Surgery Critical Care
description
Transcript of Surgery Critical Care
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Surgery Critical Care
PSGS ReviewBonaventure Plaza, Greenhills, San Juan
1-2 PM; April 26, 2013
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Objectives
• To discuss key events and situations that have a major role in the outcome of critical care patient management
• To discuss areas where targeted goal management plays a major role in achieving positive outcomes in critical care
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Discussion Points
• Conditions resulting to critical care status• Inflammation state of ICU patient• Optimizing nutrition therapy through:
– Early enteral nutrition– Pharmaconutrients– Insulin resistance– Adequate intake– Role of the Nutrition Team
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Surgical critical care• Critical illness following
surgery or trauma• High risk surgical patients• Shock and hemodynamic
compromise• Acute lung injury and ARDS
following surgery, trauma, or pancreatitis
• Sepsis and severe infections• Trauma evaluation and
management• Neurologic emergencies
• Post-transplantation• Post-operative complications• Peritonitis, perforated
viscus, and abdominal sepsis• Enterocutaneous fistulas• Gastrointestinal hemorrhage• Severe acute pancreatitis• Multisystem organ failure
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INFLAMMATION IN THE CRITICAL CARE STATE
Shock and hemodynamic compromiseCritical illness following surgery or traumaAcute lung injury following surgery or trauma
ARDS, complication of acute pancreatitisSepsis and severe infectionsPeritonitis, perforated viscus, and abdominal sepsisEnterocutaneous fistulas
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SHOCK AND HEMODYNAMIC COMPROMISE
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• Body compartment percentage of total body fluids:a. 70%b. 60%c. 50%d. 40%
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Body composition, all ages
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Body compartments in health and disease
WATER (60%)
FAT (25%)
PROTEIN (14%)
WATER (72%)
FAT (15%)
PROTEIN (12%)
WATER (70%)
FAT (23%)
PROTEIN (6%)
CARBO + OTHER (1%)
NORMAL STARVATION CRITICAL CARE
WATER (55%)
FAT (30%)
PROTEIN (14%)
OBESE
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• Best solution for volume loss repletion:a. Isotonic salineb. Balanced electrolyte solutionc. Colloidd. D5LR
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Volume and electrolyte changes• Electrolytes = normal• Albumin = normal
ECF = loss• Intravascular loss• Interstitial = normal
• Balanced electrolyte solutions
• colloid
• Electrolytes = normal• Albumin = low
ECF = loss• Intravascular loss• Interstitial = swollen
• Balanced electrolyte solutions
• Colloid• Hypernatremia• Albumin = normal
ECF = loss/none• Intravascular loss• Cell shrink
• D5W• colloid
• Hyponatremia• Albumin = low
ECF = loss/none• Intravascular loss• Cell swell
• Hypertonic saline (3%SS)
• colloid
• Avoid D5W• Avoid 0.3% SS Cerebral edema
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Crystalloids
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18
Resuscitation: fluidsUse Compartment Composition Examples
Volume Replacement
Intravascular fluid volume
Iso-oncoticIsotonicIso-ionic
6% HES 130 in balanced solution
Fluid Replacement
Extracellular fluid volume
IsotonicIso-ionic
Balanced solution: normal saline; ringer’s lactate
Electrolyte or osmotherapy(solutions for correction)
Total body fluid volume
According to need for correction
KCLGlucose 5%Mannitol
Reference: Zander R, Adams Ha, Boldt J. 2005; 40; 701-719
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Compute fluids of a 70 kg person
• TBF=70kg x 60% = 42L (total body fluid)• ECF=70kg x 20% = 14L (extracellular fluid)• ICF=70kg x 40% = 28L (intracellular fluid)• Total plasma volume = 70kg x 5% = 3.5L• Total blood volume (hct=38) = 5.6L• Total interstitial fluid = 14L – 5.6L = 8.4L
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How much is the total blood volume?
• How to compute:
– Plasma volume is 5% of actual body weight– Weight=70 kg; hematocrit = 38– Total plasma volume = 5% x 70kg = 3500 ml– Total blood volume = 3500ml x (100/[100-38])– TBV = 3500 ml x (100/62) = 3500ml x 1.61– Total blood volume = 5645 ml or 5.6 liters
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Body composition and water
Human body composition (% of weight):
• Water: 60%– ECF (extracellular fluid):
20%• Intravascular fluid• Extravascular interstital fluid
– ICF (intracellular fluid): 40%• Mass: 40%
– Lean body mass– Fat mass
TBF = ICF + ECF = 42 liters (60% of weight)
• ECF = 14 liters– Plasma– Interstitial Fluid
• ICF = 28 liters
• Computation of usual fluid requirement per day: – 30 ml/kg – or 1.5 to 2.5 L/day
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Osmolality
• Normal cellular function requires normal serum osmolality
• Water homeostasis maintains serum osmolality• The contributing factors to serum osmolality are:
Na, glucose, and BUN• Sodium is the major contributor (accounts for
90% of extracellular osmolality)• Acute changes in serum osmolality will cause
rapid changes in cell volume
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How to compute for plasma osmolality
Osmolality = 2 x [Na] + [glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8
Na = 140 mmol/L Glucose = 110 mg/dLBUN = 20 mg/dL
Osmolality = (2x140) + (110/18) + (20/2.8)
Osmolality = 280 + 6.1 + 7.1
Osmolality = 293.2 mmol/L
Division of glucose and BUN by 18 and 2.8 converts these to mmol/L
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Regulation of sodium and water balance
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• Antidiuretic hormonea. Leads to water retentionb. Synthesized by the kidneyc. Leads to water loss through the urined. Stimulated by low plasma sodium level
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Anti-diuretic hormone
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The post-resuscitation environment1. Cardiopulmonary arrest2. Cardio or pulmonary failure3. Trauma/Injury
Shock/hypovolemia ↓oxygenation
Microcirculation changes/effects
Cellular dysfunction ↑free radicals ↑eicosanoids Acid-base imbalance
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The post-resuscitation environment1. Cardiopulmonary arrest2. Cardio or pulmonary failure3. Trauma/Injury
Shock/hypovolemia ↓oxygenation
Microcirculation changes/effects
Cellular dysfunction ↑free radicals ↑eicosanoids Acid-base imbalance
↑ INFLAMMATION
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STRESSINJURY Adipose tissue
Monos, macros, lymphos, epithelia in inflammatory
state
Liver EndotheliumPlatelets
TNF, IL1, IL6
MICROCIRCULATION ENVIRONMENT
Acute phase response↑fibrinogen
↓HDL↑ Aggregability ↑ Adhesion
molecules
LPL = lipoprotein lipase; HDL = high-density lipoprotein.
↑LPL
The inflammation environment
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Organ status post-resuscitationCardiac status• electrolyte status• neural activity• muscle activity
Lung status• gas exchange• mucosal immunity
GUT ISCHEMIA1. ↑free radicals2. ↑eicosanoids3. Accumulation of
inflammatory mediators Cytokines complement
4. ↓digestion and absorption
“FIRST HIT”
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Organ status post-resuscitationCardiac status• electrolyte status• neural activity• muscle activity
Lung status• gas exchange• mucosal immunity
GUT ISCHEMIA1. ↑free radicals2. ↑eicosanoids3. Accumulation of
inflammatory mediators Cytokines complement
4. ↓digestion and absorption
“FIRST HIT”
RESUSCITATION EFFORTS1. Reperfusion2. Laparotomy3. ICU therapies4. Gut disuse
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Organ status post-resuscitationCardiac status• electrolyte status• neural activity• muscle activity
Lung status• gas exchange• mucosal immunity
GUT ISCHEMIA1. ↑free radicals2. ↑eicosanoids3. Accumulation of
inflammatory mediators Cytokines complement
4. ↓digestion and absorption
“FIRST HIT”
RESUSCITATION EFFORTS1. Reperfusion2. Laparotomy3. ICU therapies4. Gut disuse
1. Gut dysfunction2. Acute Lung Injury3. Acute Kidney Injury
“SECOND HIT”
Within 24 hrs
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Why?
Local inflammatory response:1. Pro-inflammatory:
↓mucosal blood flow gastric alkalinization ileus impaired mucosal defense
2. Anti-inflammatory: ↑apoptosis of
lymphocytes, PMN and monocyte
deactivation, shift from Th1 to Th2
phenotype (immuno-suppression)
Reperfusion → promotes distribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines to the circulation: ↑PMN sequestration in
target organs → Liver, lungs, kidney → MOF (multi organ
failure)
GUT
LUNGS
LIVER
KIDNEY
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Why?Early isotonic crystalloid resuscitation → ↑inflammation ↑edema promote ileus.
ICU interventions:• Vasopressors = ↓ mucosal
perfusion • Stress gastritis prophylaxis =
↑gastric alkalinization • Opiates worsen ileus• Antibiotics ↑bacterial
overgrowth• TPN = gut disuse → ↓local gut
immunity and ↑systemic CARS.
Laparotomy with bowel manipulation → ↑gut inflammation ↑mucosal injury ileus
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Why?
NPO (nothing per os)TPN (total parenteral nutrition) → Gut disuse → ↓local gut immunity → worsening systemic CARS.
Mechanism:1. ↓mucosal blood flow2. Epithelial and WBC apoptosis (↑pro-inflammatory status)3. ↓mucosal defense to infection4. ↓secretory IgA5. ↑bacterial translocation
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Immunologic phases of injury
Moore FA. Presidential address: imagination trumps knowledge. Am J Surg 2010: 200: 671-7.
24 hours
↑inflammation→organ dysfunction
↑immunosuppression→infection→organ dysfunction
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Inflammation and organ failure in the ICU
SIRSTNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN, IL-3
IL-10, IL-4, IL-1ra, Monocyte HLA-DR
suppression
CARS
days
Insult(trauma, sepsis)
Infla
mm
ator
y ba
lanc
e
AN
TIP
RO
Tissue inflammation, Early organ failure (MOF) and Death
weeks
Immunosuppression
2nd Infections Delayed MOF and death
Griffiths, R. “Specialized nutrition support in the critically ill: For whom and when? Clinical Nutrition: Early Intervention;
Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series
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INSULIN RESISTANCE
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Insulin resistanceStress/Injury
↓enteral nutrition
Liver:↑glycogenolysis↑gluconeogenesis
Adrenals↑cortisol
WBC, endothelium↑cytokines
↑catecholamines↑glucagon
HYPERGLYCEMIA
1. ↑energy requirements → malnutrition2. ↑inflammatory environment → SIRS3. ↑susceptibility to infection → sepsis4. ↑coagulable state of microcirculation → DIC
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Blood glucose and mortality
Hyperglycemia related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Falciglia M et al. Crit Care Med 2009; 37(12): 3001-9.
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Insulin resistanceStress/Injury
↓enteral nutrition
Liver:↑glycogenolysis↑gluconeogenesis
Adrenals↑cortisol
WBC, endothelium↑cytokines
↑catecholamines↑glucagon
HYPERGLYCEMIA
Managed By:1. Glucose control (insulin – tight or pragmatic)2. Early enteral feeding (effect of incretins, GLP-1 on glucagon/insulin)
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Strict glucose control with insulin
100
96
92
88
84
0 16080 12040
Conventional treatment
Intensive treatment
Surv
ival
in th
e IC
U (%
)
Days after admission
100
96
92
88
84
0 260130 19565
Conventional treatment
Intensive treatment
In-H
ospi
tal S
urvi
val
(%)
Days after admission
Van den Berghe, G et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. NEJM 2001; 345:1359-1367
intens convam_glucose 103 mg% 150 mg%insulin_given 103 173
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EARLY ENTERAL NUTRITION
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“ NPO until further orders”
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Early enteral nutritionMechanics:1. Once vital signs are stable
START Gastric/small bowel feeding
2. 10-15 ml/hr enteral pump3. Gastric residual protocol4. Pharmaconutrition:
Fish oils Glutamine Arginine Antioxidants
1. Intraluminal nutrients reverse shock-induced mucosal hypoperfusion
2. Sustains mucosal cell quality and function
3. Mucosal immunity sustained4. Reverse impaired intestinal transit5. ↓ileus mediated bacterial
translocation6. Reverses CARS
• Requires protocols of feeding and gastric residual volume decision• Needs calorie and protein counting practice• Strict fluid balance
Window of opportunity = 24 to 48 hrs
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Early enteral nutrition
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Feeding pathwaysCan the GIT be used?
Yes No
Parenteral nutritionOral
< 75% intake
Tube feed
Short term Long term
Peripheral PN Central PNMore than 3-4 weeks
No Yes
NGT
Nasoduodenal or nasojejunal
Gastrostomy
Jejunostomy
“inadequate intake”
“Inability to use the GIT”
A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and
enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients, III: nutritional assessment –
adults. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26 (1 suppl): 9SA-12SA.
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Parenteral nutritionCOMPOSITION1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids
LCT (structural) MCT (energy) Fish Oils (immuno-
modulation)3. Protein
BCAA Glutamine
4. Vitamins/Trace elements5. Antioxidants
1. Sustains cellular metabolism and functions (MACRO & MICRONUTRIENTS)
2. Sustains mucosal cell quality and function (=GLUTAMINE)
3. Mucosal immunity sustained (GLUTAMINE & FISH OILS)
4. Reverses CARS (FISH OILS, GLUTAMINE, ANTIOXIDANTS)
• Requires protocols for access, feeding patterns, delivery• Needs calorie and protein counting practice• Strict fluid balance• MAY BE TOTAL PARENTERAL OR SUPPLEMENTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
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MCT vs. LCT
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PHARMACONUTRITION
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Diet and inflammationTRAUMA /
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Diet and inflammationTRAUMA /
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Immune modulating nutrients
• Another name = pharmaconutrients– Fish oils– Glutamine– Antioxidants– Arginine
Jones NE and Heyland DK. Pharmaconutrition: a new paradigm .Curr Opinion Gastroenterology 2008; 24: 215-22) Pharmaconutrition: a new paradigm Curr Opinion Gastroenterology 2008; 24: 215-22
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EPA, GLA, antioxidants (enteral)
Gadek et al. Effect of enteral feeding with EPA, GLA, and antioxidants in patients with ARDS. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1409-1420
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EPA, antioxidants, zinc, selenium
• EPA• high fat low carbo• MCT• high protein• Zn, Se• antioxidants• high fiber
Calaguas MJ, Moog FLJ, Gaerlan AD, Saniel MV, & Llido LO.Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Luke’s Medical Center, Metro-Manila, Philippines, 2010.
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Lipid emulsions with Fish Oils
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Injury induced immunosuppression - management
Surgery
Arginine Deficiency(resistant to post-operative
supplementation)
Impairment of Acquired Immunity
↓Plasma arginine by 50%
↑CD16+ granulocytes express arginase 1
↓T-lymphocyte growth and function
Fish oils inhibits arginase 1
Glutamine enhances T-cell
proliferation and activity
1. Banzal V et al. JPEN 2005
2. Asprer JM et al. Nutrition 2006
3. Morlion BJ et al. Ann Surg 1998
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Glutamine
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GLUTAMINE
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GLUTAMINE
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Antioxidants
Glutathione reductase
Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase
Superoxide dismutase
• Munoz C. Trace elements and immunity: Nutrition, immune functions and health; Euroconferences, Paris; June 9-10, 2005;
• Robbins Basic Pathology 7th edition 2003. Kumar, Cotran, Robbins editors.
Oxygen radicalsO•2
Hydrogen peroxideH2O2
ONOO-
ZnCu
2H2O
ONO- + H2O
Glutathione reductase
Se
2GSH
2GSH
GSSG
GSSG
Vitamin C
Vitamin C
Catalase
2H2O
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Antioxidants
Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, Klotz P, Farver K, Ruzinski JT, Radella F, Garcia I, Maier RV. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical
patients. Ann Surg. 2002; 236(6): 814-22.
1. α-tocopherol 1,000 IU (20 mL) q 8h per naso- or orogastric tube
2. ascorbic acid 1,000 mg given IV in 100 mL D5W q 8h for the shorter of the duration of admission to the ICU or 28 days.
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Inflammation and organ failure in the ICU
SIRSTNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN, IL-3
IL-10, IL-4, IL-1ra, Monocyte HLA-DR
suppression
CARS
days
Insult(trauma, sepsis)
Infla
mm
ator
y ba
lanc
e
AN
TIP
RO
Tissue inflammation, Early organ failure and death
weeks
Immunosuppression
2nd Infections Delayed MOF and death
Griffiths, R. “Specialized nutrition support in the critically ill: For whom and when? Clinical Nutrition: Early Intervention;
Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series
Early EN + pharmaconutrition
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ANTIBIOTICS AND PRO/PRE-BIOTICS
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Guidelines
• Prophylaxis: single pre-operative dose; one hour before incision
• Patients on antibiotics: continue• Prolonged surgery: repeat antibiotics within 4 hours
of procedure• Per 1500 ml of blood loss: give antibiotics• Type of antibiotics: broad spectrum recommended
by infection committee
EBM guidelines: ACS
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Antibiotics and gut microflora• Antibiotics → alterations in gastrointestinal microbiota
composition → ↑disease risk → by ↑susceptibility to gastrointestinal infections.– Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis → Clostridium difficile or
Clostridium perfringens (human study)– Increased susceptibility to invasive salmonellosis after streptomycin
and vancomycin (animal study)– Antibiotic therapy for children infected with E. coli strain O157:H7 →
↑risk of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (human study)– Antimicrobial treatment for Helicobacter pylori induces marked
disturbances in the intestinal microbiota. (human study)
Preidis GA, Versalovic J. Targeting the Human Microbiome With Antibiotics, Probiotics, and Prebiotics: Gastroenterology Enters the Metagenomics Era.
Gastroenterology 2009;136:2015–2031
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Prebiotics
Bruzzese E et al. A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: An observational study. Clinical Nutrition 28 (2009) 156–161.
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Probiotics
Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment
Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:155–168.
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ADEQUATE INTAKE
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Nutrition strategies in critical careKnow the nutritional status/ risk level to give accurate nutrient requirements
Correct the imbalances
Deliver all requirements through the most appropriate route
Make sure adequate intake is achieved
Readjust mgt as soon as there is need
Use special substrates
NUTRITION MANAGEMENT
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Umali et al. Recommended and actual calorie intakes of intensive care unit patients in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. Nutrition 2006.
Adequacy of feeding in ICU
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Nutrition intake and infection(s)
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Adequate intake and outcome
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Nutrition team and intake
Llido et al. Nutrition support team supervision improves intake of critical care patients in a private tertiary care hospital in the Philippines: report from years
2000 to 2011
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Nutrition team and intake
*
* Llido et al. Nutrition team supervision improves intake of critical care patients in a private tertiary care hospital in the Philippines: report from years 2000 to 2011
* p < 0.05, T-Test
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Nutrition intake and risk reduction
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Refeeding syndrome
• Severely malnourished, geriatric, low electrolyte values, artificial nutrition1. Sodium and water retention → fluid overload, edema,
heart failure2. Hypophosphatemia → ventilatory failure, rhabdomyolysis3. Hypokalemia → cardiac arrhythmia, ventilatory failure,
rhabdomyolysis, ileus4. Hypomagnesemia → cardiac arrhythmia, rhabdomyolysis5. Vitamin deficits (thiamine) → encephalopathy, lactic
acidosis
E. Fiaccadori. Fluids and electrolytes. PN Workshop 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Targeted nutrition
• Burns• Surgical site infections• Pressure ulcers
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MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Surgical critical care• Critical illness following
surgery or trauma• High risk surgical patients• Shock and hemodynamic
compromise• Acute lung injury and ARDS
following surgery, trauma, or pancreatitis
• Sepsis and severeinfections• Trauma evaluation and
management• Neurologic emergencies
• Post-transplantation• Post-operative complications• Peritonitis, perforated
viscus, and abdominal sepsis• Enterocutaneous fistulas• Gastrointestinal hemorrhage• Severe acute pancreatitis• Multisystem organ failure
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Management strategies
• Shock and hemodynamic compromise / Acute lung injury following surgery, trauma, pancreatitis– Resuscitation
• Choose appropriate solutions– Stabilize microcirculation
• Maintain oxygen delivery and perfusion• Renal support
– Early feeding within 24 hrs – pharmaconutrition• Increasing daily vitamin, trace elements, glutamine, fish oils• Pre/probiotics with antibiotics
– Strict glucose control
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Management strategies
• High risk surgical patients / critical illness following surgery or trauma– Severely malnourished– Immunosuppressed– Management:
• Pre-operative build up• Zero fluid balance• Post-op early feeding• Adequate intake + pharmaconutrition• Targeted nutrition
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Management strategies
• Sepsis and severe infections/postoperative complications/peritonitis, ruptured viscus– Prevention:
• Pre-op - severely malnourished build up• Intra-op: zero-fluid balance• Post op: early enteral nutrition and zero-fluid balance• Adequate nutrient delivery
– Macronutrients– Daily vitamins and trace elements
• Pharmaconutrition• Antibiotics, culture& sensitivity, pre/probiotics
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Management strategies
• Enterocutaneous fistulas– severely malnourished: build up– Post op:
• High output: parenteral nutrition• Medium to low: combined enteral and parenteral nutrition
– Adequate nutrient delivery• Macronutrients• Daily vitamins and trace elements
– Pharmaconutrition– New substrates