Surgical management: DBS and effects on gait, posture and falls overview
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Surgical management: DBS and effects on gait, posture and falls
overview
Miguel Coelho, MD
Neurology Department, Hospital Santa Maria
Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IMM, Lisbon
Portugal
25 September 2014 2nd Annual Allied Health Professional Summer School
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Financial Disclosure• Nothing to declare.
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Outline
• Indications for DBS in PD.
• Overall efficacy of DBS for advanced PD.
• Safety of DBS for advanced PD .
• DBS effects on gait, posture and falls.
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Levodopa-induced motor complications
• Levodopa-induced motor complications (MC): high incidence in PD patients treated with L-dopa.
• General rule: ~ 40-50% after 5 yrs of L-dopa.
• Consist of motor fluctuations & dyskinesias.
• High impact on disability and QoL.
• Difficult to manage and complex drug regimens.
Ahlskog & Muenter 01; Schrag & Quinn 00; Marras 04
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Indications for DBS in PD
• PD with disabling MC refractory to best medical treatment.
• Disabling tremor refractory to medical treatment.• Off dystonia.
• Neither curative nor disease-modifying.
• Benefit on QoL (mostly motor sub-domains; in those ≤ 65 yrs-old)
Bronstein 11; Lang 06; Deuschl 06; Hilker R et al 05; Kleiner-Fisman et al 06; Pahwa et al 06; Derost et al 07
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Candidates for DBS in PD
• 70-75 years.
• Good response to L-dopa (best predictor).
• Indepedent on ADL during ON.
• No or few axial non-LD-responsive motor signs.
Bronstein 11; Lang 06
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Candidates for DBS in PD
• No Dementia.
• No severe treatment-resistant depression or other severe psychiatric disorder.
• Psychosis should be carefully assessed (drug-induced ?).
• Realistic expectations & good social support.
Bronstein 11; Lang 06
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Efficacy of DBS
• Superior to best medical therapy (BMT).
• Overall efficacious and safe on long-term (10 years), except axial signs.
• Improves QoL.
• STN or GPi.
Schuepbach 13; Odekerken 13; Castrioto 11; Deuschl 06; Williams 10; Weaver 09; Follett 10;
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Efficacy of DBS
• Motor Benefit:
– Off periods in 30-60%.
– “On without dyskinesias” in 45%.
– Disability of dyskinesias in 50-60%.
– in parkinsonism severity (UPDRS motor off) in 40- 50%.
Odekerken 13; Castrioto 11; Deuschl 06; Williams 10; Weaver 09; Follett 10; Shupbach 07; Anderson 05; Parkinson Study Group 01; Limousin 96;
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Efficacy of DBS
• Motor Benefit:
– ADL (UPDRS II off) in 20-40%.
– Levodopa Equivalent Dose (LED) in 40-50%.
– STN > GPi
Odekerken 13; Castrioto 11; Deuschl 06; Williams 10; Weaver 09; ; Follett 10; Krack 03; Kleiner-Fisman et al 06; Pahwa et al 06; Derost et al 07; Shupbach et al 07; Anderson et al 05; Parkinson Study Group 01; Limousin 96;
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Krack 03
Rodriguez-Oroz 05
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Safety of DBS• Safety:
– High frequency of clinical relevant AEs (11%).
– Increase concern with safety.
– Neuropsychiatric side effects.
– Axial side effects (gait \ balance \ speech)
Videnovic 08; Kleiner-Fisman et al 06; Pahwa et al 06;
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Procedure and hardware-related AEs
Videnovic 08
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Stimulation independent \ disease progression AEs
Videnovic 08
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DBS on gait, posture and falls
The effects of DBS on balance and gait are difficult to interpret because they are complex behaviors that may or may not be sensitive to LD or DBS, and many postoperative observations are anecdotal.
Aspects of gait and speech that improve with LD therapy improve with DBS; however, these may later worsen with disease progression. There was consensus that STN DBS can worsen speech and gait in some patients whose symptoms may be improved by altering stimulation parameters.
Bronstein 11
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DBS on gait, posture and falls
• Does DBS improve gait, posture and falls?– Short-term– Long-term– Compare to what? dopa-sensitive signs?
• Can DBS deteriorate axial symptoms in the short term?
• STN vs Gpi?
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Does DBS improve gait, posture and falls?
Rodriguez-Oroz 05
Stim ON
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Krack 03
Stim on +Med off
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Follett 10
Odekerken 13
Stim on
med off
med on
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Castrioto 11
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Can DBS deteriorate axial symptoms in the short term?
Castrioto 11
Med off
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Schuepbach, Earlystim 13
24 months
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Weaver 09
Williams 10, PD SURG UK
12 months
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Rodriguez-Oroz 05
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Okun, 12
STN; control with no stimulation till 3 months
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Adams 11
Ferraye 08
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Umemura 10
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Is there a difference between STN and GPi?
St. George 10
Meta-regression of 11 studies
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Follett 10
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Moro 10
Multicentre study with blinded and unblided assessments at 5-6 yrs FU
N = 51
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Odekerken 13
Stim on
med off
med on
AEs
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Rodriguez-Oroz 05
Stim ON
STN
GPI
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Gait & Posture & Falls
• DBS improves gait and balance comparing on\off stimulation in the short and medium-term.
• DBS effect on these signs < apendicular.
• But DBS seems to worsen falls compared to baseline in a subset of patients.
• But DBS seems to worsen gait compared to baseline in a subset of patients.
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Gait & Posture & Falls
• STN might be worse than GPi.
• Different test conditions (i.e med on\dbs off)
• Diverse clinical & laboratory outcomes among “axial symptoms umbrella”: different results.