Survey of power quality in Turkish national transmission...
Transcript of Survey of power quality in Turkish national transmission...
Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci
(2013) 21: 1880 – 1892
c⃝ TUBITAK
doi:10.3906/elk-1201-21
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences
http :// journa l s . tub i tak .gov . t r/e lektr ik/
Research Article
Survey of power quality in Turkish national transmission network
Celal KOCATEPE,1,∗ Bedri KEKEZOGLU,1 Altug BOZKURT,1 Recep YUMURTACI1
Aslan INAN,1 Oktay ARIKAN,1 Mustafa BAYSAL,1 Yener AKKAYA2
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey2Turkish Electricity Transmission Company, Ankara, Turkey
Received: 10.01.2012 • Accepted: 30.05.2012 • Published Online: 24.10.2013 • Printed: 18.11.2013
Abstract: Harmonic distortion and flicker severity have become the main concerns in power transmission networks.
Different types of harmonic and flicker sources exist in power systems, such as arc furnaces and cycloconverters. A power
quality problem found in networks can cause additional temperature rise, losses, noise, and irritation in the lighting
equipment. The aim of this study is to identify the level of harmonics and flicker in the 380-kV transmission network of
Turkey. The measurement and analysis are performed using a specially developed power quality analyzer. The effects
of harmonics and flicker on the network are discussed based on real measurement results. Moreover, the measurement
results are compared to the current regulations in Turkey.
Key words: Transmission network, power quality, harmonic, flicker, power quality events
1. Introduction
In recent years, there has been a large growth in the use of nonlinear loads, which are the cause of power quality
problems. The major power quality problems in power transmission lines are the voltage flicker and harmonics.
The measurement of these disturbances is standardized by IEC 61000-4-30, which defines the methods for the
measurement and interpretation of the results for power quality parameters in 50/60-Hz AC power systems
[1,2].
Different types of harmonic and flicker sources exist in power systems, such as thyristor bridges, arc
furnaces, and cycloconverters. High harmonic voltages and flicker severity can cause serious problems in various
sensitive equipment, additional losses, temperature rise and disturbing torques in induction motors, and flicker
in lighting equipment.
Several works have been realized for determining and solving power quality problems on power transmis-
sion lines [3–10]. Zhu et al. presented a new monitoring system for China’s regional power quality terms [4].
Ozdemirci et al. observed the power quality parameters of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System using
real-time mobile measurement devices [5]. Gomes et al. explained the definition, index criteria, and monitoring
of the power quality of Brazilian Transmission Systems [6]. Qader et al. proposed 2 different methods for pre-
dicting voltage sags on the 97-bus model of the 400-kV National Grid of England and Wales [7]. Thiyagarajan
and Palanivel developed a microcontroller-based monitoring system for measuring the voltage, current, and
temperature values of a distribution transformer [8]. Apostolov detailed the different protection, control, and
monitoring system components for small distribution substations that provide a modular, inexpensive, and very
∗Correspondence: [email protected]
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effective solution for distribution substations [9]. Nath et al. characterized power quality disturbances from
recorded voltage waveforms using wavelet transform [10].
This paper presents the detailed results of a survey of the harmonics and flicker conducted in the Turkish
power system network. The survey is conducted in 380-kV networks feeding power to various categories of
customers. Measurements were performed for 1 week on 18 different plants with different output power levels.
The measurement results that are presented in this study were performed within the scope of the Turkish
National Power Quality Project.
The mobile measurement results, which were taken from the national power system and the introduction
of the mobile measurement system, were given in previous publications by the project [5]. Additionally, the
“National Monitoring Center for PQ”, which was established for continuous monitoring of the power system,
was presented by Demirci et al. [11]. The effects of iron-steel plants on the national power system, which are
measured in the scope of the project, were given in another paper [12]. Moreover, detailed investigations of
an iron-steel plant for different scenarios were presented by Salor et al. [13]. Furthermore, the active power
filter and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), which are produced by a group of project teams, were
presented in the past papers of this project [14,15].
In addition to these studies, the aim of this work is to identify the level of harmonics and flicker in the
high voltage side of the network. The measurement and analysis is performed using a specially developed power
quality analyzer. In light of the results, the effects of the harmonics, flicker, and events on the network and
solutions are discussed and are compared to the current regulations in Turkey.
2. Power quality measurement hardware implementation and data acquisition
In this study, measurements on 380-kV power transmission lines in Turkey were continuously carried out
according to IEC 61000-4-30 for 1 week in selected locations [16]. The general schematic diagram of the
implemented power quality measurement system on the transmission line is given in Figure 1 [5].
The measurement arrangement consists of the following items: a National Instruments DAQ Card 6036E,
National Instruments SC-2040 S/H Card, 3 current probes (1 mV/10 mA), voltage divider cabling (100/3.8 V), a
laptop computer, LabVIEW software, MATLAB software, uninterruptible power supply for current probes, and
isolation transformers, as shown in Figure 1. A detailed block diagram regarding the power quality measurement
system is given in Figure 2 [17].
The measurements performed within the scope of this study were carried out by taking the current
and voltage signals. The voltage is measured using a voltage transformer. Moreover, the current values are
taken from a current transformer. The measurements are completed at transformer substations to reduce the
measurement errors.
The measurement system has been installed in 18 substations rated at 380 kV, shown in the map in
Figure 3. The measurement results are evaluated in accordance with the current regulations in Turkey [16,18].
As defined by the IEC 61000-4-30 standard, the voltage harmonics are measured as 3-s average values,
the short-term flicker is measured as a 10-min average, and the long-term flicker is measured as a 2-h average.
In the case of a power quality disturbance such as a sag, swell, or unbalance during the measurements, the
system recorded all of the power quality data starting at 0.5 s before the event and lasting for 2.5 s after the
event (total of 3 s) [11].
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Sample &Hold Card
NI SC 2040
I
DAQ NI 6036E
CardAnalog s igna l is converted to
digita l
by DAQ 6036E Card with
16 bit resolution
a t 6.4 kHz per channe l
Externa l Time
Synchroniza tion Facility
Online Data Process ing Software
Raw Data Collection (Optiona l)
Raw Data S torage for Events
Reporting Software
..A/ A Power
Transformers
Voltage Dividing
Cabling
Current ClampsA Current
Clamp
380kV/...
380 kV Transmission Line
V
Power
Transformers
…/380 kV
Current
Transformers
Energy
Meas urements
Sys tem
Bus A Bus B
Voltage
Transformers
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the power quality measurement system.
National Instruments
DAQ Card
All Channels
6×1 Second Data Array
6×6400 samples
Ia Ib Ic Va Vb Vc
Voltage Channels
3× ×10 Minute Circular Data Array
3×600×6400 samples
Current Channels
3×5×10 Cycle Data Array
3×5×1280 samples
Voltage Channels
3×5×10 Cycle Data Array
3×5×1280 samples
All Channels
6×1 Minute Circular Data Array
6×60×6400 samples
Flicker Measurement Power MeasurementVoltage and Current
RMS Values
Silgent Voltage
Reference Calculation
Voltage
Half- Cycle RMS Values
Voltage Channels
3×50×1 Cycle Data Arrays
3×50×128 samples
Voltage
Sag, Swell, and
Interrupt Detection
Overvoltage and
Undervoltage
Detection
Voltage
Unbalance
Detection
Harmonics,
THD, and TDD
Measurements
MEASUREMENTS RECORD EVENT RECORD
USER DISPLAY TO READ DATA
Input data 600 samples/6 × 6 channels
Figure 2. Block diagram for analyzing the power quality measurements.
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MARİTSA BATUM
(BULG.) KIRKLARELİ
(GÜRCİSTAN)
SİNOP 220 KV
HOPAMURATLI
BORÇKA
TAŞOLUK HABİBLER AYANCIK
CİDE KÜRE ÇILDIR
KÜÇÜKKÖYDERİNER
ARDAHAN 477-77
BAFRA 19 MAYIS Ç.KAYA 477-83
BAHÇE Z.KÖY ARDEŞEN ARTVİN
BABAESKİ ŞEHİR ALİBEYKÖY BEYKOZ BARTINARTVİN
YUNANİS. UNİMAR MASLAK SAMSUN-2ÇAYELİ
477-44 LENİNAKAN
İKİTELLİ T.KÖPRÜ SAMSUN-1 ARSİN 795-38 (ERMENİSTAN)
U.KÖPRÜ BOYABAT V.KEBİR RİZEYUSUFELİ
B.KARIŞ.ZONG-1
ÇAYCUMA-2 SAMSUN-3 ÜNYE795-17
795-23
Ç.KÖY Y.TEPE LEVENT ERDEMİR
KOZLU KASTAMONU 477-84 TRABZON
S.CILAR DUDULLU KANDİLLİ 66 KV V.KÖPRÜ
ÇORLUSİLAHTAR ŞİŞLİ ETİLER VANİKÖY 66 KV
SAFRANBOLU KARGI FATSA ORDU 66 KV 477-41 KARS
B.CILAR EREĞLİ-2 EREĞLİ-1 OLTU
A.TEPE İSAKÖYKARABÜK LAÇİM
S.UĞURLU GİRESUN31.5 kv
İKİZDERE
TRAKYA B.DÜZÜK.PAŞA
ŞİLEKARASU
AKÇAKOCA 477-104
TORTUM HES
D.PAŞA TOPKAPI TOSYAH.UĞURLU D.KENT KÜRTÜN KONAK
477-96 954-116
TEGESAN HENDEK KURŞUNLU
MALKARAOSMANCA
GÖLKÖYTORUL
UZUNDERE
AMBARLID.İSK. G.OSB ERBAA GÜMÜŞHANE
B.ÇEKMECEYENİKAPI
KARTAL İZMİTBOLU BOLU-2 BOLU ÇİM. İSMETPAŞA KÖKLÜCE 477-56
BOTAŞAKÇANSA Y.BOSNA V.EFENDİ TUZLA Ç.OĞLU KAYNAŞLI BAYBURT
IĞDIRBABEK
ÇANKIRI ÇORUM-1 KUZGUN( NAHCİVAN )
KÖSEKÖY KAYABAŞI ALMUSATAKÖY 66 KV 154 kv enerjilidir
SONDEL TURHAL 477-56 1272-32 477-87 3C-85 477-41
ÇORUM-2 ÇAMLIGÖZE 795-86 477-79
AĞRI
İÇDAŞ DEMİRTAŞYALOVA
P.OVAKAZAN TOKAT 477-92
GELİBOLU ESENBOĞA T.OSB SUŞEHRİ 477-16
ERZURUM-1 D.BEYAZIT
MARM.ADA ERDEK BANDIRMA-2 BOSEN OVACIK TERCAN 477-32
BİGA KESTEL MÜRTED ANK.SAN. M.KÖY 954-38
AKÇALAR B.SAN. B.D.GAZ Y.ŞEHİR
SARES 1272-7 1272-8
AKKÖP.HASKÖY ALACA 795-86
ÇANAKKALE ÇANGÖRÜKLE
BEYPAZARI ZARA REFAHİYE ERZİNCAN BAZARGAN
GÖNEN BAND-3 KARACABEY 795-32 MAMAK ( İRAN )
BURSA BURSA-3GÖKÇEKAYA SİNCAN
BALGATSORGUN
ERZİNCAN-2HINIS
GÖBELM.K.PAŞA
BEŞEVLER İNEGÖL SÖĞÜT ZORLU DGKÇ Ü.KÖYİMRAHOR
DEÇEKO
GÖK.ADAÇAN TES
YILDIZ KIRIKKALE YOZGAT PÜLÜMÜR
BOZ.ADA AÇIK
ORHANELİ34.5 KV
KELES YERKÖY YİBİTAŞ
EZİNE AKDAĞMADENİ MERCAN ERCİŞ
Ç.KALE ENERJİSA TUTES-B ESKİŞEHİR-2YENİCE
KAPULUKAYA DEMİRDAĞ K.TEPE ALPASLAN
T.ŞALT ESKİŞEHİR-1
EDREMİT-2B.KESİR-1
BALIKESİR-2 POLATLI
D.BEY B.KÖPRÜ K.KÖPRÜ SIZIR ŞARKIŞLA TUNCELİ
AKÇAY B.KESİR SEKA ÇİFTELER BİNGÖL
BİGADİÇAZOT KEBAN-1
BOĞAZLIYAN 477-99
AYVALIK EMET KÜTAHYA
KANGAL 477-76 MUŞ
BERGAMA KIRKA KIRŞEHİRF.KROM VAN KHOY (İRAN)
PETLASH.ÇELEBİ
ALİAĞA-1VİKİNG DEMİRCİ KALABA
477-362C-55
SİMAV HAZAR-2 LİCE
YENİ GEDİZ EMİRDAĞ KAYSERİ-2 HANKENDİK.KIZI DİCLE
477-137
AKHİSAR YUNAK AĞAÇÖREN NEVŞEHİR PINARBAŞIDARENDE
HAZAR-1 1272-115
SKM ÇİNKURBAŞKALE BAĞIŞLI
SARUHANLI MALATYA-2MADEN-2
DODAN
CİHANBEYLİERGANİ ÇİM
SİLVAN BATMAN HES 477-29
EBSO ULUCAK MORSAN D.KÖPRÜ UŞAKAFYON-1 ÜRGÜP SKM TAKSAN ELB-A MALORSA MALATYA
MANİSA UŞAK OSB. TKİ KARAKAYA S.ÇİM 477-19 SİİRT
MOBİL HAKKARİ
BOSTANLI SALİHLİ AFYON-2
K.YAKA SANDIKLI SENDİREMEKE
B.BABA ÜNİV. ELB-B
G.YALI HATAY İZMİR-3 ALAŞEHİR ÇİVRİL ÇAYSEKA AKŞEHİR
DERİNKUYUBİSMİL
HİLAL TÜMOSAND.BAKIR-4 BATMAN-1
477-103
ILICA ADIGÜZEL Ş.KARAAĞAÇ LADİK KIZÖREN ILISU
ÖDEMİŞ MİSLİOVA GÖKSUN ULUDERE
URLAUZUNDERE K.BAĞLAR A.GÖLBAŞI KAHTA
TAHTALI TİRE NİĞDE ÇAMLICA SİVEREK 477-69
JEOTERMAL GÖLTAŞ BARLA KONYA-2 ADIYAMAN PS-3A
ALAÇATINAZİLLİ 66 KV BEYŞEHİR KONYA-4 BOR K.MARAŞ
A.ÇİMHİLVAN PS-4A ETİ-FOSFAT PS-4
477-35 477-27PS-3
SARAYKÖY K.BORLU ATATÜRKCİZRE
AYDIN BOZKURT KULEÖNÜ EĞİRDİR KARAPINAR KLAVUZLU(ESKİ MERKEZ) DİKMEN
D.ÇİM KILILI PS-5 PS-4B K.TEPE-2MARDİN
ÇAĞ-ÇAĞ HES
SÖKE DENİZLİ-3 ISPARTAANDIRIN
KEMER KOVADA-1 NARLI V.ŞEHİR ÇAĞ-ÇAĞ ZAKHO
TAVAS66 KV
ÇUMRA EREĞLİ KADİRLİ MOBİL TR. (NUSAYBİN)
(IRAK)
DENİZLİ KOVADA-2 BAHÇE Ş.URFA 380
A.B.HÖYÜĞÜ SEYHAN
BUCAK 66 KV ADANA
AKBÜK MİLAS ACIPAYAM K.ÖREN-1 KARASINIR B.ADANA SEYHAN Ş.URFA
GÖKSU K.OSBŞEHİTLİK
66 KV 66 KVOSMANİYE F.PAŞA
YARD. KAMIŞLI
YATAĞAN K.ÖREN-2TOROSLAR
K.İSALID.ADANA
G.ANTEP-3ÇIRÇIP
(SURİYE)
BODRUM MUĞLA KARAMAN66 KV
TEFENNİ KADINCIK-1 CİHADİYE G.ANTEP-4 SURUÇ
AKD.ORSAN AKSEKİ KARAHAN TELHAMUT
KORKUTELİ KADINCIK-2 MİSİS 66 KV KARKAMIŞ AKÇAKALE
66 KVYÜREĞİR
KEMERKÖY MİHMANDAR
MARMARİSA.BİRLİK LARA
NACARLI CEYHANKİLİS
HALEP
LARA-1 SERİK İSDEMİR (SURİYE)
DATÇA KEPEZ MANAVGAT GEZENDE 66 KV
İSKEND-2
AKSAZ FETHİYE EŞEN-2 S.BÖLGE KARPİT ERDEMLİ Y.KÖY İSKEND-1
KEPEZ SANT.MANAVGAT HES ALANYA MERSİN-2
MANCARLIKGAZİPAŞA AKKUYU ANTAKYA-2
KAŞ A.KEMER TAŞUCU AKBELEN MERSİN
ANTAKYA-1
FİNİKE ANAMUR
477-87
ERZURUM 2-3
154 kv enerjili
795-42
477-104
HORASAN
DERBENT
ALTINKAYA
795-25
ÇARŞAMBATİREBOLU
KARADONZONGULDAK-2
ESKİŞEHİR-3
GERKONSAN ADAPAZARI
D.BAKIR-3
AMASYA
MERZİFON
SİVAS
KAYSERİ-1
KEB. TR
ÖZLÜCE HES
AŞKALE ÇİM.
477-40
KEBAN-2
HAVSA-2
TEKİRDAĞ
H.KÖY
SİLİVRİ
KIYIKÖY
ELEKTRİK
İNCİRLİK
S.MURAT
AMBARLI DGKÇ
DERBENT
BUCA
ASLANLAR
PİYALE
AVANOS
HİRFANLI
Ş.URFA OSB BİRECİK
BAĞLUM
MENZELET
G.ANTEP-2
Ş.U.ÇİM
ATATÜRK
Ş.KOÇHİSAR
BİRECİK HES
PAŞAKÖY
B.EVLER
K.MÜRSEL
İÇMELER
ORH.GAZİ
KILIÇKAYA
KALECİK
BİLORSA
GEMLİK
KEŞAN
Ç.KALE ÇİM
KUŞADASI
DENİZLİ-2
GERMENCİK
BORNOVA K.PAŞA
IŞIKLAR
ALÇUK
ALMAK
ERZİN
YEŞİLHİSAR
HACILAR TUTES-A
KAYSERİ-3
SEYDİŞEHİR
BURDUR
DALAMAN
İKİZLER
KUMLİMANI
(KARABİGA)
KONYA-3
TARSUS
KONYA-1
ZEYTİNLİ
OYMAPINAR PEKMEZLİ
KOZAN
YUMURTALIK
ÇATALAN
PAYAS
80
80
80
183
80
100
73
122
100
100
183 183
80
120
120 73
80
80
60
183
183 183
120
73.3
100
60
60
120
80
5
10
20
5
5
20
1330
1800
2400
186
169
138
124
110
170
270
17
159
128
76
54
48
540
26+6
67
284
56
70
47
48
32
62
69
8
52
120
25
27
46
56
702
90
15
71
21
26
630
450
728
300
210
65
150
150
150 450
716 716
44
934
504
420 630
630
990
50
307
150
1360
620
268+279
499
188
672
84
BEYKÖY
172
23
15.3+26
45.5+32.6 11.4+26
126
7
33
14
165
102
82
27
7
16
1
10
265
75
12
71
59
130
152
11
10
10
68
35
5
10
8
3
38 5
10
17
6
11
9
220
5
4
51
18
163
10
73
25
21
1
14
14
57
8
11
12
8
8
56
5
3
41
12
10
24
7
7
20
8
10
20
13
7 10
11
4
7
1
10
18
3
10
17
3
18
2
26+26
6
2
3
14
1
10
1
2
15
3
14
120
6
NUH ÇİM.
ÇAYCUMA-1
66 KV
Y.ÇATES 380/154 kV
150+150 MVA
380/154 kV
250 MVA
380/154 kV 2X150 MVA
ÜMRANİYE
380/154 kV
250+250 MVA
380/154 kV
2(150+250) MVA
380/154 kV 2 (2)X150 MVA
300+300+250 MVA
2X125 MVA 380/33 kV
2Ph -28
380/154 kV 2X250 MVA
380/154 kV 2X150 MVA
380/154 kV 2X150 MVA
DOKURCUN SKM
380/154 kV 2(2X150) MVA
T.ÖREN
2X(250+150) MVA 380/154 kV
380/154 kV 2(250+150) MVA
ALİAĞA-2
2(250+150) MVA 380/154 kV
380/154 kV
180+150 MVA
2X150+250 MVA
380/154 kV
380/154 kV 2X150 MVA
380/154 kV
S.ÖMER 150 MVA
380/154 kV 180+180 MVA
380/154 kV 180+250 MVA 380/154 kV
2(2X150) MVA
380/154 kV 2X150+150 MVA
380/154 kV 250 MVA
2X125 MVA 380/33 kV
380/154 kV
2( 2X150) MVA 380/154 kV
150 MVA 380/154 kV
YENİKÖY
380/34.5 kV 2X100 MVA
380/154 kV 150+250 MVA
380/154 kV 2X250 MVA
380/154 kV 250 MVA
380/154 kV 2(2X150) MVA
KAYSERİ KAP.
2x150 MVA 380/154 kV
2X150+250 380/154 kV
2x250 MVA
380/154 kV
380/154 kV 150 MVA
300 MVA
380/154 kV
380/154 kV 2(2x150) MVA
380/154 kV 300 MVA
2(2x150) MVA 380/154 kV
380/154 kV 250+150 MVA
BATMAN-2
380/154 kV 150+150+150 MVA
150 MVA
380/154 kV
150+150 MVA 380/154 kV
150 MVA
380/154 kV
TEMELLİ GÖLBAŞI
ÇAYIRHAN
380/154 kV
2(150+250) MVA
380/154 kV 2X168+150 MVA
380/154 kV 2X150 MVA
380/154 kV 150 MVA
150 MVA 380/154 kV
2X150+150 MVA 380/154 kV
2X150 MVA 380/154 kV
380/154 kV 1X150 MVA
150 MVA 380/154 kV
ÖZLÜCE
220/154 kV
180+150 MVA
154/66 kV
154/66 kV 50 MVA
154/66 kV 2X50 MVA
154/66 kV 37.5 MVA
154/66 kV 75 MVA
154/66 kV 16 MVA
154/66 kV 50+20 MVA 154/66 kV
50 MVA
16 MVA 66/31.5 kV
50 MVA 154/66 kV
154/66 kV 25 MVA
154/66 kV 2x40 MVA
154/66 kV 100 MVA
40 MVA 154/66 kV
40 MVA 154/66 kV
MOBİL
MOBİL
MOBİL MOBİL
15
186
25 � 1600A
MUDURNU
TOYOTA
1400A
33 � 1400A
33 � 1400A
33 �
33.3 � 1600A
35 � 1250A
33.3 � 1600A
33.3 � 1600A
33.3 � 1600A
45 � 1600 A
45 � 1600 A
45 � 1600A
45 � 1600A
30 � � � � A
30 � 850A
380/154 kV
2C-25 3C-150
3C-95
3C-26
2C-50
2C-94
3C-39
(2Ph -59)+(3C -100)
2R-78
3C-22
2C-23
3Ph -105 3C-21
3Ph -132
3Ph -120 3Ph -105
3Ph -50
3Ph -55
2R-100
2R-87
2R-32
3C-12
3C-1 3C-74
2C-49
3C-206
2C-66
2R-136
2C-172
3Ph -64
2R-60
2C-44
SANSİT
2R-305
2C-284
2C-109
2C-65
2C-82
3C-67
2C-46
3C-162 3C-146
3C-120
2C-48
2C-41
2C-13
2C-76
3C-170
2C-85
2R-359
2C-96
3R-226
3Ph -26 2R-167
2R-78
3C-38
3Ph -172
2R-271
3C-266
3Ph -124
3Ph -139
3C-202
3C-203
3C-266
2C-146
2R-271
3C-140
2C-170
3C-61
3C-165
3C-216
3C-254
2C-126
2C-103
3C-95
2C-19
3Ph -208
3Ph -145
3Ph -25
3Ph -20
2Ph -135
3C-100
3C-202
3C-152
2R-7
2C-87
3C-94
3C-93
3C-40
3C-80
3C-160
3C-64
2C-63 3C-102
3C-60
2C-170
3C-177
3Ph -180
2C-10
2C-107
2C-71
3C-120
2R-68
tamamı (133 Km.)
2Ph -45
2C-10
2R-34
2C-144
2C-172
477 -39
1272 -17
795 -15
795 -1272 -14 795 -22
795 -54
795 -60
477 -36
477 -59
477 -32
477-68
477 -50
477 -42
795 -5
795 -25
795 -2 795 -22
795 -6
795 -10
1000 -6
795 -6 1000 -6
795 -6 795 -4
1000 -4
(1000 -3)
1272 -2
795 -12
795 -46 477 -28
795 -18
477 -24
477 -31 477 -40
477 -24
1272 -45
1272 -19
1272 -9
795 -3
1272 -6 1272 -12
795 -8
795 -9
2(B)954 -4
1000 -6
1000 -4
795 -20 795 -10
795 -9 795 -6
795 -5
1000 -4
630 -3 1000 -5
795 -35
477 -1
1272 -15
1272 -3
795 -13 795 -15
1000 -10
1000 -7
1272 -6
1000 -4
477 -42
1272 -16
795 -49
795 -27
477 -50
477 -61
477-49
477 -46
477 -97
267 -39 954 -71
477 -14
1272 -60
795 -68
795 -34
795 -34
2x954 -0.4
795 -22
477 -67
477 -19
954 -43 795 -48
954 -39
954 -8
954 -25
795 -46
1272 -7
1000 -4
1000 -3
795 -34 795 -27
795 -9
795 -17
477 -25
477 -20
477 -8
477 -15
477 -92 477 -30
477 -25
477 -52
795 -23
477+1272 -25
477 -25
477 -28
1272 -19
795+1000 -1
795 -15
1272 -17
1272 -7 1272 -5 1272 -10
954 -16
795 -75
795 -31 795 -62
795 -77
477 -60
1272 -66
795 -4
477 -22
477 -18 1272 -28
795-46
795 -79
477 -38
477 -57
477-28
477-39
477 -29
477 -24
477 -116 477 -51
477 -24
477 -56
477 -41 795 -33
477 -17
477-38
477 -34
477 -1
477 -62
477 -43
477 -49
477 -31
1272 -15
477-7
477 -18
477 -11 477 -55
795 -51
477 -25
477 -33
477 -41
477 -26 477 -50
477 -44
477 -106
1272 -52
477 -64
795 -79
795 -31
795 -47
795 -25
795 -27
477 -44
477 -66
795 -55
477 -27
477 -17
795 -32
795 -22
795 -32
795 -41
477 -43
795 -44 477 -23
477 -35
795 -2
795 -3
795 -3
477 -14
477 -38
1272 -55
477 -40
477 -25
477 -17
477 -5
477 -22 477 -40
477 -26
477 -82
795 -62
795 -120
477 -34
795 -51
795 -37
795 -60
795 -30 795 -37
795 -6
477 -48
477 -13
477 -72
795 -30
477-75
795 -7
795 -55
477 -29
477 -27
477 -74
795 -10
1272 -100
266 -75
267+1272 -70
477 -58
477 -39 477 -40
477 -55
477 -55
795 -2
477 -48
795 -5
795 -101
795 -15
795 -86
477 -33
477 -2 477 -24
477 -40
795 -112
795 -52
795-43 795 -2
795 -2
477 -32
477 -39
477 -65
795 -22
477 -6
477-50
477 -57
477 -54
477 -59
477 -105 477 -4
477 -94
477 -60
477 -98
477 -61
795 -28
477 -61
477 -84
477 -6
477 -9
795 -4
795 -1
795 -1
795 -24
795 -6
630 -4
1272 -11
477 -2
1272 -1
477 -26
477 -136.8
477 -62
477 -67
477 -12
795 -53
477 -11
477 -111
477 -17
477 -32
477 -47
477-11
477 -78
477 -83
477 -91
795 -80
477 -82 477 -88
795 -57
477 -50
477 -13
477 -3
477 -35
477 -14
477 -47
795 -19
477-93
1272 -14 1272 -12 477 -53
477 -50
477 -128
477 -61
477 -50 477 -59
1272 -60
795 -27
477 -34
477 -61 477 -40
477 -23
954 -88
477 -34
477 -88
477 -61
477 -79
477 -76
477 -31
477 -32
477 -75
477 -15
1272 -37
477 -41
1272 -6
477 -13 1272 -13
477 -40
477 -15
954 -53 1272 -41
477 -56
795 -22
1272 -7
477 -51
477+1272 -22
795 -13
477 -69
477-24
G.ANTEP -1
477 -37 477 -43
477 -25
477 -10
477 -34
795 -35
795 -29
795 -11
477 -26
795 -7
477 -2
477 -15
477 -24 795 -45
795 -27
795 -39
477 -21
795 -61
795 -59
795 -17
795 -1
477 -46
477 -49
795 -49
795 -16
795 -17
477 -26
477 -14
477 -25
477 -24
477 -37
477-39
795 -41
477 -47
477 -8
477 -35
477 -21
477 -13
477 -5
477 -10
477 -17 477 -86
477 -8
477 -100
477 -129
477 -90
477 -73
477 -15
477 -86
795 -53
477 -56
954 -74
477 -28
1272 -47
477 -36
1272 -52
477 -23
477 -84
477 -81
477 -42
1272 -42
795 -44
477 -19
477-20
795 -27
477 -73 477 -31
795 -74
477 -33
477 -26
795 -22
477 -37
795 -10
795 -83 477 -55
477-63
477 -26
477 -62
477 -24
477 -83
477 -70 1272 -6
1272 -24
795 -10
795 -41
477 -29
1272 -25
795 -31
477 -40
477 -48
477-43
477 -21
477 -17
477 -82
477 -60
477 -87
795 -49
477 -60
477 -42
477 -95
477-45
477 -38
477 -15
477 -49
477 -41
477 -20
477 -53
477 -88 477 -28
477 -51
477 -60 477 -88
477 -74
795 -17
795 -28
477 -31
477-97
477 -18
795 -15
795 -15
795 -26
795 -67
795 -85
477-3
795 -53.5
795 -35
477 -72 477 -42
795 -91
795 -49
477 -47 795 -43 477 -43
1272 -54
477 -43
477 -90
795-54
477 -38
477 -43
477 -72
477 -71
477 -61
477 -70
477 -14
477 -41
477 -123
795 -70
795 -13
477 -58
477 -60
477 -8
477-21
477 -18
795 -36
477 -41
477 -38
477 -88
477 -82
954 -41
477 -41
477 -38
477 -14
1272 -41
477 -72 954-29
477 -84
477 -39
477 -54
477 -34
795 -22
477 -54
477-36
477 -23
477 -14
477 -5
477 -11
477 -43
477 -53
477 -45
477 -55
477 -52
477 -20
477 -44
477 -5
477 -27
477 -46
477 -44
477 -48
1272 -72
795 -35
795 -44
477 -32
477 -29
477 -62
477 -11
477 -23 477 -33
477 -21
477-90
477 -62
477 -23
477 -38
795 -46
630 -3
630 -3
1272 -12
1272 -12
477 -34
795 -23
477 -2
1272 -3 477 -8
477 -6
477 -9
1272 -20
1272 -27
1272 -6
630 -3 795 -25
795 -15
795 -5
795 -46
795 -52
795 -45
477 -12
795 -30 477 -19
477 -22
795 -51
1272 -60
477 -60
795 -9
160
1000 -4
795 -12
477 -43
477 -60
1272 -69
795 -18
795 -15
795 -19
477 -14
795 -35
1000 -4
477 -76
795 -113
795 -16
795 -6 795 -76
795 -13
1272 -2
795 -9 477-26
477 -17
795-16 1272 -34
477 -22
1272 -9
795 -15
795 -17
1272 -20 954 -1
GÖKSUN SKM
795 -10
1272 -12
477 -31
477 -9
477 -26
477 -10
477 -44
477 -58
954 -25
2x954 -1
1272 -17
477 -10
795 -13
477-40
795 -43
795 -1
477 -80
GÜRSÖĞÜT
KARGI
795 -14
477 -30
795 -11
630 -3
1272 -22
795 -22
477 -58
477 -61
1272 -38
477 -10
477 -32
795 -37
1272 -39
1272 -2
795 -56
795 -53
795 -19
477 -25
477 -60
477 -26
795-1272 -15
477 -14
795 -10
477 -47
477-6
180
954 -3
795 -13
477 -20
795 -22
795 -11
795 -6
477 -65
795 -10
795 -6
477 -26
A.ÇELİK
795 -30
795 -11
477 -37
1272 -25
795 -85
795 -37
İÇDAŞ
AMB.TM
ENGİL 477 -97
477 -60
TATVAN
477 -71
ERDEMİR -2
P.HİSAR
E.ÇİM
EDİRNE
ULAŞ
2C-61 477 -47
477-11
954 -16
954 -72
954 -15
795-19
795 -2
477 -36
477 -34
1272 -5
E.YURT
477 -24 FORD
OTOSAN
94
D.BAKIR-2 477 -12
1272 -28
1272 -23
795 -42
1272 -4 477 -0.4
3C-175 380/33 kV 2X125 MVA
3Ph -2 İZMİR DGKÇ
1540
1540
770
670
540
300
198
510
34 28 MOBİL
MOBİL 52
BAŞTAŞ
K.MOBİL 154
118
MALTEPE
795 -14
26
AŞKALE
ALTINTAŞ
VARSAK
ELAZIĞ
795 -54
795 -39
İYİDERE
K.ÇELİK
PAŞALAR
AKSARAY
ADA-1 DGKÇ
ADA-2 DGKÇ
795 -10
1272 -7
ENJ -SA
L.BURGAZ
477 -43
ASLANTAŞ
52
3
5
1
22
54
66 kV
66 kV
66 kV
66 kV
80
10
OTO
10
795 -54
795 -11 795 -18
2C-1
KAPTAN D.Ç.
38
B.MOBİL
1272 -77
1272 -129
477 -45
18
2
4
43
1272 -2
SUGÖZÜ
66 KV SASA
120
1X250 MVA
36
477 -125
KISIK
1210
60
ANKARA DGKÇ
MOB-1
MOB-2 795 -20
795 -15
3Ph -47
3C-36
500
7
123 131
795 -32
477 -26
8
477 -38
183
DOĞANKÖY
477 -96
954 -26
380/154 kV 2X250MVA
1272 -46
1272 -8
1272 -13
795 -13
KAYN.
HYUNDAİ
YARIM-2
YARIM-1
795 -33
795 -42
795 -5
795 -87
795 -33
477 -58
477 -2
1272 -2 477 -5
1272 -9 66
85
5
477 -39
16+25 MVA
TORTUM
3Ph -25
2Ph -130 477 -71
150
332
795 -97
30
770
A.PETKİM
10
1272 -80
3Ph -100
HAMİTABAT
K.ELİ DGKÇ
100
75
1360
477 -54
477 -58
A.CEVAZ
477 -92
SOĞANLIK
SELİMİYE
SAK.
100
19
138
5 8
EMİRLER
İNCEK 63
320
795 -12
ŞEMİK.
HABAŞ
EGE METAL
B.BAK.KÖY
K.BAK.KÖY
KURTKÖY
GÖZTEPE
80
2 (250+150) MVA
5
ENTEK
34.5 kv
ATIŞALANI
AKENERJİ
BOZÜYÜK
SOMA-B
SOMA-A
BERKE
SIR
MOBİL
154 KV Enerjili
795
-4
1 1
11
12 14
3
4
15
16
17
2
6
18
9
7 8
5
10
13
Figure 3. Measurement points on the map of Turkey’s transmission grid.
3. Turkish transmission network and measurement points
The Turkish National Transmission System, which transfers the produced electrical energy to consumer centers,
consisted of a 47,000-km-long transmission line and had an 82,000-MVA transformer capacity by the end of 2008.
The rated voltage levels in the Turkish transmission network are 380 kV, 154 kV, and 66 kV. Under normal
operating conditions, a 380-kV system is operated at between 340 kV and 420 kV. The Turkish transmission
system is operated by the National Control Center and 9 Regional Control Centers [19].
The National Power Quality Project was launched in cooperation with 4 public universities, the Scientific
and Technological Research Council of Turkey, and the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company to monitor
the power quality parameters in the Turkish transmission network. Figure 3 shows the map of Turkey’s
transmission grid and where the measurement points are located.
The technical specifications and load types for the considered measurement points are given in Table 1.
4. Measurement results and discussion
The power quality raw data that are obtained from the measurements are processed in accordance with IEC
and IEEE standards (IEC 61000-4-30/Class B, IEC 61000-4-7/Class B, IEC 61000-4-15/Class B, and IEEE
519-1992). This processing involves the computation of the power quality parameters of voltage harmonics,
voltage flicker, and events in the voltage such as sag, swell, and unbalance. The recorded parameters are the
root mean square values of the 3-phase voltage and current for every 10 power frequency durations; average
values of the current and voltage harmonics (up to the 40th harmonic) every 3 s; active, reactive, and apparent
power values; and 10-min short-term (Pst) and 2-h long-term (P lt) flicker values. If there is no event during
the measurement period, the power quality parameters are processed as their average values. Once an event
occurs, the data are recorded continuously starting at 1 s before the event and lasting for 1 s after the event.
4.1. Measurement of flicker
The most important problem in the power network is the flicker. A flicker is defined as a periodic voltage drop
or rise along 6–7 complete cycles. The flicker problem may occur due to the large loads and nonconstant output
power in transmission networks [20].
The Pst and P lt values frequently exceed the limits defined in the Electricity Market Grid Regulation
given in Table 2 for the measurement period on the 380-kV side.
1883
KOCATEPE et al./Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci
Table 1. Technical specifications and load types of the considered points.
Transformer Transformer rated Short-circuit powerLoad type
substation power (MVA) (MVA)Substation 1 600 19,877.00 Industrial and residentialSubstation 2 800 11,537.88 Industrial and residentialSubstation 3 550 6654.19 Industrial and residentialSubstation 4 900 11,649.77 IndustrialSubstation 5 200 5199.62 Iron-steel plantSubstation 6 750 4607.25 Industrial and residentialSubstation 7 600 5462.88 Industrial and residentialSubstation 8 300 12,373.77 Industrial and residentialSubstation 9 350 9912.18 Industrial and residentialSubstation 10 336 11,649.77 Industrial and residentialSubstation 11 500 2501.08 Iron-steel plantSubstation 12 1250 14,940.67 Industrial and residentialSubstation 13 800 9300.07 Industrial and residentialSubstation 14 310 10,122.79 Iron-steel plantSubstation 15 600 12,373.77 Industrial and residentialSubstation 16 1000 16,125.39 Industrial and residentialSubstation 17 600 7101.75 Industrial and residentialSubstation 18 775 4554.60 Industrial and residential
Table 2. maximum flicker severity limits for the power transmission systems in compliance with the electricity
transmission system supply reliability and quality regulation in Turkey.
Voltage level at PCC Flicker severity154 kV and above 0.61 0.85 0.25 0.6334.5 kV to 154 kV 0.91 0.97 0.37 0.721 kV to 34.5 kV 1.52 1.15 0.61 0.851 kV and below 1.52 1.15 0.61 0.85
Flicker values (short- and long-term) for the 3 phases based on the measurements performed on the
380-kV lines are given in Table 3. These values are compared to the limits in standard IEC 61000-4-30. This
standard says that the number, or percent, of the values during the measurement interval that exceed the
contractual values should be in the range of 1% and 5% for Pst and P lt , respectively.
As can be easily seen from Table 3, the short-term flicker measurements of Substations 5, 7, 11, and
13 and the long-term flicker measurements of Substations 2, 5, 7, 11, and 13 exceed the standard values. The
long-term flicker severity at Substation 12 remained below the standard value during the measurement duration.
Different iron-steel plants are connected to Substations 5, 11, and 14. In the flicker measurements of
Substations 5 and 11, the highest flicker severities are observed. The results show that the highest flicker
severity is measured at Substation 11, which has the lowest short-circuit power. On the other hand, the flicker
severity remained below the standard limit at Substation 14, because of the higher short-circuit power at
Substation 14 compared to Substation 11.
The investigation of both the short- and long-term flicker measurement shows that the flicker problem
occurred on some phases of Substations 2, 4, 9, and 17. All of these measurement points feed industrial loads.
Moreover, the characteristics of the loads with the connected different phases cause an unbalance on the flicker
severity.
1884
KOCATEPE et al./Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci
Table 3. The percentages of the Pst and P lt values that exceed the standard value through the measurement period.
TransformerPercentage value of the 10-min Percentage value of the 2-h
substationaverages (Pst) that exceed the limits averages (Plt) that exceed the limitsPhase a Phase b Phase c Phase a Phase b Phase c
Substation 1 0.2070 0.2076 0 1.1905 3.5714 0Substation 2 0 0.0916 3.7546 13.2530 13.2530 93.7590Substation 3 0.1640 0.3281 0.2461 3.3214 3.3333 3.2132Substation 4 0.5950 1.3889 0.5952 3.5714 5.9524 2.3810Substation 5 29.8600 28.9683 29.8611 70.2310 69.0476 71.4286Substation 6 0.6940 0.4960 0.3968 3.5714 2.3809 2.3809Substation 7 1.6000 1.9000 2.2000 9.5000 8.3000 9.5000Substation 8 0.3000 0.6000 0.5000 1.2000 4.8000 3.6000Substation 9 0.8250 0.6601 0.9901 5.8252 3.8835 4.8544Substation 10 0.7000 0.4000 0.2000 2.4000 3.6000 2.4000Substation 11 64.7560 69.9653 65.2778 85.4167 91.6667 87.5000Substation 12 0 0 0 0 0 0Substation 13 1.3100 1.8800 1.7800 7.6900 12.0900 12.0900Substation 14 0.1980 0.0992 0.1984 0 0 0Substation 15 0.1980 0.6944 0.1984 1.1905 3.5714 1.1905Substation 16 0.3000 0.4000 0 1.3000 2.5000 0Substation 17 0.1850 0.4646 0.7434 1.0869 6.5217 6.5217Substation 18 0.7920 0.6930 0.9900 3.6100 4.8200 4.8200
Figures 4a–4j show the variations of the flicker measurement values (P lt and Pst) at 5 different substa-
tions, where the thick line represents the level of flicker severity for 154 kV or above, as given in Table 2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase a
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase b
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase c
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
Limit
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase a
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase b
Time (day)
(b)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase c
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
Limit
Figure 4. Long- and short-term flicker variation in phases a, b, and c for 5 substations: a) P lt variation of Substation
4, b) Pst variation of Substation 4.
1885
KOCATEPE et al./Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase a
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase b
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase c
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
Limit
(c)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase a
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase b
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase c
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
Limit
(d)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase a
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase b
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase c
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
Limit
(e)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
1
2
3
4
5
6Phase a
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
1
2
3
4
5
6Phase b
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
1
2
3
4
5
6Phase c
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
Limit
(f)
Figure 4. c) P lt variation of Substation 5, d) Pst variation of Substation 5, e) P lt variation of Substation 11, f) Pst
variation of Substation 11.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase a
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase b
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase c
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
Limit
(g)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase a
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase b
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Phase c
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
Limit
(h)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase a
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase b
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase c
Time (day)
Plt
(%
)
Limit
(i)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase a
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase b
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Phase c
Time (day)
Pst
(%
)
Limit
(j)
Figure 4. g) P lt variation of Substation 13, h) Pst variation of Substation 13, i) P lt variation of Substation 15, j) Pst
variation of Substation 15.
As shown in Table 3, when the PCC points are analyzed, it is easily seen that the flicker values decrease
on the measurement points with high short-circuit power. The higher flicker severity has specifically occurred
on buses where the iron-steel plants are connected. As an example, an iron-steel plant has been feeding on
Substation 11, causing both characteristics of the connected iron-steel plant and low short-circuit power on the
PCC, and the flicker measurements exceed the standard limit. The P lt and Pst variations of Substation 11
are shown in Figures 4e and 4f, respectively. Contrary to Substation 11, no flicker problem has been observed
throughout the measurement period on Substation 12 with high short-circuit power.
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As a result, the flicker problems (P lt and Pst) occur at 17 measurement points.
4.2. Measurement of the harmonics
The voltage and current harmonics are evaluated as 1-s averages. The acceptable voltage harmonic limits in
the Electricity Market Grid Regulation are given in Table 4 [13]. The evaluation of the voltage harmonics for
the measurement points are given in Table 5.
Table 4. Acceptable harmonic voltage limits for the 380-kV power transmission systems in compliance with electricity
market grid regulation in Turkey.
Odd harmonics Odd harmonics Even harmonics(nontriplen) (triplen)Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. voltage Harm. order Harm. voltageorder voltage (%) order (%) (%)5 Oca.25 3 1 2 0.757 1 9 0.4 4 0.611 0.7 15 0.2 6 0.413 0.7 21 0.2 8 0.417 0.4 > 21 0.2 10 0.419 0.4 12 0.223 0.4 > 12 0.225 0.4> 25 0.2 + 0.2 (25/h)Total harmonic distortion limit: 2%
Table 5. Percentage value of the THDv that exceed the limits and mean value of THDv along the measurement period.
Transformer substation TTHD MeanTHD
Substation 1 0 0.7696Substation 2 0 0.7743Substation 3 39.5172 1.8840Substation 4 18.7141 1.7047Substation 5 52.0567 2.0491Substation 6 0 0.8626Substation 7 0.0074 0.7265Substation 8 0 0.6267Substation 9 0.0012 0.6900Substation 10 0 0.5590Substation 11 0.0001 1.0072Substation 12 0 0.6819Substation 13 0.2022 0.5195Substation 14 0 0.7875Substation 15 1.7009 0.9962Substation 16 99.5913 2.7457Substation 17 0 0.7081Substation 18 0.0006 0.8564
Measurements are carried out and it is seen that the THDv value of Substation 16 exceeds the standard
value for almost all of the measurement duration. Moreover, the THDv value exceeds the standard value for a
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large part of the measurement period for Substations 3, 4, 5, and 16. During the measurement period, 8 of the
measurement points have THDv values below the standard THDv value.
The THD is the percentage value of the total time period for which the THDv exceeds the limit for
the duration of the measurement and the MeanTHD is the mean value of the THDv for the duration of the
measurement. Formulation of the MeanTHD is given below:
MeanTHD =tlim it
ttotal× 100, (1)
where t limit is the time exceeding limit THDv along the measurement period and t total is the total measurement
period.
The most remarkable result of the harmonic measurements occurs at Substation 11, where an iron-steel
plant with low short-circuit power is connected. Despite the higher flicker severity and power quality event
rate of Substation 11, the harmonic measurements are within the standards for the harmonic distortion. The
effective harmonic filter system of the iron-steel plant that is feeding from Substation 11 is the reason for the low
harmonic distortion. Similarly, it is observed that the total harmonic distortion values are within the boundaries
of the standard limit where power quality correctors such as harmonic filters, static VAR compensator (SVC),
and the STATCOM are effectively used.
Figures 5a–5e show the variations of the total harmonic distortion at the 5 substations, where the thick
line represents the limit of the total harmonic distortion stated in Table 4.
Substation 3 consists of industrial and residential loads. Due to the low short-circuit power, the THD
value exceeds the limit value at Substation 3. At Substation 4, the harmonic values are high because of the large
industrial plants. The effects of the iron-steel plant with lower short-circuit power cause high THD values at
Substation 5. Contrary to Substation 5, no harmonic problem has been observed throughout the measurement
period at Substation 14 with high short-circuit power. Since a thermal power plant is connected on the same
bus as the iron-steel plant, and the harmonic filters are used effectively at Substation 11, the harmonic effects
are under the limit values, despite the low short-circuit power. At Substation 16, the industrial and residential
loads are supplied. Nevertheless, the THD value is high because of the series compensation feeder.
5. Measurements of power quality events
Power quality events that have occurred during the measurement period for all of the measurement points
are listed in Table 6. Substation 11 has been identified as the point at which the most events have occurred.
Moreover, there are no events at 2 measurement points during the measurement duration.
The measurements show that the power quality events are associated with the short-circuit power of the
common coupling point. The effects of the short-circuit power on the power quality events are clearly seen
with the investigation of the iron-steel plant measurements. A total of 428 power quality events are recorded at
Substation 11, which has the lowest short-circuit power of the 3 measured iron-steel plants. However, there is
no recorded power quality event throughout the measurement period at Substation 14 with high short-circuitpower.
Substation 11, which feeds an iron-steel plant, is connected to the power system via a very long radial
transmission line, which causes the short-circuit power of the PCC to decrease and the effects of the power quality
problems to increase. It is noteworthy that the number of events that occurred at the measured substations
with high short-circuit power is lower than at the other substations.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Time (day)
TH
Dv (
%)
Substation 4
THDv Limit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time (day)
TH
Dv (
%)
Substation 2
THDv Limit(a) (b)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (day)
TH
Dv
(%
)
Substation 5
THDv Limit
(c)
(d)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (day)
TH
Dv (
%)
Substation 13
THDv Limit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Time (day)
TH
Dv
(%
)
Substation 15
(e)
THDv Limit
Figure 5. Total harmonic distortion for 5 substations: a) total harmonic distortion for Substation 2, b) total harmonic
distortion for Substation 4, c) total harmonic distortion for Substation 5, d) total harmonic distortion for Substation 13,
e) total harmonic distortion for Substation 15.
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Table 6. The list of power quality events in the voltage.
Transformer Number of Number of Number of Number ofsubstation events voltage sags voltage swells voltage unbalancesSubstation 1 10 5 0 5Substation 2 0 0 0 0Substation 3 8 5 2 1Substation 4 6 2 1 3Substation 5 32 22 4 6Substation 6 4 0 3 1Substation 7 21 10 0 11Substation 8 8 4 0 4Substation 9 19 6 1 12Substation 10 9 4 1 4Substation 11 428 0 0 428Substation 12 2 1 0 1Substation 13 25 13 7 5Substation 14 0 0 0 0Substation 15 9 6 0 3Substation 16 7 4 0 3Substation 17 5 1 3 1Substation 18 12 3 6 3
6. Conclusions
In this study, the evaluation of the voltage flicker, harmonic distortion, and power quality events were completed
through 18 measurement points in the 380-kV Turkish transmission system. The analysis of the measurement
results demonstrates the overall power quality performance of the transmission network.
According to Tables 3 and 5, most of harmonics and flicker parameter values are not in accordance with
the standards established in Turkey. The most commonly observed type of event is unbalanced parameters.
Measurement results show that low harmonic level and flicker severity are observed at measurement
points with high short-circuit power. The type of load has direct effect on harmonic and flicker values. In
light of this situation, it is recommended that the load type of the measurement points must be considered for
similar studies. The largest values of the power quality indices are observed in the nodes closest to the iron-steel
industry. However, it is seen that the power quality problems are reduced using convenient harmonic filter and
compensation systems.
Regarding the solution consideration, it is proposed that the short-circuit power of the system and the
generating units should be increased. Moreover, it can be suggested that efficient technical equipment, such as
the SVC or STATCOM, should be used on buses with high-power quality problems.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Public Research Support Group (KAMAG) of the Scientific and Techno-
logical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for full financial support of the project, namely the National
Power Quality Project of Turkey, Project No: 105G129.
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