Survey Report

HISTORIC RESOURCES SURVEY

Jefferson Cie, Missouri'

ZHA, Inc J. Dennis W i n & Associates

August, 1990

SURVEY REPORT FOR JEFFERSON CITY, MISSOURI

CULTURAL RESOURCE8

The Sunrey Report fo r Jefferson City, Missouri has been p ~ ~ b y a ~ ~ , m c ~ ~ . ~ w ~ a a r r -in-to anmdse the modobgy md findings af a ampmhemdve sum& of downtown Jefferson City, Missouri conducted by t h e congU1tcu1tS b-g in Sept&er, 1989 md c ~ n c l u d b g i n August, 1990.

Tais prqject was funded in part b tb. Historic Preservation odZie8 af the M b o u d Department of Natural Resources and the City of Jeff- Planning Deprtm801L -oe w a s given in the research and documentation phases of this project by the Cale m t y E h b x h l Bedety, the Historic Presenration staff at the lLissaud Department of N a t u r a l Resources, the Planaing DepartPunt of the City of Jefferson, t he museum staff at the Lohmm*s Landing s ta te historical site, and the staff of t he lllaPard Historiasl Bodety. Particular thanks are due to Mr . Guy B a r r e t t and M r s . Blirabeth Rosier of t h e Cole County Histodeal Sodety, who provided invaluable assistance t o the consultants md access t o t h e collections of t h e Society.

The undertaking of a h i s to r i c resources survey is an important step in the management of a city's historic b u i l t A t , The final 8urv.p 0 0 0 1 ~ pmvide an inventory at and i n f d o n on significant properties tha t assists and m-88 hkPtodo p - a .nd local fde ra l doetgnatiop pmgmms. The 8urv.y results w i l l aid the dty and sbte, as w e l l as local preservation groups and other interested parties, in the davelopment of a comprehensive p~~ plan and pzmri.de the basis far any future National Register of Historia Places nombations o r revisions.

SURVEY PRIORITIES

The local mthdkk and Stcrk Histodo Preservation Office e m t a b U & d a t a z g e t ~ e y . r w m u g h l y k u n d e d b y t h e ~ R i v e r o t h e n a r t h , l l a C a r t p S t r n t ~ t h e . c l u t b , Y ~ B t r e e t ao thewestaadAdamsStmet~ th .oast . AYaldonalRogister nor inatba prepared in 1975 for the State cap i to l Dis t r i a t provides the bash for these furthu pmsemation planning &forb, *hidh rmquhd ~q) - baLh tho oDaup.h.n.iPeness of the nw.p inf- and dewelnpmmt of historic contexts t o which t h e resources a r e related.

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

Preparatioa of a Survey Plan, submitted t o t h e S t a t e E b b r i a Preamrvation Offiaa in Autumn, 1989, rsununarised t h e methodological design of t h e projeat.

The e n t h laad uw *fthkr th. aw.g pmjeek boundary was canvassed to locrk 8trucRures built before 1945, 'although -y significant buildings dating to approximately 1955 w . r r uwmamy - in the h.ey f- The 8UrPey team

.truokrres by w-g u a h street and a a r i n k r g and reaording s t rua tu re s i n a systematia manner. For a l l properties, data w a s rraorded f o r inalusion on individual Missouri Arahitectur.1JHistoria Inventory Burvey Forms. Information recorded included:

* Building name and address * E s t i m a t e d and/or ac tual construction date * Architect/Engineer * Building use * Architectural description codes and t e x t * History and significanae

Each property's original u u dictated the typology of the buildiag ar .truaturr P m fgpr identified in the Survey Plan daveloped at the beginning of the prqjeat w e s e used t o categoriee resources ultimately identif ied i n t h e survey.

Blade-and-whit. ph-hs d eWh runrd.d resource were t c r k ~ l ~ ~ .nb W pdnt. m d to ~ U ~ V W f o ~ ~ ~ e A key rvlprnrJlHngrchdtb.8u3!veyeb.tnrobuu~prgard,u8ing a n m b d n g 8yrff.r that bqhs at the northeast aorner of the survey ama, noting sunteyd #tru&mm ha &tng o a s t / w e a t oriented sbmb b q h d n g w i t h tho streets* north sidea, t h m south sides, then beginning in the ~ r r r e y .ru*s northwest -81: and n d n g prap.rtir rloag mtxu- th &ted streets.

Resear& and .orZurMcm was oonduct.d by the professional relying an loaal hhbdcal organisations and individuals

rho provided almady p-arOd or qi.00vu.d documentation and historical Wormation. Research resources included the cole Carnty Ebbdea l Society, th. Cola Ckunty rroosd., the Missouri Ilt.tr Iiibnrp and local Tho- Jaffunon Publia Library, t he Missouri 8tat. Presuvation offio. and Missouri Historical 8oai.ty. Pruviously published matubls, suah as t h e 1975 rational neyister a r i a ~istriet aorkratiop and t h a 1970 domtom preaiuvation plan f o r Jefferson City w e r e a lso reviewed.

The Survey Plan phacw d tha prqjecat bdaaded dwebpabmt of hLtado gpt.ph, the brPd pat tuns of historical development withkr th. as rap-anted by it. historia resoumu. These broad OU1tural topias, -mud u historia oontarts, wem c m s W m d in tho maluathm 06 oach inventoriod reseuree, as w a l l as t h e survey a rea as a whole:

m t i C d h Cauntv md 3- Ci- 1822 - 8691 The -road and Cormaroial I w i o n 1860 .

0

9308 m d ~ C S 1822 40t

C e m d J d f u - CiW 1822 - 186Q. In 1820, t he first Nisaouri l eg i s la tu re appointed a oommission to identify an appropriate state cap i to l site, mmwithin 40 miles of the mouth of the osage@ River, nemr t h e geographic amtar of th. -ling Cempethg real estate h ~ a n d ~ p ~ s ~ l t e r a l d f u a l o n g t h . M i u o u r i Riv-, m y of whish WM either d u d uamhble due to fears of flooding o r had clouded ownership titles.

The site finally selected, @@Howard@s Bluff@@ on the south ~ a i t h . r f v 8 1 ~ . t W d r * . C r w k , w c u l a i d o u t ~ a t o w n d t . b y the commission in rush of 1822, m d m initial offering of 1,000 building lots w a s made noon after. The town site w a s m y naaned The C i t y ai Jedff- in booor of the American ~ ~ w h o r a c r ~ ~ u ~ ~ f o r t b . w e s t w a r d expansion of t h e nation. Thirty-one Cole County pioneer f m W U @ -y m a d & by 1826, whh.~l the d t e legislature f i r s t m e t i n t h e new capi to l there.

plyhg the Hisr#rri a v e r (26 in reqular t raff ic by l84g l a n d d at Jefferson City and provided the pr indpal Poans d -g good. aad people to md from the Gapital. Among the passangem w e r e s ignif icant numbers of German immigrants, uttmebd to tho Yi.#lri lands south of the dver by of the arma8s riah resowe8 and d m h r i t y t o th. Rhindmd & ham. The mas 8ettlu8 bmught with them many mdal trditiaru and and mltural influrnces thak w- rrdudly d i f f e fromt.th0.. of the Ameriaans f r o m t h e u p ~ B ~ t b . t M ~ t o Y L s c r u r l l 8 n d s ~ ~ t h . r iver .

By L860, the Pacifia railmad had ruched Jefferson City, and ito tmdnus t h m linked w&h atembo& tzaffia on west t o Omaha, brought i n c n u d oommerdal hportancm md hope of prosper i ty t o t h e community.

- 1930. ThO yeam of tho Civil lu n w tho aapital b.oomo the foaus of nmriaamblo U t a r y and political -ity u tho pro-llnion German and Yank- population south of tho r ive r and t h e pro-canf- -0 holArrr tO tho north vied for oontrol of tb. .L.lr W w b g the war, gndual axpandon of Jefferson Ciky~s -nomy oontinued. Sm~eral railroads -- tho Mbsauri Pdf&YLeaulunwr & Ta~8ndthoChicagoandIUton-- m e t a t Jefferson City, and tho P a d f i e railmad ostablishod shops and yards i n tho aity.

L i k e most aontral Yissouri oountios, Cola County, urtablhhed in 1820, flourished w i t h an assentially agrarian -a HWW81fI by th. Y W H tho 19th C e v , the Jebfuaoaa City uea w a s &araete*ed more by industrial and manufacturing mtterprbes, vith oorl and lead mining, timber acpldtatbn and nm~ufacturing of a variety of consumes goods prevalent.

The u n e t y brought by aonshnt effort. on tho part of other Hiesarrl ao~nmunitios , no& ftequrntly Sodalia, t o move the semt of state gapuprent to their &as, was notod by obsemrers a s a major obstacle t o significant commercial hvestmemt in Jaemmm City until after 1911. Thus, tho town grew slowly, albeit taking advantage of it. loeation noarly addway Kansas City md 8t rpUi. and it. transportation opportunitioa of r ivor and railroad.

The tom's physical growth reflected tho influence of the river trade and the YC.roud Pacdfia Railroad, which ran along the rivers edge, Prun tho bolt landing area at the foot of Jeff- Btreet and the new, lata 19th b t u r y milroad dapot at the buttom of Monroe Street, oommercial devalopm.nt mtpaaded aathward into the originrl tamnit. are& ;reaching the rrhil oenter of High Street, along tho brow of tho hill above t h e capitol and paralleling tho rivor.

Or*llaring tho fire in 19ll that d08troy.d tho 8-nd state c a p h l , and th. -sequent plaua decision that firmly laid t o rrt tb. issue at Jeeram *a d u e d ral. as the seat of Mhmoud gwernmmt, the rate of industrial and manufacturing expansion hcreasod. By 1938, d o c i t y w u home t o shoe and clothiag f-, printing and publi.hing oompanies, browerios and milling enteleprisas, as w e l l u expanded Y i s s o u r i Pacific Railmad .hrps aad prrd.. Tho tam's popuhth, increased from 11,800 in 1910 to 25,000 in 1930, f o r tho- moat pa r t l ived c R a i d . t h . ~ ~ d a r i e s o i t h . t a m d t . i n n e w e r a n n a d m, ~hil. 8ad b & t u t b a U U S U S tho s t roots surrounding t h e aapitol.

and Pouics 1822 - 40, W h i l e statewide debate a b u z t t h . p ~ ~ l o a 3 l t i a o d t b . a a p h l r q p d o n aad off for dead06 8fbr m, th. shaaad 8tate gwunment Ooatinuod t o operate md a p m d in Jdf- City thxuughout t h e aity's h i s t ~ r y . Three 8uaae88ive aapitol building8 ( the aeaond -]f .bd.d th. 18808), State N p r U e OOU* Uld

-tad 0ffi- Uld d q m . s l t 8 ~ a u e d to 800 the need f o r new and upurded quarter#.

H o U b aad boardinghauses have, .in- the 18308, been an bprlane part af tho built LurdMape in the oity, a M i n g not only aommercial t ravolera but pol i t iaal one8 a s w a l l . Strategically located mid-atate, f i m l y between t h e major -0u- mt-8 of -888 C i t y md &OdS, JOff-n City each legis la t ive aesaion 8aw t h e influx of oleatad officials, lobbyists md other poliUaal par t ic ipants from UumaghQUt tho .MI Tho cky beaama the temporary home of a p o l i t i d system which ha8 been desaribed a s essential ly consesvative and rural-buM. The capitslra looation in the rural heartland w a s symbolic of the outstate, conservative in- .Mlity to aartml state government and outran.uoer the delegations. Yuch of the city's development reflects t h i s regularly t rans ien t population.

SURVEY FINDINGS

Tho w e y area actually aonsbts of much of the original town- of the City of Jefferson, as definmd in its 1822 platting. Therefore, the entire developmental history of the dty b the p- n d l l b l g within the 8Urn.y baundasies. struetuxam almg the rivu's edge, which ia defined by the multiple railroad track8 of t h e Missouri Pacific lines, give way t o t h e denser, almost continuous streetwall d tho High Street mrnamlal aore two block8 uphill to the south. Below the ridge, one bloek farther south, the d e P s f t p & r P a i P i a p s t r u ~ . l a n g t h . M ~ 8 t r w t . d g e o f the surrrey area suggest t h e beginnings of t h e detached, res ident ia l neighborhood8 beyond.

Remnants ab tho eaiest d.rrelopmmt of the city, to thr p&,tO 1860, Ue found .Long the

xivws odgo an Btrwt; Them ruauraoa, including Lohmm*s Landing, the Ohio11 H o t e l aad the Chriobphu Yaus ~ r l a r Q r l t h t h . I . r u l ~ W l i l d i o p . t 2 0 1 E a s t H i g b , u e c D n g t h e f e * r e m d n i a g ~ c b t h . p r r c i v i l w a r p u i o d i n tho a*r, ab Jaffuson City. W h i l e the latter has been fairly w e l l ruInWned in private haads, the f o r m r thrw pmput i e s axm owned and m o d by tho B t a t o of Nbmuzi, and ahibit a high degree of his tor ia integri ty, refleating ongoing restoration and interpretation. These earliest remaining oamudal struetams zmtlmt hlmg.IpI .mhit.oeural influenou.

Bushes8 8truOtusos datiag from the aommuaial expandon p . r l o d f ~ t b . C i v i l W u r r r f u m o m p l m t U U w i t h C n t h e survay uos, .ad arm roolrted pdadZy ha a dense eoaaentration rlong tho High Bet'wt retail oorridor. Th-• usually two and thro .torg bsick s t rue tu ru w i t h t.ll, narrow windows and a vazbty af e v e tmdaats uf ta barre ahborate brackated and deaorated aorniaes and re f lea t I ta l ianate s t y l i s t i c innumom af tho lata M O s through the l8908. Ammy these are tho m t l y rrtMd mbmaan opus BOUY milding aad tb. G.A. Fi8eh.r Drug Storr at 105 - 107 I. High. A few buildings, probably dating from the o u l y 18708, are 1.18 u u b e r a n t l y detailed and athibit mme of the Oumania innuenaes of t h e a&u p.rlod, w y in th. uw d the ridge roofed side g.b3, mob f- .uoh U th. W building & 129 I* w h Stne t . Romanesque Revival details, suah a s those of t h e Burch-Bmdeea Co. 304 E. High, m also npresanted

th. 1PLh 08~1- 00m0SChl p - e r t i ~ in the U8&

Many &y to mid-20th oPrfurp nrnrrreial structures, rather thaa by style at inPuenee, w e n eategorised in subtypes that analyred the oompodtional natuso of the buildings, mch a s oncpart , two-part o r =framed aommercial blocks. These buildhgs, M afhm defy stylistia dmcsiption, o r present an emhctia oombination of u a i t e a t u r a l influenaes, a r e also aommon within the aurvry uoa. Typieal of the form is t h e -part rmnnumirr Hay- %UildkrQ & 115 B. Eigh, with its simple parapet and minimal d-g. Tho two-part aommerdsl property a t 109 I. High, w i t h its w a n t w h i t e glased briak f a ~ a m , i ~ a u r ~ e b m t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - k r i t ~ O O ~ C ~ , md can be desaribed as typiaal of a f e w similarly influenaed buildhgs ia th. High ooxzUer. Tho masdve Renaissance Rwival C811tral Trust Bank Building at 238 Y.di.on and its smaller oamterpart n e , tb. IBchange Baak a t 132 E. High, a m indicative of the romantie revival period following t b . F i r s t W 0 r l d W . t . ~ g s ~ h a d a ~ o f n o n - r r t r i l h i s tor ic commercial uses, such a s t h e automobile 6 h o ~ s e r v i a e station building a t 330 1. Capitol, u e also evident w i t h h the survey uu, although they rre usually located on t h e f r inges of t h e High Street core.

Residential properti- idmt$fied included single-family, mvhama and aprbent ubty~e8, b u t for domestia purgoses. Again, u w i t h oommerairl buildings, a vasiety of s t y l i s t i c influenaes wera i d a t i f i d and roeorbed in the mrpey. he vrliot nrsinkrg residential buildings .n primarily bxiek, urhr rn ]c l leB id~]mwhamm,Vi th~ . to f jo -andanatUacma miad bamwn@, such as tho B. Gzds Bmwa ~ o u s e at 10s - 113 H a d i s m and the housa, now in aommudal use, at 221 Capitol St. High ridgo -8, pamUdhg th. mtmat, ur punctuated by chimneys dmoting the s e p u a k n d d e n a e s in t h e row. As typical rowhousos, t h e s tsuatures .re bu i l t t o t h e f ront proper@ line, rltb stqp8 dinotly from the sidewalk t o an entry door t o t h e raised first story.

Other thm tho 8eaad Bmpbm atyle aovunorOs Mansion and the single Quem Ann house a t 313 Brordway, few late 19th oeatury brbf.hd houses r u a i n in the mrvoy area. However, several AmOlCioan tourmquuo house8 of the marly to mid-20th -w b. b d ~ d b g th. at 323 Be MQC&Y~ with rsdiur mod l@pd mafa, wid. wlohanghg bared w a s and full w i d t h front porahes. Some of tho80 struotures, near th. #rth d g e at the 8urvoy ~ . 4 remain in residential use, *hit. ath- b.p. a v i d e y bwo oonvertd to oommeroial uses.

brML hdJdbgbo U r r l f l 2 O t h - t ~ r y stylo d&d4h~g, uah u th. wymor, Apartments oompla

& 323 a W u h i n g t o o , 0s Style influenma, -ah as the W a s h i a g t m T- at 320 W u h i n g t a o , WM catalogued in the NR~]I. in UUH, though not b ~ t y l e ~ of many p m idmatifid is the Spanish C o l o n i a l Revival Schmidt Apartments at 318 Jefferson, w i t h it. r o 8 i d . n ~ ~ ~ historiaally (and presently) above ground f loor storefronts.

Religious buildings appear in the .wl.siastical revival styles common in t h e late 19th and ear ly 20th aenturies. Ro~~nesque (First ihlit.d M c r t b o d h Q .nd m.uimr Revival (F ir s t Presbyterian) style, massing, form and detail8 dominate t h e numerous ahurah buildings whiah arm located throughout the m a y are& O a o ~ t a l s t r w h m s reflect C l a s s i c a l design, as with the U.8. Post Offiae: Richardsonian, M uemplified by the C o b Chuntp Cmxthamw and Renaisrwae, best seen in the Ibl(l#NEL 8upI.Q. car t B u i l d b y e Th. state gwemmemt r;.lated stmatures are, of arurru, bcabd near tho dominating presence of the State C a p M ao tb. bluff --king the rioer towards t b . w r f t . p m . n d o f t h . n w . g ~ r E o a g H i g h B t ~ e t , whilothe Cuanty structures an- th. .EliPtern mb of the downtown area.

W h i l e a majority of the surveyed resouraes in downtown J e i [ f m Citp retain a rdlatively high degrea of architectural in- and have d t h a ratained t h e historic or w e d e v e 2beW ucw, mom hap. km advusely affocrted by a variety of ~ u m s t . n a e s . Lack of o r inappropriate m d n t e ~ ~ ~ a small of struehares scattered ~ g h a c t t t h . ~ ~ ~ ~ e y r c w t a m o g m a o u l a a l r o t d ~ i y about the near t e r m v iabi l i ty 'of s t rua tu res suah as t h e Yemhantrs Bank/Yasonia Building at 101 1. High, a very signifieaat cultural and r m h i t e a t u r l landmark on a high vLdMlity aosrur dtr. Inappropriate and insensitive i n t e r altuations, =ah u in the Ykaoud P-a D q o t building, thrratcl tb. krt.gritp of .ole struoluros, ~ 0 n t r u t . d w i t h the m y aecuted adaptive u n at th. -e B m t h e m Livery (324 B. Cap- and the Ooddard Oa .truebare next door a t 312 Be capitol.

I b a p p q m and p d b X y k m v a d b b a t e r i o r alterations have m a r r e d historia streetsaapes, as i n t h e aase of t h e 0001tqpmry @-@ baerted h t o th. two story r o w house structurr a t 223 E. Capitol o r the sweral timu-altered O l d ci ty H a l l a t the aorner of HLgh and Yonroe BtreetS. Yore frequent, howwer, m the aommemial buildings, p r i r a r i l y l o c a k e d i n t h . ~ r r t d l ~ d E i g h B t r ~ ~ f the late 19th arntury. Usually Italhaate, them buildings have had thdr & g h l f w asmaad by JI panels &mve th. g r a n d 8bz-y. A parti-ly vivid uample i. the O.A. F b c h u Drug Btarr d: 105 - 107 1. wh.s r halt at its symmetrieal, eight bay trmt .Irp&an rruLu nearly intaut and visible above an ~ ~ w h 3 l e t h e o t h a r h a l f L o c n t u e d b y apiereed stml .QZIQ~ rt t likrly that sevual of these a l l similarly @cup-@ might mbht&vrly easily be rehabilitated t o become better contributors to what is essentially a strong, h i s tor ic streetscape.

CONCLUSIONS

The survey of downtown Jefferson city, Yis.ouri, should periodically be reviewed by the aity staff, h is tor ic review board, B h t e Historic Preservation Offiae aad interes ted dtiseas. Any data t o add o r correct, such as additional historical information, a h m g u of aoadition o r pnsuva t ion pdadty, should be systematically m r d e d and incorporated in to t h e survey materials.

As aoan as podble, the survey should becore part of the city planning process. For al l a i ty programs t h a t a f fec t chang88inlaaduseorsdnyortb.LaffOQtth.huilt landsaape in any rag, th. sumeyed dtr 8buald bo cross-rafennaod w i t h other c i ty records. Reaormendations f o r sympathetic ~ a b ~ p m p a t L w a a n k m a d e t h r o u g h t h e Planning Dqutrmtt, the Iwll hisbriaal organisations and the histada rrPLw board, and desiga g u i d W u established using t h e sumray findings.

SURVEYED PROPERTIES J E F F E R S O N CITY, MISSOURI HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY

301 E. State Mhmri Pacific R a i l r o a d Depot 314 E. State 101 Jefferson U n i o n H o t e l Jefferson a/ Water Lohman ' s L a n d i n g 1C 9 Madison ( r e a r ) Y argaret G p s h u l t e H o u s e 221 E. C a p i t o l 223 Em C a p i t o l 225-227 E. C a p i t o l 327 E. C a p i t o l C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h 330 E. C a p i t o l 326 E. C a p i t o l 324 E. C a p i t o l G i e s e c k e B r o s . L i v e r y 312 E. C a p i t o l - G o d d a r d G r o c e r B l d g . Jefferson a/ C a p i t o l M i s s o u r i D e p t . of H i g h w a y s 210 C o m m e r c i a l 208 C o m m e r c i a l 314 W e H i g h St. Peter's School H i g h a/ B r o a d w a y Missouri State C a p i t o l 101 E. H i g h 105 - 107 E m H i g h G.A. Fischer D r u g Store 109 E. H i g h 111 - 113 B. H i g h 125 E. H i g h Meyerhardt B l d g . 127 E. H i g h 129 E. H i g h 238 Madison C e n t r a l T r u s t B a n k 201 - 203 1. H i g h H o p e B l d g . 205 B. H i g h 207 E m H i g h C a p l i n g e r ' s 211 - 213 Em H i g h ; 221 B. H i g h 223 E. H i g h 225 E. H i g h 227 E m H i g h Farmers and Mechanics B a n k 231 - 235 E. H i g h Monroe H o u s e H i g h a/ Y o n r o e Cdo cumty Cuarthaase & Jail ~ i g h a/ Adam8 Q r a a e ~ p i s a o p r l church 2/7 * 322 - 324 E. H i g h 314 E m H i g h 308 E. H i g h W a l t h e r / W y m o r e Furniture Co.

306 Eo H i g h 304 E. H i g h 302 Em H i g h - &XI-- 240 Eo H i g h 234 1. H i g h 232 1. H i g h 224 - 226 Eo H i g h 218 E. H i g h 206 - 210 E. H i g h 204 a. sigh 202 E. H i g h 200 E. H i g h 132 E. H i g h 130 Bo H i g h 128 Bo H i g h 126 Eo H i g h 1220 Eo H i g h 120 Bo H i g h 114 E. H i g h 110 -114 Eo H i g h 102 - 104 Eo H i g h 100 Eo H i g h 1 0 1 W. H i g h 105 1. H i g h 109 1. H i g h 115 11. H i g h 1 3 1 1. H i g h 200 1 0 H i g h d . B r o a d w a y a/ H i g h 208 W o Y a C a r t y 207 Eo Y a C a r t j l 217 Eo W c C a r t y 3 1 1 Em Y a C a r t y 323 Eo M c C a r t y 200 B r o a d w a y 216 B r o a d w a y 212 B r o a d w a y 313 B r o a d w a y 320 Washlagton 318 Washington

B u r a h - B e r e n d s e n G r o c e r C o o C o l e C o u n t y D e m o c r a t O l d C i t y H a l l

Jul ian G u y o t Jewelry Store D a l l m e y e r ' s D r y G o o d s E x c h a n g e N a t i o n a l B a n k

K n i g h t s of Pythias E x c h a n g e B a n k lldallph B ~ ~ e r D r u g store

L o h m a n O p e r a H o u s e

M e r c h a n t ' s B a n k / M a s o n i c B l d g N e e f T e r r a c e C a p i t o l T h e a t r e O t t L u m b e r C o o U n i t e d States Post O f f i c e Y b s o u d Supreme C o u r t B l d g o B r o a d w a y State O f f i c e B l d g o

St. Peter's R e c t o r y St. Peter's C h u r c h 8.ltg.r C a t h o l i c Culture Ctr.

81. 315 Washington 82. 319 Washington 83. 323 Washington 84, 318 Jefferson 85, 306 - 308 Jefferson 86, 105 Jefferson 87, 324 Madison 88, 312 Madison 89, 308 Madison 90, 226 Madison 91. 222 Madison 92, 220 Madison 93, 212 Madison 94, 208 adi is on 95, 200 Yadison 96, 100 Yadison 97, 109 -113 Madison 98, 117 Madison 99, 221 Madison 100. 221 A Madison 101. 223 Yadison 102. 225 Yadison 103. 227 Madison 104. 331 Madison 105, 318 Monroe 106. 310 -314 Monroe 107. 308 Monroe 108. 306 Monroe 109, 101 Monroe 110,201 Monroe 111. 305 Monroe 112. 210 A d a m s

Wymore Apts. C Wymore Apts. B Wymore Apts. A sohmidt Apts Vietor Suber Co. Capt. Christopher Maus House F i r s t Presbyterian Church

Hotel Governor ~ i s s o u r i Governor's Y ansion B. Orat% Brown House

~ o l u m b i a College

Temple Beth E l

Terminal Hotel F k s t Wted M e t h o d i s t Church Craven House carnegie Library

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cole County Historical Society, General f i les, clippings.

Ford, JaPles Bverett, Jb Histom of Jefferson C i t v , Missourifis State Ca~i ta l , N e w Day Press, Jefferson City, No., 1938.

Hardy, Richard, and Richard Dohm, pSissouri Government and politics, Univusity of Missouri Pr ru , Columbia, lo., 1980.

m, J efferso n Landina: Commercia l C e n t e r of the steamboat Er& Missouri Department of Natural Resources, ~ e f f erson city, Missouri, 1987.

Jeff- dty pbr-ories, 1877-78 (~eaaly); 1908, 1911, 1913, 1917, 1918 (Hockman & Hoffman); 1885-86 (Kallman); 1921 (Leshnick) . Jeferson City Chamber of Commerce, Jefferson Citv, 1891.

Johnston, J.W., Jllustrated Bketch Book and Directorv of Jefferson Citv and Cole Countv, 1900. ( IBB)

md,, P a C., A Ebb- , 1.1. Noeon & Co., AASLH, New York, N.Y., 1977.

xxGie t HistorLo places nomination, ~ i s s o u r i state

c District, 1975.

&nbom Rmamnm Ca, Xnsuraaooe Mms, JebF- City, New York, N.Y., 1885, 1892, 1898, 1908, 1923, 1939.

Survey Outline

HISTORIC RESOURCES

Jflenon City, Missouri

ZHA, Inc. J. Dennis \%'iIson & Associates

SUR

September 1989

SURVEY PLAN FOR JEFFERSON CITY, M I S S O U R I

CULTURAL RESOURCES

The Survey Plan and research design fo r Jefferson City, Missouri has been prepared by ZHA, Inc./J. Dennis Wilson & Associates i n order t o guide t h e survey a c t i v i t i e s of t h e consultants beginning in September, 1989 and concluding i n August, 1990,

The undertaking of a h i s t o r i c r e sources su rvey is an important s tep in t h e management of a city's h i s tor ic b u i l t envimnment. The final sunray conclusions provide an inventory of and information on significant propert ies t h a t assists and enmurages future historic preservation efforts and local and/or f e d e r a l des igna t ion programs. This proposed system of identification will aid t h e c i ty and state, as well as l o c a l preservation groups and o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d pa r t i e s , i n t h e development of a comprehensive p-ation plan and provide the basis f o r any fu ture National Regis te r of H i s to r i c P laces nominations o r rev is ions ,

SURVEY P R I O R I T I E S

The local authorities and State Historic Preservation O f f i c e have established a survey p r i o r i t y which t a r g e t s t h e o ld downtown area of Jefferson City, an area roughly bounded by t h e Missouri River on t h e north, McCarty S t r e e t on t h e south , Mulberry S t r e e t on t h e w e s t and Adams St ree t on t h e east, A National Register nomination prepared in 1975 f o r t h e S t a t e Capi tol D i s t r i c t provides t h e b a s i s f o r t h e s e f u r t h e r preservktion planning efforts, which rqukes expanding both t h e ca~prehensiveness of the survey informstion and development of historic contexts t o which t h e r e sources w i l l be r e l a t e d ,

H I S T O R I C C O N T E X T S

The first step in implementing a survey methodology is developing historic contexts, t he broad pat terns of historical development w i t h i n the community as represented by its his tor ic resources. Evaluation of c u l t u r a l r e sources aga ins t t h e identified historic contexts o r themes of Jefferson Cityfls and Missourits developmental history resul ts in a more accurately and completely developed appraisal of t h e s igni f icance of h i s t o r i c resources.

These broad cultural topics, expressed as histor ic contexts, have been identified, e x h i n g Jefferson City fls h i s t o r i c a l devalopment beginning in 182 2. The sub sequent identification, documentation and evaluation of m r i c a l l y and architecturally significant resources w i l l be based upon and relate t o these contexts. The p reliminary contexts identified f o r this Survey Plan are= E a r l y Settlement in Cole County and Jefferson C i t y 1822 - 1860, The Railroad and Commercial Expansion 1860 - 1930, and Government and Po l i t i c s 1822 - 1940 .

Ear lv Settlement in Co le County and Jefferson Citv 1822 - 1860. In 1820, t h e f i r s t Missouri l e g i s l a t u r e appointed a commission t o identify an appropr ia te s t a t e cap i to l site, Within 40 miles of t h e mouth of t h e Osage" River, near the geographic center of the fledgling state, Competing real es ta te interests and boosters promuted several sites along the Missouri River, many of which were either deemed unsuitable due t o fears of f looding o r had clouded ownership titles.

The s i t e finally selected, "Howardfls Bluffll on t h e south bank of the river at W e i r t s Creek, was laid out as a townsite by the Commission in March of 1822, and an initial offering of 1,000 building lo t s w a s made soon after. The town site was o f f i w y named The City of Jefferson, in honor of t h e American president who was regarded as most respansible for the westward expansion of t h e nation. Thirty-one Cole County pioneer families w e r e firmly established at Jefferson C i t y by 1826, when the s t a t e legislature first met i n t h e new cap i to l t he re .

-ts plying the M h a m i River (26 in regular traffic by 1841) landed a t Jefferson City and provided t h e principal means of transporting goods and people to and from the capital. Among the passengers were s ign i f i can t numbers of German immigrants, attraded to the c e n M Missouri lands south of t h e river by reports of the area's rich resources and similarity t o the Rhineland at home. The German settlers brought with them many social tmdition~ and architechml and cultural influences that w e r e markedly different from those of t h e Americans from the Upper South that had migrated to Missauri lands north of t h e r iver .

By 1860, t h e Pacific railroad had reached Jefferson City, and its texminus there, linked w i t h steamboat t r a f f i c on west t o Omaha, brought increased commercial importance and hope of prosper i ty t o t h e community.

The Railmad and Commercial Expansion 1860 - 1930. The cafused years of t h e c iv i l W a r saw t h e capital become t h e focus of considerable military and political activity a s t h e pro-Union German and Yankee population south of t h e r i v e r and t h e pro-Confederate slave holders to the north vied f o r control of the stab . Following t h e w a r , gradual expansion of Jefferson City% economy continued. Several railroads -- t h e Missouri Pacific, Missauri Kansas & Texas and the Chicago and Alton -- m e t a t Jefferson City, and the Pacific railroad es tab l i shed shops and ya rds i n t h e city.

Like most c e n t r a l Missouri counties, Cole County, established in 1820, flourished with an essentially agrarian eoonomy. However, by the latter years of t h e 19th century, t h e Jefferson Ci ty area w a s characterized more by industrial and manufacturing enterprises, with coal and lead mining, timber exploitation and manufacturing of a variety of consumer goods prevalent.

The uncertainty brought by constant effor ts on the pa r t of other Missouri communities , most frequently Sedalia, t o move the seat of s t a t e government t o the i r cities, was noted by observers a s a major obs tac le t o s i g n i f i c a n t commercial investment in Jefferson City unt i l a f te r 1911. Thus, t he town grew slowly, albeit taking advantage of its location near ly midway between Kansas CiQ and St. Louis and its transportation oppor tuni t ies of r i v e r and railroad.

The bwnfs physical growth reflected t h e influence of the river trade and the K h c w d Pacific Railroad, which ran along the riverfs edge. Froan the traditional boat landing area at t h e foot of Jefferson Street and the new, late 19th century railroad depot at the bottom of Monroe Street, commercial development expanded southward into the original townsite area, reaching t h e retail center of High Street, along t h e brow of t h e hill above t h e cap i to l and para l le l ing t h e r iver .

]Pollowing the fire in 1911 tha t destroyed t h e second s t a t e capitd, which firmly laid to rest the issue of Jefferson Cityrs oagltinued role as the seat of Missouri government, t h e r a t e of industrial and m u f a c t u h g mansion increased. By 1938, t h e city w a s home t o shoe and clothing factories, p r i n t i n g and publishing aompanies, b r e w e r i e s and milling enterprises, as w e l l as expanded ~ i s s o u r i Pacific Railroad shops and yards. The townfs population, increased from 11,800 in 1910 t o 25,000 in 1930, for the most part lived outside the original boundaries of the townsite in newer annexed areas, while commercial and institutional users occupied t h e streets surrounding t h e capitol.

Gcnrernment and Politics 1822 - 1940. W h i l e statewide debate about the preferred m n of the capital rageU on and off f o r decadea after 1830, the Mhssari state government continued t o operate and expand in Jefferson City throughout t h e ci ty 's history. Three successive cap i to l bui ld ings ( t h e second . . . -tly added to in the 1880s), s t a t e supreme court and various related offices and departments continued t o see the need f o r new and expanded quar t e r s .

H o t e l s and boardinghouses have, since t h e 18309, been an important part of the built landscape in the city, serving not only commercial t r a v e l e r s b u t p o l i t i c a l ones a s w e l l . Strategically located in mid-state, firmly between t h e major metropolitan centers of Kansas City and St. Louis, Jefferson City each l e g i s l a t i v e session saw t h e i n f l u x of e lec ted officials, lobbyists and o t h e r p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a n t s from throughout the s k t a The city became t h e temporary home of a political system which has been descr ibed a s e s s e n t i a l l y conservative and rural-based. The capitalfs location in t h e rural heartland was symbolic of t h e outstate, conserva t ive interestsf ability to control s t a t e government and outmaneuver the m e t m p o l i b n delegations. Much of t h e c i tyfs development r e f l e c t s t h i s regular ly t r a n s i e n t population.

PROPERTY TYPES

His tor ic proper ty types, t h e grouping of ind iv idual resources based upon shared phys ica l o r assoc ia t ive cha rac te r i s t i c s , w i l l a l so b e catalogued p r i o r t o t h e iden t i f i ca t ion phase of t h e survey, i n o r d e r t o b e t t e r understand each reswrce as it is documented. The commercial, religious and residential buildings, as well as engineer ing structures and streetscape features t h a t are surveyed will be more e f fec t ive ly r e l a t ed t o h i s t o r i c con tex t s and t h e i r . . . qmficance evaluated whan categosizeU f i r s t by property type.

commercial buildings, as a property type, contains a variety of s t ructures bui l t primarily for commercial purposes and include departmecommercial structures from t h i s period have a flattened r i d g e roof para l le l ing t h e street, with joined chimneys at the gable ends. simple, square, 1 x 1 windows with

aat, stone lintels and sills pierce t h e simply detailed s t r ee t facades. Other typical 19th o r ea r ly 20th century s t y l e s include Victorian, two and three story brick s t ructures with tall, narrow windows and a variety of decorative treatments. Elaborate, bracketed aqnd d8oombd oornices enliven several of these period s t r u c t u r e s , r e f l ec t ing I t a l i a n a t e s t y l i s t i c influences.

Many arrrly to mid-20th century commercial structures, ra ther than by s t y l e o r influence, may more appropr ia te ly b e catqorized in subtypes that analyze the oompositional nature of the buildings, such as one-part, two-part or enframed oommercial blocks. Each of these stylbtic o r compositional subtypes w i l l be identified and recorded in t h e survey, and a r e located primarily i n t h e dense, r e t a i l core along High S t ree t .

Residences as a property t y p e inc ludes s ingle-f amily, mwhause, apartment and any other subtype which was bui l t f o r domestic purposes. Again, as with commercial bui ldings, a vadety of stylistic influences w i l l be identified and recorded in the survey. The earliest remaining residential buildings are primarily brick, urban residential row houses, with two s tor ies and an at t ic on a ra i sed basement. High r idge roofs, paralleling the stmet, are punctuated by chimneys denoting t h e separate residences in t h e row. A s typical rowhouses, t h e structures a re bui l t t o the front property line, with s t e p s leading directly from t h e sidewalk t o an entry door t o t h e raised f i r s t s tory .

Other than the Seoond Empire style Governorfs Mansion, no Late 19th century detached houses remain in t h e survey area. H0o1ever8 several ~mer ican Foursquare houses of t h e early t o mid-20th century can be fcmd, w i t h m e d i u m pitched hipped roofs, wide overhanging boxed eaves and f u l l width f ront porches. Several brick apartment buildings, exhibiting early 20th century revival style detailing o r International Style influences, w i l l be catalogued i n t h e survey.

Religious Buildings appear in t h e ecclesiastical r ev iva l styles oommon in t h e l a t e 19th and early 20th centuries, with ~ o t h i c , Romanesque and Classical Revival massing, form and details dominating. Guvernmental and insti tutional s t ructures will r e f l e c t Classical , Richardsonian, Renaissance o r M- . . influences, are generally massive and prominent on t h e i r s i t e s .

METHODOLOGY

The survey w i l l be oanducted by a professional survey team. Resrurces that retain their essential historic integri ty w i l l be h t i f i e B on Missouri Architectura4/Historic Inventory Forms and evaluated and assessed following t h e guidelines of t h e Seoetary of the I~WFS Standards for Presemation Planning, Iderntifiication and Evaluation. Field survey work w i l l include

photography and reoordation of information on field survey data sheets , a s well a s prel iminary loca t ion on f i e l d maps.

Research and evaluat ion w i l l b e under taken by t h e professional team, relying on local historical organizations and i nd iv idua l s t o provide a l ready p repa red o r discovered &camenbkbn and historical information. Research resources w i l l include, b u t are n o t limimted to, t h e Cole County Ei.sbrical Society, the Cole County records, t h e Missouri State Library and local Thomas Jefferson Public Library, t h e Missouri State Preservation Office and Missouri H i s t o r i c a l Society. Previously published materials, such as t h e 1975 National Register Historic D i s t r i c t nomination and t h e 1970 downtown preservation plan f o r Jefferson City w i l l also be reviewed.

Categories of s ign i f i cance t o b e appl ied t o surveyed p r o p e r t i e s are t h o s e suggested i n t h e S e c r e t a r y of t h e Interior's Standards. Most properties w i l l be evaluated f i r s t fo r architecture and architectural significance, followed by research and property evaluation based on t h e a s s o c i a t i v e cultural significance standards, l i s ted a s Cri ter ia A and B of t h e National Register .

CONCLUSION

Observat ions and f ind ings about resources , e i t h e r individually o r in groups, w i l l be presented based upon t h e mlated historic con-, and w i l l include comments regarding any evident threato to t h e integr i ty of significant propert ies whon applkabla These observations w i l l aid in t h e preparation of any poss ib le National ~ e g i s t e r nomination upda te and development of a preservation plan for the city by providing an appropriate historical and ~ ~ r a l background upon which to base both a program of facade treatment o r restoration, and strenythened local protection and preservation mechanisms.