Survey of Modern Psychology
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Transcript of Survey of Modern Psychology
Survey of Modern Psychology
Optical Illusions
Illusions generally happen when:• The stimulus is unclear• Information is missing
When we do not have sufficient information about a stimulus, we fill it in
ourselves
• Gestalt theory• Learning based inference
Gestalt Theory
The brain perceives patterns in stimulationFor example, we see a triangle as a single figure
rather than as three lines
Closure
We fill in the blank space to form a closed figure
Figure and Ground
• The figure is the part that grabs our attention
• The ground is anything surrounding the figure
• The figure can be seen as either a vase or as two faces
Huang, L., Pashler, H. (2009). Reversing the Attention in Figure-Ground
Perception. Psychological Science, 20, 1199-1201.
A
When a person focuses
their attention
on the red lines, the red lines
appear to be in front of a green backgroun
d
B
Explanation
•We look for the simplest possible explanation of stimuli, and interpret them as 3-D•In image B, when paying attention to the red lines we saw a picture of a face
•Normally, this would mean that we’re looking at a whole face with columns in front of it
•In image C, the strips were shuffled so the red or green did not form a continuous image anymore. It was therefore interpreted in the same was as figure A
X O X O X
X O X O X
X O X O X
X O X O X
X O X O X
Perceptual Grouping
• We group together stimuli that appear to belong together
• The X’s are similar to other X’s, and we therefore group them together as columns
X O X O XX O X O XX O X O XX O X O XX O X O X
Meaningfulness – “Prägnanz”
• We look for the simplest interpretation possible, with the least amount of effort
• We know what we expect to see, and that makes proofreading difficult
Meaningfulness – “Prägnanz”
Note: humans are good at this, computers are not.
This is why spammers use symbols rather than letters to get through filters
Learning Based Inference
• We use what we know/have learned to interpret new stimuli
• Our knowledge gives us a context for recognizing and interpreting new stimuli
Context and Expectation
FOX; OWL; SNAKE; TURKEY; SWAN; D?CK
BOB; RAY; DAVE; BILL; TOM; D?CK
Context and Expectation
FOX; OWL; SNAKE; TURKEY; SWAN; D?CKBOB; RAY; DAVE; BILL; TOM; D?CK
• In the first list, “U” made sense• In the second list, “I” made sense
Context and Expectation
.rat eht saw tac ehT
Turn this around in your mind and read it
.rat eht saw tac ehT
People usually interpret the sentence logically as saying “The cat saw the rat.”
In reality, when reversed the letters said, “The cat was the tar”
From Psychology Core Concepts Fifth Edition Zimbardo, Johnson and Weber
What difference(s) do you see in these two pictures?
We have difficulty seeing details of faces that violate our expectations of a face
What do you see?
Priming
The images or labels shown surrounding an ambiguous image will tend to lead to a particular interpretation.
In this case, you may have been more likely to initially see the image as a young woman
(Priming is subconsciously cuing a particular response)
The Ponzo Illusion
We look at see the tracks as cues for distance. Because A appears to be further away, we perceive it as being larger than B
Hybrid Images
Hybrid Images
Dimensions
“Spinning Dancer” illusionhttp://z.about.com/d/psychology/1/0/Z/5/Spinning_Dancer.gif
• We tend to view objects as three dimensional even if they are really not
• The image is not actually “spinning” but we interpret it as 3-D spinning
• It is processed as both counter clockwise and clockwise, but one interpretation wins at any given timeTHIS IS NOT ACTUALLY LINKED TO BEING “LEFT
BRAINED” OR RIGHT BRAINED”
Necker Cube
Cues for Depth Perception
• If two objects that one would assume are the same size show different sized images on the retina, the observer judges them as being different distances away.
• The relative size of the objects is used to judge depth and distance.
Cues for Depth Perception
• Lighter colored objects seem closer to us, and darker objects seem further away
Cues for Depth Perception
• Closer objects obstruct our vision of more distant objects behind them.
• Partially hidden objects are therefore further away than the object that hides it.
Ames
Stare at this image
Negative Afterimage
• Caused by a change in the rate of firing in retinal ganglion cells
• After the cells are inhibited or excited for an extended time, they show a rebound effect (fire faster or slower than normal)
http://www.moillusions.com/2009/05/hidden-skoda-fabia-optical-illusion.html
M C Escher
M C Escher
Julian Beever
Julian Beever
Julian Beever
Julian Beever