГОВ�ОХОТОВЕДОВ

XXIX INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GAME BIOLOGISTS CONGRESS

www.iugb�moscow2009.ru

УРОВЕНЬ ВЫЖИВАЕМОСТИ ФАЗАНОВ,ВЫРАЩИВАЕМЫХ В РАЗНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ(Phasianus colchicus L.)

Бальяка M., Фальчини Ф., Ферретти M., Кафедра продуктивностиживотных, Ветеринарный колледж, Пизанский университет v.le Piagge, 2 – 56100 Pisa, Italy Поррини С., Ambito Territoriale di Caccia Firenze 5, Via della Cittadella n.25/a50144 Firenze, Italy Галарди Л., ARSIA – Via Pietrapiana, 30 – 50121 Firenze, Italy

57 фазанов, полученных из искусственно инкубированных яиц и 60 фазанов, вы%веденных из яйца высиживаемых курами%наседками были снабжены радиопере%датчиком, прикрепленным либо к шее птицы, либо к специальной накидке. Послевыпуска птиц на свободу сигнал принимался три раза в неделю. Выживаемость фа%занов, выведенных из яиц, высиживаемых курицей%наседкой, была более высокой,независимо от способа прикрепления радиопередатчика, составив 90.0% vs. 57.1%и 35.0% vs. 21.1%, соответственно. Используя приемную мать при выращиванииискусственно выведенных фазанов, может еще больше повысить выживаемостьвыращиваемых в неволе фазанов.

XXIX МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ КОНГРЕСС БИОЛОГОВ%ОХОТОВЕДОВ

Тема №6 Восстановление редких видов, интродукция.Выступление на заседании секции

SURVIVAL RATES OF DIFFERENTLY REARED PHEASANTS(Phasianus colchicus L.)

Bagliacca M., Falcini F., Ferretti M., Department of Animal Production,Veterinary College, Pisa University, Italy Porrini S., Ambito Territoriale di Caccia Firenze 5, Firenze, ItalyGalardi L., ARSIA %Firenze, Italy

57 artificially hatched and brooded pheasants and 60 pheasants, brooded by fosteringhens were equipped with a radio necklace tag or a poncho tag and localised two%threetimes a week after their release in the wild. The survival rates of the brooded%by%henpheasants showed an improvement of survival rate, either poncho or radio tagged, 90.0%vs. 57.1% and 35.0% vs. 21.1%, respectively. The adoption of the technique of motherfostering, applied to the artificially hatched pheasants, can further increase the survivalrates of the captive reared pheasants.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GAME BIOLOGIST XXIX CONGRESS

Theme №6 Recovery of Rare Species, Introduction of Wildlife.Oral Presentation

XXIX International game-biologists congress, IUGB-Moscow,2009

Bagliacca et al. 102

SURVIVAL RATES OF DIFFERENTLY REARED PHEASANTS(Phasianus colchicus L.)

Bagliacca M., Falcini F., Ferretti M., Department of Animal Production,Veterinary College, Pisa University v.le Piagge,2 - 56100 Pisa, ItalyPorrini S, Ambito Territoriale di Caccia Firenze 5, Via della Cittadellan.25/a 50144 Firenze, Italy.Galardi L. ARSIA - Via Pietrapiana, 30 - 50121 Firenze, Italy

Abstract: 57 artificially hatched and brooded pheasants and 60 pheasants,brooded by fostering hens were equipped with a radio necklace tag or aponcho tag and localised two-three times a week after their release in thewild. The survival rates of the brooded-by-hen pheasants showed animprovement of survival rate, either poncho or radio tagged, 90.0% vs.57.1% and 35.0% vs. 21.1%, respectively. The adoption of the technique ofmother fostering, applied to the artificially hatched pheasants, can furtherincrease the survival rates of the captive reared pheasants.

Introduction: Reared pheasants are regularly released in the Italian huntingdistricts (named ATC) every year, either in summer (before the huntingseason) or in winter (after the hunting season and before the reproduction)(Santilli and Bagliacca, 2008). The choice of the reared pheasants to bereleased is primarily based on the cheapest price, rather than on technicalcriteria which consider that the survival rates and dispersion may change incorrelation to the rearing technology (Bagliacca et al. 2008). For this reasonwe wanted to determine the survival rates of the pheasants, artificiallyhatched, but differently brooded.

Methods: In two no hunting areas of Florence Province (Central Italy), 113reared pheasants, about one hundred days old, were released during theSeptember month. All the pheasants were captive reared according to thedisciplinary rules set forth by the Toscana region for the production ofpheasants destined to be released in the wild as part of a game repopulatingprogram (Bagliacca et al. 2008): 57 pheasant chicks (29 males and 28females) had been artificially hatched and brooded (Controls) and 60pheasant chicks (28 males and 32 females) had been artificially hatched butraised with a brooding mother hen until they were 60 days old (Hen). Beforerelease 40 pheasants (half Control and half Hen) were equipped with a radionecklace tag (Biotrack TW3+½AA, less than 2% of the body weight) and 77(57 Control and 60 Hen) were equipped with a poncho tag (Pyrah, 1970);both groups were localised two-three times a week until April 2009.Estimated survival rates of the released pheasants were analysed by Kaplan-Meier method in relationship to the rearing method, by different tag and sex,(SAS, 2002).

XXIX International game-biologists congress, IUGB-Moscow,2009

Bagliacca et al. 103

Results and discussion: The results of the survival rates showed differencesurvivals in relationship to the different rearing technique; the pheasants ofthe group Hen showing an improvement of their survival rates, either withponcho or radio tags (90.0% vs. 57.1% and 35.0% vs. 21.1%, respectively).Survival rates of the pheasants bearing a poncho was higher than thesurvival rates of the radio tagged pheasants. Surely the survival rates of theponcho tagged pheasants were deeply overestimated and can be used onlyfor the comparison between different thesis with equivalent numerosity andcannot be evaluated as absolute values. However, also the survival ratesestimated with the radio-tagged pen-reared pheasants were very high, in thecontrol group too. Several factors hardly influences the survival rates of thecaptive reared pheasants (e.g. the use of nasal blinders or not, the age of theaccess to the flying pens and so on) and both our groups of pheasants werereared expressly with the aim of their future wild release (Bagliacca et al.2008).

Conclusions: The high survival rates of the pheasants, pen reared accordingto the disciplinary rules set forth for the production of animals to be releasedin the wild as part of game repopulating programs, can be further increasedwith the adoption of the technique of mother fostering applied to theartificially hatched pheasants chicks. However, the increase of theproduction costs, such as time or labour, necessary for the attainment of thiskind of production must be still taken into consideration.

References:Santilli F., Bagliacca M. 2008 – Game-birds shooting and conservation:

effect of different management strategies - Wildlife Biology 14 (3): 281-287.

Bagliacca M., Falcini F., Porrini S., Zalli F., Fronte B., 2008 – Pheasanthens (Phasianus colchicus L.) of different origin. Dispersion and habitatuse after release - Italian Journal of Animal Science (7): 321-333.Pyrah. D. 1970 - Poncho Markers for Game Birds - The Journal ofWildlife Management, 34 (2): 466-467.

SAS Institute. JMP Version 5: Statistical Discovery Software. Cary: SASInstitute Inc 2002.

XXIX International game-biologists congress, IUGB-Moscow,2009

Bagliacca et al. 104

Pictures and tables

Tab 1 - Survival rates of the reared pheasants: effect of different rearing and tag.Poncho Tests Radio Tests Both Tests

tag

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

tag

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

tagsLog-rank

Wilkoxson

Released n 35 19 54Dead n 15 15 30

Control

Survived % 57.1 21.1 44.4Released n 40 20 60Dead n 4 13 17

Hen

Survived % 90.05.50* P

=0.02

4.07* P=0.04

35.0

1.34 P=0.24

1.80 P=0.18

71.7

5.50* P=002

5.48* P=0.02

Released n 75 39Dead n 19 28

BothThesis

Survived % 74.7 28.2Log-rank 1.14* P= 0,02Chi-Sq.

Test Wilkoxson 0.23 P= 0,63* significant value of the Log-Rank or Wikoxon Chi-Square

test;

Tab 2 - Survival rates of the rearedpheasants: effect of different rearing andsex.

Males Tests Females Tests

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Released n 26 28Dead n 16 14

Control

Survived % 38.5 50.0Released n 32 28Dead n 8 9

Hen

Survived % 75.0

4.52* P=0.03

2.58 P=0.11

67.9

1.37 P=0.24

3.37 P=0.06

Released n 58 56Dead n 24 23

BothThesis

Survived % 58.6 58.9Log-rank 0.79 P= 0,37Chi-Sq.

Test Wilkoxson 0.37 P= 0,07* significant value of the Log-Rank or Wikoxon Chi-Square

test;

XXIX International game-biologists congress, IUGB-Moscow,2009

Bagliacca et al. 105

Tab 3 - Survival rates of the reared pheasants: effect of different sex and tag.Males Tests Females Tests

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Released n 39 36Dead n 11 8

PonchoTag

Survived % 71.8 77.8Released n 19 20Dead n 13 15

RadioTag

Survived % 31.6

0.58 P=0.44

0.13 P=0.72

25.0

0.79 P=0.37

0.31 P=0.57

* significant value of the Log-Rank or Wikoxon Chi-Squaretest;

An average of 125,140 (SD= 2,382.6) farm-reared pheasants were released only in the Hunting districts of the Tuscany each year during 2001-2003.

An average of 14,650 (SD=2,424.9) wild pheasants were translocated in the Hunting districts of the Tuscany each year during2001-2003.

Santilli & Bagliacca (2008) - Factors influencing pheasant Phasianus colchicus harvesting in Tuscany, Italy Wildlife Biology 14(3):281-287.

Survival and reproduction of pen-reared vs translocated wild pheasants Phasianus colchicus. Musil, D.M. & Connelly, J.W. (2009) - Wildlife Biology 15: 80-89.

Survival and Reproduction of Wild and Pen-Reared Ring-Necked Pheasant Hens, Leif A.P. J.Wildl.Manag. 58:501-506.

Ex.g. 2: time of captive rearing Venturato E., Scarselli D., PetriniR., Cavallini P. (1999) Sopravvivenza e riproduzionedi fagiani diallevamentoimmessi in natura AttiCon. BiologiSelvaggina Bologna

Ex.g. 1: feeding during rearing Bagliacca M.,Calzolari G.,Marzoni M.,Santilli F.,Folliero M., Mani P. (1999) - Fiber content of the growth diet and survival of released pheasants -SISVet AnnualMeetingselected abstract. PVI Publisher:198. Ex.g.3: spectacles used during captive rearing

Bagliacca et al. Unpublished data

rearing

57 pheasant chicks(29 males and 28 females)

60 pheasant chicks(28 males and 32 females)

Farmer point of view

Wilkoxson 4.07 P=0.04*

the survival rates of the poncho tagged pheasants were deeply overestimated and can be used only for the comparison between different thesis with equivalent numerosity and cannot be evaluated as absolute values.

biased estimation of the real survival rates

Wilkoxson 5.48 P = 0.02*

Wilkoxson 1.80 P = 0.18

Same trend in the comparison between different thesis: survival rates differences confirmed by the radio-tagged pheasants.

Good estimation of the real survival rates

Wilkoxson 0.28 P = 0.48

poncho-tagged pheasants cannot be analysed!

Different behaviour male-females

Survival rates differences in relationship to sex.

The high survival rates of the pheasants, pen reared according to the disciplinary rules set forth for the production of animals to be released in the wild as part of game repopulating programs, can be further increased with the adoption of the technique of mother fostering (by hen) applied to the artificially hatched pheasants chicks.

However!the increase of the production costs, mainly labour time, necessary for the attainment of this kind of production must be taken into consideration.

(improved survival but increased farm costs)

Remember controls before release!Hen-heated pheasants should be reared for longer times than controls

Tab 1 - Survival rates of the reared pheasants: effect of different rearing and tag.Poncho Tests Radio Tests Both Tests

tag

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

tag

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

tags

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Released n 35 19 54Dead n 15 15 30

Control

Survived % 57.1 21.1 44.4Released n 40 20 60Dead n 4 13 17

Hen

Survived % 90.0

5.50* P=

0.02

4.07* P=

0.04

35.0

1.34 P=

0.24

1.80 P=

0.18

71.7

5.50* P=

002

5.48* P=

0.02

Released n 75 39Dead n 19 28

BothThesis

Survived % 74.7 28.2Log-rank 1.14* P= 0,02Chi-Sq.

Test Wilkoxson 0.23 P= 0,63* significant value of the Log-Rank or Wikoxon Chi-Square test;

T ab 2 - Survival rates of the reared pheasants: effect o f different rearingand sex.

M ales Tests Fem ales Tests

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Released n 26 28Dead n 16 14

Contro l

Survived % 38.5 50.0Released n 32 28Dead n 8 9

Hen

Survived % 75.04.52* P

=0.03

2.58 P=

0.11

67.9

1.37 P=

0.24

3.37 P=

0.06

Released n 58 56Dead n 24 23

BothThesis

Survived % 58.6 58.9Log-rank 0.79 P= 0,37Chi-Sq.

Test W ilkoxson 0.37 P= 0,07* s ignificant value of the Log-Rank or W ikoxon Chi-Square test;

Tab 3 - Survival rates of the reared pheasants: effect of different sex and tag.Males Tests Females Tests

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Log-rank

Wilkoxson

Released n 39 36Dead n 11 8

PonchoTag

Survived % 71.8 77.8Released n 19 20Dead n 13 15

RadioTag

Survived % 31.6

0.58 P=

0.44

0.13 P=

0.72

25.0

0.79 P=

0.37

0.31 P=

0.57

* significant value of the Log-Rank or Wikoxon Chi-Square test;