SURFACE WATER RESEARCH NEEDS IN AUSTRALIA€¦ · consider research proposals on catchment...

Technical Report WRD87055

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SURFACE WATER AND CATCHMENT COMMITTEE

AUSTRALIAN WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL

SURFACE WATER RESEARCH NEEDS IN AUSTRALIA

Prepared by :

8 J Stewart and T J Verhoeven Power and Water Authority Northern Territory September 1987


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ABSTRACT

The current research program approved by the Australian Water Research Advisory Council is reviewed and compared with water research priorities identified and endorsed by the Surface Water Catchment Committee (an advisory corrunittee to the Australian Water Resources Council). Areas of research shortfall are identified and reconwendations for future or expanded research are made.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

F.BSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SU!o-i].lARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

WATER QUANTITY

WATER AND THE LlL~D ENVIRONYiliNT

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

WATER QUALITY

PLlL~NING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

RESEARCH PROJECT ~~TRICES

REFERENCES

Page No

(i)

( ill

(iii)

1

4

10

33

43

48

53

79

APPENDIX A: RESEARCH REVIEWS COt-1NISSIONED BY AWRAC 80

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OBJECTIVE

1. The objective of this report is to identify areas of surface water related research shortfall in the current Australian Water Research Advisory Council (AWRAC) research program, by examining the water research needs identified by the Surface Water and Catchment Committee (SWCC).

BACKGROUND

2. The study has a lengthy background (Section 1.1). AWPAC's research program has been operating since 1985 (Section 1.4). Research topics are reviewed under the "Streamline" subject categories of:

Water Quantity Water and the Land Environment Aquatic Environments Water Quality Planning, Design and Construction Techniques. (Section 1.3).

Priorities to 3 (low)

are identified (Section 1.1).

on a scale of 1 (high)

'l'IATER QUANTITY

3. The study has found that research into the following needs is poor or non-existent:

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the causal factors and related parameters of drought occurrences (Section 2.1).

methods of high of Mannings ' n' 2.2) .

stage gauging, and a manual channel roughness (Section

the impact of small conservation projects on (Section 2.3).

private catchment

water yield


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4. It is recommended that research proposals to AWRAC on these topics be given priority over other proposals AWRi\C may receive in the water quantity category. The relative priorities of these topics compared with others examined in this report are 2 (drought assessment, discharge measurement) and 3 (catchment yield).

l'iII.TER AND THE LAND ENVIRONlI".tENT

5. The study has found that for the subcategories of land use changes and associated management strategies (Section 3.1) and of soil erosion (Section 3.2), while the relative priorities are high, there is already a oonsiderab1e amount of researoh effort being applied to identified needs. It is recommended that further research on these topics be based on the findings of the National Workshop on Integrated Catchment. Management to be held in 1988 (Sections 3.1 and 3.2).

6. There is currently no direct research in the sub-category of disposal of wastewaters by agro-forestry techniques, although some research may be indirectly related (Section 3.3) • ..t. .... _~_--'

Identified needs include the role of agro-forestry in managing salinity problems and the more general role of overland flow in improving wat.er quality. It is recommended that research proposals to AWRAC on this topic be considered, given the relative of 2.

7. There is only limited research on the sub-category of catchment response to extreme hydrologic events (Section 3.4). It is recommended that AI'IP.AC consider research proposals on catchment non-linearity, in particular the estimation of parameters for ungauged catcrJlllents and the exceedance probabilities of extreme floods. The relative priority is 2.

8. The sub-category of hydrological processes, priority 3, is being addressed by a number of research projects (Section 3.5). Even so, there are needs not being addressed, and it. is recommended that AWRAC consider research proposals on:

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the need for regionalisation of data extrapolation of small scale studies to large catchments.


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l\.QU1'.TIC ENVIRONll-lENTS

9. The broad topic of effects of altered flow regimes on biota, with priority 1, has attracted a limited amount of research effort (Section 4.1). As this topic is directly related to catchment management, the National Workshop on Integrated Catchment Management in 1988 may identify further research needs. It is recow~ended that AWRAC consider research proposals on this topic r

particularly on the transferability of research results, and on total ecosystem types.

10. The sub-category of rehabilitation of degraded lake and steam ecosystems, with priority 2, is being addressed by a number of projects, most of which are already providing information on the effects of pollution, etc (Section 4.2). It is recorr@ended that AWRAC give consideration to research proposals which provide guidelines for procedures to rehabilitate the degraded systems.

11. Taxmonic research of freshwater biota, having pr iori ty 3 T is a topic receiving only poor to moderate attention (Section 4.3). It is recowuended that AWRAC give consideration to research proposal (s) on reviewing sirnple procedures and establishing their tranferability.

WATER QUALITY

12. The topic of non-point source pollution, having priority 1, is adequately covered by current research projects from the aspect of soil-erosion. However, there is only limited research into aspects of pest control chemicals and nutrients (Section S.ll and it is recommended that these, particular nutrients, receive attention. The National vlorkshop on Integrated Catchment Management will need to address the question of whether the results of these projects are tranferable, before further research needs can be defined.

13. The sub-category of data collection techniques, with priority 1, is being addressed by three projects (Section 5.2) • SWCC is currently preparing papers on data collection networks; on completion they should help identify areas of future research and on how to improve cost efficency in water quality data collection.

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PLANNING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE~

14. The topic of value of data, \vi th priority 2, is being addressed by SWCC in a pre-research project (Section 6.1). The report will identify areas of research required.

15. River hydraulics, with priority 2, is the subject of only limited research (Section 6.2). It is reconnnended that AWPJ\C give consideration to research proposals in this sub-category, particularly on the subjects of channel transmission losses, flow measurement, and recreational versus commercial use of water resources.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

At the first meeting of the Surface Water and Catchment Committee (SWCC) I an advisory committee to the Australian Water Resources Council (AWRC), in March 1985, a list of water research priorities .. 'as endorsed and forwarded to the Australian Water Research Advisory Council (JI.WRAC). The research arees were identified in accordance with "Streaiuline" categories and ranked on a scale of 1 to 3.

At the third meeting of the SWCC, John Verhoeven ,-,/'as requested to co-ordinate a review of the existing and proposed research projects being supported by the A~IRAC in line Ivith the water research priorities endorsed at SWCC 1.

review of of direct Copies of

research interest research

This document provides the proposals funded by the AWRAC to theSWCC as at July 1987. propogals and state of the provided by the AWRAC.

art papers \OJere

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this report is to of research shortfall in the research program by examining the needs identified by the SWCC.

1.3 STRUCTURE

identify areas current AWRAC water research

Chapters 2 identified categories

to 6 contain under the

of:

the review of I1Streamline n

research subject

•

Water Quantity Water and the Land Enviromnent Acuatic Environments Water Quality Planning, Design and Construction Techniques.

These headings are used because they have been developed to enable classification of documents relating to all aspects of the Australian water and wastewater industry.

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Chapter 7 provides matrices identified research areas. summarise where research is

of projects and These matrices

occurring and where research is scarce.

Conclusions and recommendations for areas where research shortfalls have been identified are suoo~arised in the front of this report.

1.4 AWRAC PROGR~

1.4.1 State of the Art Papers

The AWRAC commissioned a series of Research Reviews of key areas in water research from Australian experts (Appendix A). These papers together with five thematic papers prepared by Council members will be used as a basis for discussion on water research priorities at the National Water Research Seminar to be held in September 1987.

1.4.2 National Water Research Program

The Council initiated its research progr~m by calling for submission of research proposals in four interim priority areas on 4 October 1985. One hundred and eight~' four applications were received from researchers in Commonwealth and State Government agencies, tertiary educational institutions, and from consultants and voluntary organisations.

Twenty eight research projects were approved for funding by the Minister for Resources and Energy.

In October 1986 there was a further call for research proposals under the following programs:

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National Priorities Program

Eighty four proposals seeking $9. 9m in funds were received under this program. The proposals were required teo relate to interim priority themes and target areas. The Council has recommended 15 projects for funding involving a total cOITw.itment of around $1.2m.


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Partnership Research Program

The industry has responded strongly to this innovative program. Thirty eight submissions have been received seeking grants of $2.6m.

Scientific Merit Program

Twentv eiqht applications were received seeking $2.2m in funds.

1.4.3 Murray-Darling Basin Research Initiative (MDBRI)

At the November 1985 Ministerial meeting on the Hurray-Darling Basin, Senator Evans announced that $1 million would be made available for an AWRAC recommended program of research into the problems of the Murray Darling Basin.

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2. WATER QUANTITY

2.1 DROUGHT ASSESSMENT

This subcategory has priority 2.

2.1.1 Identified Needs

(al SI'iCC

The impact of drought on the community underlines the need for improved assessment of such events so that water authorities can develop appropriate management strategies. Predictive modelling techniques, in conjunction with adequate data, could be expected to improve such assessments.

Water supply authorities are concerned with:-

( . ) .J.

(E)

assigning streamflow probabilities of occurrence to historic droughts on an areal basis. estimating the effects of droughts of different severity and/or duration to those which have occurred historically.

(iiilknowing when a drought has started through measurements such as a predetermined level of rainfall deficiency or soi.l moisture level.

(iv) predicting the persistence.

probabilities of drought

As a prelude to any research into drought assessment, it will be necessary to define 'droughts' so that analytical procedures can be structured for assessing such parameters as their severity and duration.

Research should be directed at determining the causal factors and related paranleters of drought occurrences.

The analysis and predictive procedures determined from this research will have significant impact on water management strategies particularly in the stored water field for urban/industrial/irrigation use.

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(b) State of the Art Paper

Tho state of the art paper Needs in Hydrology" , by (Reference 7), identifies

"Review of Research Laurenson and Mein

the following related research projects:

Effects on catchment infiltration, evapotranspiration and streamflow of soil factors, soil moisture, vegetation and meteorological factors

Low flow frequency analysis Low flow analysis Forecasting of drought in Australia

2.1.2 Current Research

Title: Low flow hydrology: applicat.ion of a systems approach

Objective:To develop a systems approach for quantitatively estimating low flows for small ung'auged rural catchments.

2.1.3 Research Shortfalls

The state of the art paper calls for research topics similar to those suggested by SWCC. The only project in the AI1RAC program refers to the development of low flow frequency curves for small ungauged rural catchments. Topics such as 1.1.1. (ii) and (iii) are not covered by the existing research program.

2.2 DISCHARGE HEASUREMENT



(al SWCC

Discharge measurement and associated preparation of accurate rating curves is an area requiring a significant effort, to improve current methods and the quality of basic data. There have been substantial improvements in recent years in the computerisation of streamflow records which have enabled data to be more rapidly processed, stored and analysed. During this period there has been little significant change in the way discharge information has been collected or rating curve assessments made. There are two study areas under this heading.

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{il Improved methods for high stage gauging measurements

The emphasis of studies measurement of high flows most difficult to obtain.

should be as these

on are

the the

Problems that need to be considered include the infrequency of events, inaccessibility during floods, high velocities, debris, very wide cross sections. Consideration needs to be given to the accuracy obtainable from any new methods to enable comparisons to be made with existing procedures.

There has been limited work in this area recently; for example developments in ultrasonic gauging techniques by ANDEL and investigations by SMEC under a previous research project into photogra~metric techniques of measurement of surface velocities. However these studies, although valuable, are currently severely limited in their application.

A method that may provide useful data is that of self-actuated gauging stations. In this context the use of robotics to provide the means of collecting timely continuous flood data should be investigated.

Studies would likely involve a field measurement technique although studies based around an office assessment in conjunction with some field data would also be of value.

(iil Compilation of a channel roughness equations of flow

manual for estimating for use in hydraulic

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The inadequacies of Mannings 'n', particularly for natural waterways, have long been recognised. The values assigned to this 'lu.illped' roughness parameter can vary markedly from one user to the next for identical situations. The standard guidelines for estimating 'n', photographs from Open Channel Hydraulics by Chow (Reference 1l, do not adequately cover the wide range of situations that occur, particularly with respect to channel form, vegetation cover and changes in river stage.


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It is appropriate that a manual be developed to estimate an overall roughness parameter based on a collection of other physical characteristics. In this way the widely varying conditions throughout Australia could be accounted for together with a changing value of roughness ,dth stage as different controls take effect. Any study should take account of the different types of roughness energy losses that can occur. The distinction between the different types of losses could be with respect to the beds and banks, losses at the boundaries of channel flow and floodplain flow, losses at bends and eddying.

It is envisaged that the parameters would be devised empirically through both field and model experiments. A wide range of conditions should be covered but the final manual should be easy to follow and aimed at the practising engineer, in the category perhaps of Australian Rainfall and Runoff (Reference 4).

(b) State of the Art Papers

Laurenson and Mein (Reference the art paper recommend the projects!

7) in their state of following research

Measurement of stream discharge. Methods of discharge measurement would be evaluated. Automated data checking procedures. Data collection networks. Hydraulics of floodplain and estuarine flows.


None of the research proposals examined to date address the issues of high discharge measurement or channel roughness. However a number of projects rely heavily on the quality of the data being collected. For example the project "Low flow hydrology! application of a systems approach" will only make use of data sets where flow data is of an acceptable accuracy.


None of the issues identified by SWCC as research areas are being address by proposals examined to date.

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2.3 CATCHMENT YIELD AND THE EFFECTS OF PRIVATE \",A'I'ER CONSERVATION PROJECTS



(a) S>'1CC

Studies have indicated that the impact of small scale private water conservation projects on the yield of major projects can be of the order of 50 percent in dry years.

Research is required into techniques for assessing the impact of small private water conservation projects on the total river catchment system. Extrapolation of results from small to large scale systems is of particular interest.

The application of these techniques will enable quantification of the effect and the development of appropriate management pOlicies.


State of the art papers by Kuczera (Reference 5) "Review on Risk and Reliability", and Laurenson and Mein (Reference 7) recommend research into water yield from statistical and hydrologic/ catchment. behaviour aspects. Topics recommended include low flow frequency curves I low flo'V'! analysis, effect of land use change, drought, water property rights, structures, demand management and supply management and planning.


Existing reliable practices projects. category.

projects are aimed at provision of ;-later sources or on-farm management rather than private water conservation The following projects fall into this

Title: Water reliability policies in irrigated agriculture

Objective: To examine the concept of storage capacity sharing as a means of allocating water when its supply is less than perfectly reliable.

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Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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Historical characteristics of irrigation in Australia

To identify and record the historical characteristics of the development of irrigation in Australia as a basis for improving techniques for planning and management in this area.

LO~l flow hydrology: application of a approach

systems

To develop a systems approach for quantitatively estimating low flows for small ungauged rural catohments.

Investigation of water needs and appropriate methods of supply in small aboriginal outstations or homeland settlements

To determine typical water needs of remote aboriginal settlements and identify the most suitable methods to ump and store this water. Investigate ways of reducing the cost of water supply whilst maintaining reliabili ty.


All projects reviewed to date have failed to address the impact of small scale private v.'ater conservation projects on the yields of major projects; for example, the impact of water harvesting in the upper Condamine River on the yield potential of the river downstream. The major areas covered by existing projects are flow availability and water management practices rather then the impacts of water removal and/or addition.

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3. WATER AND THE LAND ENVIRONMENT

3 • 1 LAND USE CHANGES AND I'.SSOCIATED HANAGEHENT STRl'.TEGIES



(a) swcc

This topic requires a range of research to quantify the effects of change in land use on runoff quantity and quality characteristics ,"hich inturn has implications for future resource availability.

The major issue justifying this research is the long term viability of particular ecosystems to support the reliance of the community. This reliance extends to the maintenance of the soil mantel, groundwater and baseflow requirements, floodplain stability and vegetation viability.

Research in this area can be divided into three principal areas:

(i) understanding the fundamental processes.

(ii) impact assessment and prediction of impact due to changes in use.

(iii)management options and definition of ideal management practice.

Research should be undertaken for each of the following land use changes whereby catchments covering a range of soil and vegetation types and varying sizes would be examined:

(i) urban and urbanising areas (ii) agricultural - grazing, cropping (iii)intensive agricultural - horticulture (iv) mineral and energy developments (v) forests and silviculture (vi) riparian environments and floodplains (vii)coastal zones influenced by freshwater and

land use.

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The priority issues which need to be addressed within the above areas include:

Salinisation

The problem of increasing salinisation of land under irrigation is well documented. The causal factors are kno"l!l but further study is required to determine the rate of increasing salinisation and the most appropriate management methods to reduce deterioration of land and to reclaim degenerated land.

Forest management (including deforestation), effects on runoff quantity, quality and ecosystems.

The effect of various management techniques for forests on runoff quantity and quality is often an unknown consequence. The importance of woodland, non-corr~ercial forests should also be evaluated as it relates to the hydrologic cycle.

Hodelling the effects of changes in land use is seen as most desira~ble, particularly if models can be developed sufficiently to enable them to be used as planning tools. This is desirable for both broadscale regional planning and the determination of management policies in the operation of water supply catchments.


St.ate of the art papers bv Laurenson and ~1ein (Reference 7) , Lake (Reference 6) ·Stream Ecosystem Research it: Australia: Problems and Strategies", Cullen (Reference 2) "Water Quality in Australia, A Review of Research Opportunities", ~1cCQmb and Willi.ams (Reference 8) "The Ecology of Reservoirs, Lakes and Wetlands" , and Rose (Reference 9) "Overland Flows, Erosion, Land and Water Quality Issues· all make specific mention of the need to evaluate the impact of land use change on water quality and quantity.

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3.1.2 Current Reseach

Specific projects are classified according to the research areas listed in 3.1.1.

(i) Understanding the fundamental processes

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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Effect of land use on water quality

To assess the influence of

(a) different soils; and,

(b) different forms of land use

on the nature and rate of loss of colloids from catchments.

Phosphorous exports from rural lands

To relate phosphorous export to rainfall events, landus€, slope and soils for selected instrumented catchments near Canberra.

Catchment redistribution of eroded sediment

To gain an understanding of the impact of current land use in the South Johnstone river catchment on catchment behaviour in terms of hydrology and sediment redistribution.

Salinity and water balance modelling for irrigation areas

To integrate a number of models describing salt and water flow through the root zone of irrigated crops in order to quantify the effects of irrigation practices on regional groundwater recharge and salinity.


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Objective:

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Influence of catchment vegetation on stream ecosystem function

To establish the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous energy sources for streams with natural forested and cleared agriculture catchments.

Development and adoption of improved irrigation technology

To develop a series of plots managed on an agricultural scale in order to demonstrate and assess the suitability of new irrigation technologies on a range of regional soil types.

To develop an understanding of crop water extraction in the non-saturated soil zone and the effects of irrigation, soil and nutrition interactions on crop growth and yield.

To analyse attitudes towards new technology and identify reasons for technology adoption and/or non-adoption, to allow the development of effective initiatives to promote adoption of new technology.

Solute transport in heavy clay soils

To develop an understanding of factors affecting soluble salt movement through chemically reactive heavy clay soils.

Measurement of evaporation from trees and salinity stress

To utilise the dendrograph of a variety of tree species as a measuring device for evapotraspiration and salinity stress upon woody species.


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Objective:

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Water use of eucalyptus above groundwater

To characterise the leaf conductance characteristics of eucalyptus species sui table for use in salinity management.

(ii) Impact assessment and prediction of impact due to changes in use

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Some of the projects listed in 3.1.2 (i) are closely related to this topic. These and other specific projects include:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Ojective:

Title:

Objective:


To assess the influence of (a) different soils, and, (b) different forms of land

use on the nature and rate of loss of colloids from catchments


To relate phosphorous export to rainfall events, landuse, slope and soils for selected instrumented catchments near Canberra.

Minimising salinisation due to irrigation practices

To develop management strategies for minimising the risk of salinisation caused by current irrigation practices.

Catchment redistribution of eroded sediment

To gain an understanding of the impact of current land use in the South Johnstone River catchment on catchment behaviour in terms of hydrology and sediment redistribution.


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Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

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To establish the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous energy sources for streams with natural forested and cleared agricultural catchrr~nts.

l>leasurement of evaporation from trees and salinity stress

To utilise the dendrograph of a variety of tree species as a measuring device for evapotranspiration and salinity stress upon woody species.


To characterise leaf conductance characteristics of eucalyptus species sui table for use in salinity management.

Title: Advanced farming systems for groundwater control

Objective: To assist in the establishment of a comprehensive research and technology transfer program at a central location in the Murray Valley of NSW which will:

(i) Enable an evaluation of the hydrological effectiveness of various alternative farm management systems in reducing groundwater accessions in irrigated lands.

(ii) Assess the agronomic and economic feasibility of these ad'ranced farming systems.

(iii)Accelerate farmer adoption of more efficient on-farm w"ater management techniques.


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Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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To develop an understanding of crop water extraction in the non-saturated soil zone and the effects of irrigation, soil and nutrition interactions on crop growth and yield.

To analyse attitudes towards new technology and identify reasons for technology adoption andlor non-adoption, to allow the development of effective initiatives to promote adoption technology.

of

Technology transfer via the irrigat.ed crop management service

new

To devise and help more efficient systems.

implement irrigation

Changing hydrologic equilibrium in the Mallee

To evaluate and quantify the potential impact of increased recharge in the Mallee on groundwater discharge to the River Murray and levels of salinisation in it.

Discharge from groundwater to the River Murrav

~

To provide a set of accession models for explaining the quality and quantity of discharge from groundwater to the River Murray and for calculating the resul tant effect on river salinity.


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Objective:

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A review of the effects of land use on the water resource

To define, for Australian conditions, the state of knowledge of the effects of broad land use and management on the quality, quanti ty and reliability of surface and groundwaters, and thereby give guidance and practical assistance to resource managers and planners, as well as contributing to the assessment of future needs.


To integrate a number of models describing salt and water flow through the root zone of irrigated crops in order to quantify the effects of irrigation practices on regional groundwater recharge and salinity.

(iiiH1anagement options and definition of ideal management practice

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Some of the projects listed (ii) are closely related These and other specific

in 3.1. 2 (i) and to this area.

projects on the t . . 1 -Opl.C :lnc_uae:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Ojective:

Watershed management studies -Nogoa River

To develop grazing management guidelines which minimise erosion in the upper Nogoa catchment and reduce sedimentation of the Fairbairn Dam.


To develop management strategies for minimising the risk of salinisation caused by current irrigation practices.


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Title: Catchment redistribution of eroded sediment

Objective: To gain an understanding of the impact of current land use in the South Johnstone River catchrr~nt on catchment behaviour in terms of hydrology and sediment redistribution.

Title: Advanced farming systems for groundwater control

Objective: To assist in the establishment of a comprehensive research and technology transfer progr~m at a central location in the Murray Valley of NSW which will:

Title:

Objective:

(i) Enable an evaluation of the hydrological effectiveness of various alternative farm management systems in reducing groundwater accessions in irrigated lands.

(ii) Assess the agronomic and economic feasibility of these advanced farming systems.

(iii)Accelerate farmer adoption of more efficient on-farm water management techniques.



To develop an understanding of crop water extraction in the non-saturated soil zone and the effects of irrigation, soil and nutrition interactions on crop g.rowth and yield.


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Objective:

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To analyse attitudes towards new technology and identify reasons for technology adoption andlor non-adoption, to allow the development of effective initiatives to promote adoption of new technology.

Integrated land and water planning and management

To evaluate alternative institutiolial arrangements and programs for co-ordinating and integrating land and water resource planning and management both within Australia and overseas. To establish performance criteria by which to evaluate means of influenoing the management of private land. To undertake one or more case studies of the relationship between land and water planning and management in Australia.

Managing water and land use in inter-state river basins

To undertake a comparative evaluation of the institutions involved in the use and management of the water and land resources of three large inter-state river basins, the Murray-Darwlin in Australia and the Saskatchewan-Nelson and Peace-Athabasco-Mackenzie in Canada. The comparative study between countries and river basins and within river basins should lead to recommendations for the more effective management of water and land resources I'll thin such inter-state river basins.


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Technology transfer via the irrigated crop management service

To devise and help implement more efficient irrigation systems.


To evaluate and quantify the potential impact of increased recharge in the ~lallee on groundwater discharge to the River Murray and levels of salinisation in it.

Discharge from groundwater to the River Murray

To provide a set of accession models for explaining the quality and quantity of discharge from groundwater to the River Murray and for calculating the resultant effect on river salinity.

Reservoir flow release policies

To examine institutional controls of water allocation below reservoirs in relation to in-stream environmental requirements and conflicts with industrial withdrawals.

Wetlands and aquatic saline environments

To develop guidelines for the management of wetlands and saline waters in south-eastern South Australia.


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3.1. 3

Title:

Objective:

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To define, for Australian conditions, the state of knowledge of the effects of broad land use and management on the quality, quantity and reliability of surface and groundwaters, and thereby give guidance and practical assistance to resource managers and planners, as well as contributing to the assessment of future research needs.

Research Shortfalls

There is considerable research being undertaken under the topic "land use changes and associated management strategies" both through the AWRAC and other organisations including CSIRO. The aspect that requires further investigation is the type of land use changes that are being implemented and the types of catc~~ent under review. Clearly from Section 2.1.2 there is a large number of projects associated with agriculture - grazing, cropping -however there are only limited studies of mineral and energy developments, urban and urbani sing areas and riparian environments and floodplains. From another point of view, the tYf?es of catchment being examined need to be reviewed to ensure as representative a sample as possible. The National Workshop on Integrated Catchment 11anagement being organised by SWCC and PC will go a long ",ay to identifying shortfalls in this research area.

3.2 SOIL EROSION, THE CONTROL/MANAGEMENT

MECHANISHS, EFFECTS

3.2.1


Identified Needs

(a) SWCC

As with hydrological processes, research has been and is being undertaken into the mechanical, chemical and biological properties of soil. However there are still some gaps in our understanding of the processes involved that warrant attention.

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The major direction for the future needs to be in the application of the principles of integrated catchment management 1 something that SWCC is now addressing.


Rose (Reference 9) identifies importa.nt research areas. Three of these relate directly to erosion and sedimentation:

Surface cover is the major practical and economic means of reducing soil erosion which can be consistent with other agricultural objectives. Hence a better and more quantiti'le understanding than we currently have of the effectiveness of this suite of management practices needs priority attention.

Off-site costs of soil erosion are significant and sediment transport to streams is not well understood. Thus research should be encouraged which aims at better understanding the fate of eroded sediment, where and in what runounts it is deposited.

The ability to quantitatively assess the likely contribution to streams or water bodies of agricultural chemicals or other potential pollutants applied to catchments is in need of much better understanding.

Two other research areas concentrate on land use and water quality issues:

The broad issue of the links between changes in land use and the subsequent emergence of dryland salinity problems is a long-term issue of importance to substantial areas of Australia.

The broader background to the above is the wider issue of the relationship between land management practices and the practices and the quantity and quality of water obtained from such catchments.

These last two research areas have been covered by Section 3.1 of this review. Other state of the art papers which refer indirectly to the issue of erosion include McComb and Williams (Reference 8), Cullen (Reference 2), Lake (Reference 6) and Laurenson and Mein (Reference 7).

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Proposals relating directly to the topic of mechanisms, effects and control and management of soil erosion include:

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Title: Watershed management studies -Nogoa River

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

To develop grazing management guidelines which minimise erosion in the upper Nogoa catchment, and reduce sedimentation of the Fairbairn Dam.


To relate phosphorous export to rainfall events, land use, slope and soils for selected instrumented catchments near Canberra.

Effect of land use on water quality.

To assess the influence of -(a) different soils; and, (b) different forms of

land-use on the nature and rate of loss of colloids from catchment.

Spatial variability of soil-water properties

To characterise the spatial reliability of soil-water properties measured in the field and to incorporate this variability within predictive models of water flow in field soils.


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Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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Prediction of catcrw.ent scale water erosion, deposition and sedimentation

To develop and test a physically based erosiondeposition model of 3-dimensional catchments and demonstrate its ability as an experimental and management tool for designing, programming and evaluating soil conservation works.

Landuse and catchment process modelling

To evaluate topographic analysis and physically based hydrology-eros ion-deposition modelling of 3-dimensional catchments to enable integration of landuse process research, catchment scale hydrology and sedimentation yield responses.

Catchment management a.nd the transport of nutrients and pollutants by suspended clay

To predict the route, amount and composition of the clay entering a reservoir from the dispe.rsion characteristics of the soils in the catchment.

Regional catchment management and receiving water quality

To assess the relative contributions of various land uses to the sediment and nutrient loads carried by a stream into a major water storage, and to identify and evaluate management options to control such exports.


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All identified aspects of soil erosion (mechanisms, effects, control/management) appear to be covered by the existing project proposals. However, it is necessary to determine the extent to which existing studies can be translated to other regions or from smaller experimental sites to large scale catchments. The National Workshop on Integrated Catcrullent Hanagement will provide additional light on the range and direction of other projects being undertaken in Australia. Revised research directions should be a major outcome of this workshop.

3.3 DISPOSAL OF WASTES BY AGRO-FORESTRY TECHNIQUES

3.3 .. 1


Identified Needs

(al SWCC

The productive disposal of wastewaters will result in a reduction of the L'1lpact of some present systems on the riverine and wetland environment. Promotion of the use of woodlots and similar means of utilisinq wastewater is, as a consequence, rapidly growing in Australia. However, there are certain areas where information is incldequate for the design of woodlots. One such area is the monthly water demand of a range of species which might be used. Similar comments would apply to fibre crops, which so far do not seem to have been used for wastewater utilisation in Australia.

(bl State of the Art Papers

The state of the art paper by Cullen (Reference 2), refers directly to agro-forestry techniques for disposal of waste waters. It recommends the establishment of a working group to review Australian and international experiences. Rose (Reference 9) states that agro-forestry has a role in managing salinity problems and that the role of overland flow in purifying wastewater is a general research area requiring funda.ment.al study. Comments by Lake (Reference 6) cover aspects of irrigation of forested lots indirectly related to this topic.

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3.3.3

No projects reviewed to date cover the topic of agro-forestry techniques for wastewater disposal. A number of projects deal with characteristics and water requirements of trees. For example:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Heasurement of evaporation from trees and salinity stress

To utilise the dendrograph of a variety of tree species as a measuring device for evapotranspiration and salinity stress upon I,oody species.


To characterise leaf conductance characteristics of eucalyptus species sui table for use in salinity management.

Soil-plant-water relations using computer assisted tomography

To develop and evaluate computer assisted tomography (CAT) techniques to study microscale spatial variations in soil-water around plant root systems in order to understand factors affecting water uptake by roots.

Research Shortfalls

Of the projects reviewed to date, none deal directly with the topic of wastewater disposal by agro- forestry techniques. Some research may be indirectly related to this topic however the degree of applicability would need to be evaluaLed.

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3.4 CATCHMENT RESPONSE TO EXTREME HYDROLOGIC EVENTS

3.4.1


Identified Needs

(a) SWCC

Design floods for many major engineering works are estimated using hydrometeorological procedures of storm maximisation and the unitgraph approach. The unitgraph procedures assume linearity of catchment response with increasing rainfall. The use of runoff routing models allow non-linearity of the catchment to be modelled. Currently there is little information on the extent of non-linearity of catchment response at design flood levels or whether linear or non-linear extrapolation from the observed flood response to these extreme events is correct. Research on linearity of catchment response for extreme events is needed to determine whether runoff routing procedures can be applied with confidence.


The state of the art paper by Laurenson and ],;1ein (Reference 7) supports the need for research in catchment non-linearity. In particular the estimation of parameters for ungauged catchments and the exceedance probabilities of extreme floods are proposed as researoh topics.


Projects directly and indirectly related to this topic include:

• Title:

Objective:

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Extreme flood estimation on south-western Australia

Western

To evaluate methods previously used for estimating extreme floods in the south west of Western Australia, and perform a similar analysis for flooding elsewhere in Western Australia particularly due to cyclonic rainfall in the north west.


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3.4.3

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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Probability of occurrence of extreme rainfalls and floods

To investigate the current status of assigning probabili t~ies of occurrence to extreme rainfall events and extreme floods, including those which are associated ~li th probable maximum precipitations.

Loss data for relating design rainfall and flood frequencies

To investigate whether floods calculated by current procedures form Y year design rains have on average a Y year frequency. It will derive loss data for NSW for the calculation of Y year floods from Y year rainfalls.

Only one of the projects reviewed to date dealt \dth the topic of catchment response to extreme hydrologic events and this related to estimation of floods in Western Australia. The project entitled "Third Edition of Australian Hainfall and Runoff" has as its objective to extend the scope of the revision of AR&H (Reference 4). The document's role is disseminating flood estimation information and procedures to designers of a wide range of structures that are sized by flood estimates, and it thus covers the topic of estimation of extreme events. However it consists of a review of research to date rather than a research project on the specific topic of catchment non-linearity.

Research Shortfalls

Only the project on extreme flood estimation in Western Australia is directly related to the research topic. However results from this study may well be applicable to other places in Australia. An evaluation of this applicability is recommended. Other indirectly related projects such as the study by the Bureau of Heteorology will provide important input into the estimation of extreme events.

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3.5 HYDROLOGIChL PROCESSES

3.5.1


Identified Needs

{a) SWCC

Although much research has been undertaken in the past in such areas as rainfall/ runoff relationships, the gaps in knowledge across Australia are large. Hence research is required to give the designer/planner/manager the basic information required. 1'.s such it will enhance the value of the Institution of Engineers' "r,ustralian Rainfall and Runoff".


Laurenson and Mein (Reference 7) , Cullen (Reference 2), and Rose (Reference 9), all support the need for research into hydrological processes. Laurenson and Mein suggest a project entitled UCatc~ment Rainfall - Runoff - Evapotranspiration !<lodelling" made up of four subproj ects involving soil factors, infiltration, evapotranspiration, runoff, soil moisture, vegetal effects and meteorological factors.

Rose and Cullen both refer to the need to be able to predict the transport, fate and impact of various chemicals and sediment on water quality. A knowledge of hydrological processes is an integral part of such predictions.


The topic hydrological into three subtopics. these sUbtopics are:

processes has been divided Papers relating directly to

(i) Rainfall/runoff

Title:

Objective:

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Land use and catchment process modelling

To evaluate topographic analysis and physically based hydrology-erosion-deposition modelling of 3-dimensional catchments to enable integration of landuse process research, catchment scale hydrology and sediment yield response.


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Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

",:,30-

Third Edition of Australian Rainfall and Runoff

To extend the scope of the revision of AR&R, which has the objective of disseminating flood estimation information and procedures to designers of a wide range of structures that are sized by flood estimates.

Catchment flow processes measured with Deuterium and Oxygen 18

To further develop a novel technique for study of catchment hydrologic processes using natural variations in stable isotopic composition of rainfall and subsequent streamflow.

(ii) Evaporation/transpiration

Title:

Objective:

• Title:

Objective:

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Measurement of evaporation from trees and salinity stress.

To utilise the dendrograph of a variety of tree species as a measuring device for evapotranspiration and salini ty stress upon woody species.


To develop and evaluate computer assisted tomography (CAT) techniques to study microscale spatial variations in soil-water around plant root systems in order to understand factors affecting water up take by roots.


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Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

(iii) Infiltration

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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Land use and catcP$,ent process modelling

To evaluate topographic analysis and physically based hydrology-eros ion-deposition modelling of 3-dimensional catchments to enable integration of landuse process research, catchment scale hydrology and sediment yield responses.

Evapotranspiration

Not available.


To integrate a nQ~er of models describing salt and water flow through the root zone of irrigated crops in order to quantify the effects of irrigation practices on regional ground,vater recharge and salinity.



Landuse and catchment process modelling

To evaluate topographic analysis and physically based hydrology-eros ion-deposition modelling of 3 dimensional catchments to enable integration of land use process research, catchment scale hydrology and sediment yield responses.


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3.5.3

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It should be noted that many of the projects on land use changes and management strategies contain components on hydrological processes. In many instances these 'dill be site and study specific and therefore their use in the wider hydrological picture is unsure.

Research Shortfalls

SWCC pointed hydrological large.

out that gaps in processes across

the knOlvledge of Australia are

Projects reviewed in this study would only partially fill any gap in that knowledge. A general review of all literature and research projects of this type would be necessary to identify the gaps and place more emphasis on the filling of the gaps than on the more site/study specific knowledge being gained in most research projects.

The need for regionalisation ability to relate small scale scale catchments are two areas still to be addressed.

of data studies

of major

and the to large concern,

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4. AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

4.1 EFFECTS OF ALTERED FLOW REGIMES ON BIOTA

This category has priority 1.


(a) SWCC

Long term monitoring programs on selected streams are necessary to develcp an understanding of the impact of water management and catchment management practices. There are biological problems in Australian freshwater ecosystems that are caused by present ~;ater management practices rather than by water quality directly. In particular, the impact of altering flow regimes and physically blocking rivers with dams has had an impact on fisheries. ~1any of the biological problems experienced in rivers and lakes are due to land use in the catchment. Catchment management practices that need to be developed and tested include re-afforestation to lm.,rer groundwater levels, improved methods of biological treatment of wastes including the use of aquatic macrophytes, and the use of buffer strips to contain sediment and other pollutants. More effective management of riparian vegetation could be expected to lead to improvements in water quality.


State of the art papers by Laurenson and Mein (Reference 2) I Lake (Reference 6) , Cullen (Reference 3), ~1oComb and Williams (Reference 8) and Rose (Reference 9) all support either directly or indirectly the need for research into the effects on altered flow regimes on biota.

Laurenson a.nd Mein refer to dam break hydraulics. Lake refers to direct impacts of man on rivers and lists fourteen changes- caused by dam or weir construction. Cullen refers to eutrophication management and other water quality issues while rltcComb and Williams support ecological research into problems such as eutrophication, physical mixing of waters within a reservoir and the impact

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of public access. Lake, Cullen, McComb and Williams, and Rose support research into the impact of ro-afforestation and buffer strips on altering flow regimes and thus impacting on biota. Nanagement practices to reduce non point source 'pollutants, agricultural uses of saline waters and techniques of restoring salt affected land are all supported research topics.

Cullen, McComb and Williams, and Rose all list research into waste water treatment and its impact on biota as areas requiring greater support. Biological processes wi thin waste water storages is also a recommended research topic. Lake, Cullen, and McComb and Williams consider the knowledge of temporal and spatial patterns of stream communities and role of disturbance in stream community structure as necessary in obtaining an understanding which will allow economical and ecological stream management.


Current research into the effects of altered flow regimes on biota can be divided into five topics. These are impact of dams, impact of reafforestation, biological treatment of wastes, buffer strips and riparian vegetation management.

(i) Impact of dams

Research directly related to this topic is being undertaken in the following projects:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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To examine institutional controls of water allocation below reservoirs in relation to instream environmental requirements and conflicts wi th industrial withdra~lals.

Nutrient water quality criteria

To formulate nutrient water quality criteria applicable to Australian conditions.


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Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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Dam operation and stream macroinvertebrate life histories

To establish the impact of the operation of Dartmouth Dam on the life histories and communi ty composition of the macro invertebrates of the Mitta Hitta River, and suggest means of ameliorating that impact.

Hydrological and ecological effects of small weirs

To evaluate the environmental effects of small weirs on the relationship bet,veen the river and its floodplain, and attempt to discover cost-effective ways to ameliorate the adverse effects.

Other projects which are indirectly related to this topic include "Wetlands and aquatic saline environments" and the "Third Edition of Australian Rainfall and Runoff".

(ii) Impact of reafforestation

Projects directly related to this research topic include:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

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Influence of catchment vegetation on strea~ ecosystem function

To establish the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous energy sources for streams with natural forested and cleared agricultural catc~~ents.

Physical disturbance of stream communities


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Objective:

Title:

Objective:

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To determine the effects of physical disturbance on the macro invertebrate benthic communities of different substrata in streams.

Micro-zooplankton grazing and planktonic community structure

Not available.

Other projects indirectly related to this research topic include: "Effect of land use on water quali ty"; "Heasurement of evaporation from trees and salinity stress"; "Water use of eucalyptus above groundwater" and "Pollution ecology of freshwater macro-invertebrates".

(iii) Biological treatment. of wastes

No projects have a direct relationship to biological treatrnent of wastes. However a nUInber of the findings of other projects may be applicable to this topic. Some of these include: "Effect of land use on vlater quali ty" 1 "Soil-plant- water relations using computer assisted tomography"; "Solute transport in heavy clay soils"; "Chronic toxicity of heavy metals to sensitive Australian freshwater animals" and "Pollution ecology of freshwater macro-invertabrates".

(iv) Buffer strips

projects directly related to research on buffer strips include:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:


To utilise the dendrograph of a variety of the species as a measuring device for evapotranspiration and salinity stress upon woody species.

Buffer zones

Not available.

Other projects discussed earlier will have components which may be indirectly related to this topic. For example: "Influence of catchment vegetation on stream ecosystem function'" and "Catchment management and the transport of nutrients and pollutants by suspended sediment".

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(v) Riparian vegetation management

The projects listed below are directly related to this research topic:

Title: Influence of catchment vegetation on stream ecosystem function

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

To establish the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous energy sources for streams with natural forested and cleared agriculture catchments.

Micro-zooplankton grazing and planktonic community structure

Not available.

Other p:;:ojects containing elements which may be applied to riparian vegetation management include: "Measurement of evaporation from trees and salinity stress" and "Water use of eucalyptus above ground,,·ater".


All research topics with the exception of biological treatment of vlastes have research projects directly and indirectly related to the topic. The alteration of £lm. regimes is directly related to catchment management. Therefore discussion at the National Workshop on Integrated Catchrr~nt Management may provide additional guidelines for future research in the subcategory of effects of altered flow regimes on biota.

The transferability of research results from one area to another and the total ecosystem types being covered by research on this subcategory are aspects which I"ill require further consideration.

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4.2 REHABILITATION ECOSYSTEMS

OF DEGRADED LAKE AND STHEAM



(a) SI-ICC

Many Australian water bodies have been degraded by the impact of urban and industrial waste water, as well as natural and irrigation runoff containing chemical residues and other pollutants. There is an urgent need for the development of procedures for the rehabilitation of degraded lake and stream ecosystems. This work will require effective long term monitoring programs.


Lake (Reference 6), Cullen (Reference 2) and McComb and Williams (Reference 8) list as high priori ty the need to investigate catchment disturbance in stream con~unity structure. Cullen suggests that there are few aquatic ecosystems in Australia that have not already been impacted by the activities of man and reco!![uends the need for representative aquatic ecosystems and their catchments to be identified and protected as scientific reference areas. McComb and Williams concentrate on the need to understand the in-stream biological processes.


Projects directly related to this subcategory include:

Title!

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

1l7a:BST

Physical disturbance of stream communities

To determine the effects of physical disturbance on the macro-invertebrate benthic comrr~nities of different substrata in streams.



Pollution ecology of freshwater macro-invertabrates


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Objective:

Title:

Objective:

• Title:

Objective:

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To study the effects of common pollution on the conununity structure of freshwater macroinvertebrates using an experimental stream.

Macro-zooplankton grazing and planktonic community structure

Not available.

Validity of OECD -Vollenweider models for predictions of eutrophication in Australia

By using the OEeD-Vollenweider model for analysis of eutrophication, develop a local regress~on of phosphorous - chlorophyll for both clear and turbid water bodies to improve predictions.

Numerous other projects contain elements which may provide indirect knowledge applicable to this sub category. For example the projects:

"Catchment management and the transport of nutrients and pollutants by suspended clay", "Ecology of the River Murray floodplain" and "Chronic toxicity of heavy metals to sensitive Australian freshwater animals",

4.2.3. Research Shortfalls

Most projects are aimed at providing information on effects of pollution or other disturbances, However, the identified need is for procedures to rehabilitate the degraded systems. Given that knowledge of the processes is necessary to provide a basis for development of the procedures 1 the projects undertaken to date should by now have provided sufficient information for the development of draft guidelines for rehabilitation measures. Inclusion of case studies of rehabilitated mine sites such as Rum Jungle in the Northern Territory would also be valuable to a guideline document,

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4.3 TAXONOMIC RESEARCH OF FRESHWATER BIOTA



(a) SWCC

Comprehensive biological data sets exist for only a small number of Australian aquatic ecosystems. There has been little systematic collection of biological data nationally and this remains an urgent requirement.

While biological assessment of water resources does not depend on a network of sampling stations such as is used for hydrologic assessment and chemical/physical monitoring, there does exist a need for simple laboratory facilities located adj acent to aquatic ecosystems of particular interest.


Lake (Reference 6), Cullen (Reference 2) and HcComb and Williams (Reference 8) support research in this subcategory. McComb and vlilliams state that thorough understanding of the ecological nature of reservoirs and wetlands of a sort important for management purposes is predicted on a firm taxonomic knowledge of aquatic biota within these bodies of water. This taxonomic knowledge is still not firm for many important groups. Lake describes current knowledge of taxonomy as poor to moderate.


This sub research biological laboratory

category has been divided into two topics: systematic collection of

data, and, provision of simple facilities.

(i) Systematic collection of biological data

Projects directly related to this research topic include:

Title,

Objective,

1l7a :BS1'

Ecology of the River ~lurray floodplain

To obtain information on the ecology of the lower I<1urray River floodplain to provide a basis for conservation management of faunal communities.


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Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Ecology of arid zone streams

To determine the structure of freshwater macro-invertebrate cow~unities of the streams of the George Gill Range and to determine phylogenetic relationships of their species.

Ecology of the Burdekin River

To identify major habitat types and their temporal variations in the central section of the Burdekin River.

Algae handbook

Not available.

Micro-zooplankton grazing and planktonic con~,unity structure

Not available.

Ecology of filamentous green algae

Not available.

Autotrophy, heterotrophy and stream community function

Not available.

Projects with an indirect relationship to this topic include: "Chronic toxicity of heavy metals to sensitive Australian fresh,,;ater animals" and "Pollution ecology of freshwater macroinvertebrates".

(ii) Provision of simple laboratory facilities

No projects relate directly to the provision of simple laboratory facilities. However, some projects would greatly benefit from such facilities and may during their operation develop such facilities. Some projects which may be indirectly related include: "Ecology of the River Murray floodplain", "Chronic toxicity of heavy metals to sensitive Australian freshwater animals", "Ecology of arid zone streams" and "Ecology of the Burdekin River".

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Considerable research is being undertaken in the field of biological data collection. However, the extent to \'lhich this covers all areas of interest needs to be determined. The paper by Lake (Reference 6) provides a table of areas of poor to moderate research. This table needs to be updated in line with current research and areas of shortfall identified.

A review of all projects making use of laboratory facilities is required to determine if simple procedures have been developed and establish their applicability to other situations or studies. Such a review should prove to be financially viable as well as providing a forum for the presentation of new procedures.

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5. WATER QUALITY

5.1 NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION



(a) SWCC

Pollution of Australian river systems by erosion (soil and soil chemicals), nutrients and pest control chemicals used in agriculture is a major problem facing water management agencies. Research into the processes and methods of prevention/control/treatment is necessary to provide the basis for land use planning and water use management.


As stated in Sections 3.1.1 (b) and 3.2.1 (b) Laurenson and Mein (Reference 2), Lake (Reference 6), Cullen (Reference 2), McComb and Williams (Reference 8) and Rose (Reference 9) all support the need for research into the processes of pollution movement and methods of prevention, control and treab~ent in developing management policies for integrated catchment management. Further discussion can be found in Sections 3.1.1 (b) and 3.2.1 (b).


Projects which can be directly related to non point source pollntion can be divided into two research topics: the processes, and methods of prevention, control and treatment.

(i) Processes

This topic has been dealt with preyiously in this document. Section 3.1.2 (i) deals with understanding the fundamental processes of land use changes, and most of the projects presented deal with processes involved in non point source pollution. Similarly those projects listed in

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Section 3.2.2 dealing with mechanisms and effects of soil erosion are also directly related to the topic of processes in non point source pollution. Two projects not included in the previous sections are:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Origins of chloride variation in the Murray Basin

To obtain data on ~ge variations of the Cl levels:

over the catchment in the unsaturated portion of an aquifer recharge zone in the groundwater system.

Nutrient limitation in victorian streams

To determine limiting nutrients for periphytic algal growth in victorian streams draining catchments with differing land use and vegetation. The research will indicate likely ecological consequences of artificial nutrient enrichment of these streams by point and diffuse nutrient sources.

(ii) Methods of prevention, control and treatment

Projects listed in Section 3.1.2 (iii) Management options and definitions of ideal management practice, and Section 3.2.2 Soil Erosion Current Research relate directly to methods of prevention, control and treatment of non-point source pollution. As stated in these sections many other projects can be indirectly related and results from them may in some way be applicable to this topic.


There appears to be adequate research into processes involved in non-point source pollution from a soil erosion angle I however I very 1 i ttle research on the movement of pest control chemicals and to a lesser extent - nutrients is being undertaken. Again, it is important to determine ~~ all or any of the research projects will obtain results which can be easily transferred to

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other catchment types or climatic conditions and if not determine where the inadequacies lie. The National Workshop of Integrated Catchment Management is sure to be addressing this point and further refining of research needs should be a major goal of this workshop.

With respect to methods of prevention, control and treatment, the aspect of soil erosion appears well catered for provided results are easily transferred. The aspect of treatment is probably the worst dealt with. Pollution by nutrients and pest control chemicals are not as well represented in the projects list as soil erosion and salinity. It is therefore recorru:nended that there be additional support for research on the aspects of prevention, control and treatment of nutrient and pest control chemicals non-point source pollution.

5.2 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

This sub category has priority 1.


(a) SWCC

Research into better procedures for the collection of certain hydrologic/water resource data is necessary particularly in the sediment sampling area. Current practice normally results in a few samples being obtained at relatively high cost; for example, sediment sampling often involves collecting data only during the small percentage of time a river is in flood. Spot data is not easily used in the predictive models required by planning and designing organisations. I'n1at is ultimately required are methods to continuously sample sediment and chemical constituents of streamflow, thereby providing the base data for analysis.


Rose (Reference 9) strongly supports the need for further research into methods of monitoring sediment concentrations 1 movement and deposition. Agricultural chemical and absorbed nutrient data collection would form an integral component of the research reco~mended by Rose into the development of models to interpret data on the mobilisation and transport of chemicals absorbed to sediment.

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The collection of data ~lOuld also form an essential component of modelling suggested by other state of the art authors such as McComb and Williams (Reference 8), Lake (Reference 6) and Laurcnson and Mein (Reference 7).

~lcComb and Williams (Reference 8) state that the most effective management of the quality of any resource is always firmly based upon a comprehensive knowledge of the nature of the resource being managed. The role of sediments in mediating the processes in natural water is a research area strongly supported by McComb and Williams.

Cullen (Reference 2) notes that considerable funds are spent each year on monitoring "ater quality, yet there appears to be very little data readily available. He recommends the use of expert systems in developing design methodology for sampling networks. Methods of interpreting data is an area of identified need pointed out by Cullen.


In essence all projects rely heavily on the collection of data and therefore are indirectly related to research in this area. For example the project entitled "Phosphorous exports from rural lands" relies heavily on rainfall data, soil analysis data, streamflow data and water quality data. Data collection techniques have a great bearing on the quality of the results of such projects. Projects related directly to data collection are:

Title:

Objective:

117a:BST

Use of coral core predicting past pollution in the dam region

for runoff and Ross River

To collect and analyse coral cores from the Ross River catchment area to extend runoff records for the catchment back for 200 years. In addition to the runoff data, the analysis of fluorescent and non-fluorescent material from the cores will provide an indication of past pollutants in the region.


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-47-

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:


Sampling procedures for measuring loads carried by rivers

To establish cost-effective sampling procedures for measuring sediment, nutrient and metal loads in rivers, which take into account the annual flow pattern in l'.ustralian rivers. A secondary objective is to prepare a procedure to estimate sediment loads in rivers, and to demonstrate the procedure by estimating the annual sediment discharge in to Latrobe River.

Analysis of water quality monitoring data collected on selected NSW reservoirs

To develop standard procedures for the collection, computer storage and interpretation of water quality monitoring data across the two major NSW agencies with responsibilities for water quality management, and to develop a consistent predictive capability across the two agencies (Sydney Water Board and NSW Water Resources Commission) .

Water quality data for storages and sediment data collection are covered by existing research projects.

117a:BST


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-48-

6. PLANNING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

6.1 VALUE OF DATA

This category has priority 2.

6.1.1 Identified Research

(a) SWCC

A pre-research project is being undertaken by SWCC before defini tion of any detailcd research requirements in this area. Quantification of the value of data that is being, or should be, collected is required to define the extent and worth of data collection neh~orks.


All state of the art papers identify the need to collect data as a basis for any project. Without good quality supportive dat.a the results of any project can be questioned. Implicit in this is a statement that data is of value and an essential element of any project. Laurenson and Mein (Reference 7) make specific reference to data collection nehlOrks as an area of identified research need.


None of the research projects funded by the AWRAC relate directlv to the value of data. As stated above however -all projects rely heavily on data collection and its quality.


SWCC has noted the shortfall in research into the value of data and has as one of its major projects the compilation of a document on the value of water resources data (both water quality and water quantity). This document is presently in a draft format and under reVie1tl by SWCC members. The doculnent .;ill identify areas of research required.

117a: BST


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-49-

RIVER HYDRAULICS

This subj ect has a priori t.y 2.


(al SWCC

Research into the hydraulic Australian rivers would assist:

behaviour of

(i) Flood studies, by establishing factors such as hydraulic roughness, and river behaviour when moving from normal channel to flood plain stage.

( ii) River rehabilitation, patterns of sediment deposition in the stream

by establishing accumulation and

channel.

(iiijPollution control. The assimilative capacity and behaviour of pollutants in rivers (eg nutrients) is dependent on hydraulic behaviour of the carrier channel.

(iv) Flo~l measurement. ~1any flow measurements are taken in natural channels and knowledge of river hydraulics is required to interpret the data.

(v) Channel transmission losses. Much of Australia's water resources are characterised by high variability. This places greater importance on the 10'1' flows of Australian streams. At times of low flow, both withdrawal of water for use and channel transmission losses often form a significant part of discharge. Whilst withdrawal for use can be measured by metering, transmission losses cannot be readily measured. Investigations should be undertaken into the importance of channel transmission losses of low flow and available yield of Australian streams in different regions.

(vi) Evaluating the effects on the stream environment of activities such as sand and gravel extraction. The community demand on the environment for recreational activities to co-exist with conmlercial activities, requires impact assessment to provide data for control policies and development.

117a:BST


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-50-


Laurenson and Mein (Reference 7) list as suggested research projects, the hydraulics of floodplain and estuarine flows, practical modelling of processes affecting moisture content, measurement of stream discharge, and dam break hydraulics. They recommend co-ordinated and co-operative efforts in conducting these projects. ~lcComb and Williams (Reference 8) co~~ent on the need to determine the impact of public access to domestic supply reservoirs and to clarify the effects on water quality of opening water supply catchments and reservoirs to public use. McComb and Williams (Reference 8) and Cullen (Reference 2) both identify the need to understand the hydraulics of the river channel when evaluating pollution within the channel and how best to control it. Sediment transport has been identified by Lake (Reference 6) ,Cullen (Reference 2) and Rose (Reference 9) as a definite research need in developing an understanding of soil erosion and its impact on water systems and ecology.


The current research program is examined as per the identified needs in Section 6.2.1 (a).

(il Flood studies (normal channel to floodplain)

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

117a:BST


To extend the scope of the revision of AR&R, which has the objective of disseminating flood estimation information and procedures to designers of a wide range of structures that are sized by flood estimates.


To evaluate the environmental effects of small weirs on the relationship between the river and its floodplain, and attempt to discover costeffecti ve ways to ameliorate the adverse effects.


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-51-

(ii) River rehabilitation (sediment accumulation and deposition)

Section 3.2.2 lists the current research projects which focus on the topic of Soil Erosion. All of these relate directly to the processes involved in soil movement into the river system. Very few of the projects relate to the movement of sediment in the river bed; this is identified as an area of research shortfall.

(iii) Pollution control (hydraulic behaviour)

Title:

Objective:

• Title,

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

Title:

Objective:

l17a:BST


To evaluate and quantify the potential impact of increased recharge in the Mallee on groundwater discharge to the River Murray and levels of salinisation in it.

Discharge from groundwater to the River ~lurray

To provide a set of accession models for explaining the quality and quantity of discharge from groundwater to the River Murray and for calculating the resultant effect on river salinity.

Salt leaching

Not available.

Dynamic model of stream flows in the Latrobe River catchment

To develop a dynamic model of the flow regime in the Latrobe River catchment and incorporate major wastewater discharge volumes into this dynamic model. The dynamic model will be used to predict the suspended solids and dissolved salt loads delivered to Lake \'iellington, to simulate flow conditions in the system and


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-52-

to devise management options to minimise velocity impacts and hence reduce the serious erosion problems present in the system.

(iv) Flow measurement

No projects relate directly to this research topic.

(v) Channel transmission losses

No projects relate directly to this research topic.

(vi) Impact on commercial and recreational activities.

Title:

Objective:



To examine institutional controls of water allocation below reservoirs in relation to instream environmental requirements and conflicts with industrial withdrawals.

None of the research needs identified by the SWCC are being fully addressed by the current AWRAC program. Some minor aspects are receiving attention, however in the main, research is either in a limited area, not directly related to the issue raised (eg stream hydraulics) or non existent.

l17a:BST


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-53-

7. RESEARCH MATRICES

The information contained in Chapters 2 to 6 is presented and summarised in this chapter in matrix format. The five matrices (one for each Streamline Category) contain the identified research areas, and directly and indirectly related research projects. Projects, identified by nUlX'bers (1 to 70), are described in the second half of this chapter. Numbers referring to the State of the Art Papers are the same as those in the Reference l,ist; for convenience the State of the Art Papers are listed following the matrices.

Totals in each matrix refer to the total number of projects and state of the art papers which relate (directly or indirectly) to a particular research need. Total numbers, while indicating a degree of interest or work in a given area, do not mean that all aspects of research in that area are being addressed. One research project may fully address one research need or al ternatively ten independent projects may cover only one aspect of a research need. For detailed evaluation, Chapters 2 to 6 should be consulted.

117a:BST


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... ,


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2

3

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6

7

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117b:BST

-59-

STATE OF THE ART PAPERS

Water Quality in Australia, A Review of Research Opportunities

I'later Resource Systems Analysis

Review on Risk and Reliability

Stream Ecosystem Research in Australia: Problems and Strategies

Reviev.~ of Research Needs in Hydrology

The Ecology of Reservoirs, Lakes and Wetlands

Overland Flows, Erosion, Land and Water Quality Issues

AUTHOR(S)

P Cullen

G Dandy

G Kuczera

P SLake

E M Laurenson & R G Mein

A J McComb W D Williams

C Rose


Viewed at 15:07:38 on 29/07/2010 of 87.

NUMBER

1

2

4

5

117b:BST

-60-

PROJECTS

TITLE

Lmv flow hydrology: application of a systems approach

Water reliability policies in irrigated agriculture

Historical characteristics of irrigation in Australia


Watershed management studies - Nogoa River

OBJECTIVE

To develop a systems approach for quantitively estimating low flows for small ungauged rural catchments.

To examine the concept of storage capacity sharing as a means of allocating I-later when its supply is less than perfectly reliable.

'1'0 identify and record the historical characteristics of the development of irrigation in Australia as a basis for improving techniques for planning and management in this area.

To assess the influence of (al different soils;

and, (bl different forms

of land use on the nature and rate of loss of colloids from catchments.

To develop grazing management guidelines which minimise erosion in the upper Nogoa catchment and reduce sedimentation of the Fairbairn Dam.


Viewed at 15:07:38 on 29/07/2010 of 87.

6

7

8

9

10

117b:BST

-61-

TITLE



Catc~~ent redistribution of eroded sediment



OBJECTIVE

To relate phosphorous export to rainfall events, land use, slope and soils for selected instrumented catchments near Canberra.

'I'o develop management strategies for minimising the risk of salinisation caused by current irrigation practices.

To gain an understanding of the impact of current land use in the South Johnstone River catclli~ent on catchment behaviour in terms of hydrology and sediment redistribution.

To intergrate a number of models describing salt and water flow through the root zone of irrigated crops in order to quantify the effect of irrigation practices on regional groundwater recharge and salinity.

To establish the relative importance of allochthonous and and autochthonous energy sources for streams wi.th natural forested and cleared agriculture catchments.


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NUl'I.J3ER

11

12

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TITLE

Advanced farming systems for groundwater control


OBJECTIVE

To assist in the establishment of a comprehensive research and technology transfer program at a central location in the Murray Valley NSW which will:

(i) Enable an evaluation of the hydrological effectiveness of various alternative farm management systems in reducting groundwater aocessions in irrigated lands.

(ii) Assess the agronomic and economic feasibility of these advanced farming systems.

(iii) Accelerate farmer adoption of more efficient on-farm management techniques.

To develop a series of managed on an agricultural

water

plots

scale in order to demonstrate and assess the suitability of new irrigation techniques on a range of regional soil types.


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NUMBER

13

14

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TITLE

Technology transfer via the irrigated crop management. service


OBJECTIVE

To develop understanding crop extraction non-saturated soil zone the effects irrigation, soil nutrition interactions crop growth yield.

an of

water in

and of

and

on and

attitudes new and

To analyse towards technology identify reasons technology adoption non-adoption, to allow development effective

for

and/or

the of

initiatives to promote adoption of new technology.

To devise and help implement more efficient irrigation systems.

To evaluate and quantify the potential impact of recharge Mallee

increased in the

groundwater discharge the Murra"I

" levels salinisation it.

on

to River

and of in


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NUMBER

15

16

17

18

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TITLE

Discharge from groundwater to the River !-lurray




OBJECTIVE

To provide a set of accession models for explaining the quality and quantity of discharge from groundwater to the River Hurray and for calculating the resultant effect on river salinity.

To utilise the dendrograph of a variety of tree species as a measuring device for evapotranspiration and salinity stress upon woody species.

To characterise leaf conductance characteristics of eucalyptus species suitable for use ~n salinity management.

To examine institutional controls of water allocation below reservoirs in relation to instream envirol'.mental requirements and conflicts with industrial withdrawals.


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NUl'lBER

19

20

21

22

23

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TITLE

Ivet.lands and aqua tic saline environments

Special variability of soil-water properties

Prediction of catchment scale water erosion I deposition and sedimentation

Catchment management and the transport of nutrients and pollutants by suspended clay


OBJECTIVE

To develop guidelines for the management wetlands and waters south-eastern Australia.

of saline

in South

To characterise the spatial variability of soil-water properties measured in the field and to incorporate this variability within predictive models of water flo"l in field soils.

To develop and test a physically based erosion-deposition model of 3-dimensional catch~ents and demonstrate its ability as an experimental and management tool for designing, planning and evaluating soil conservation works.

To predict the route, ruuount and composition of clay entering a reservoir from the dispersion characteristics of the soils in the catchment.

To extend the scope of the revision of AR&R, which has the objective of disseminating flood estimation information and procedures to designers of a wide range of structures that are sized bv

" flood estimates.


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NUMBER

24

25

26

27

28

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TITLE


Ecology of the River Murray floodplain


Porosity and lithology calibration pit

Physical disturbance of stream corr~unities

OBJECTIVE

To develop and evaluate computer assisted tomography (CAT) techniques to study microscale spatial variations in soil-water around plant root systems in order to understand factors affecting water uptake by roots.

To obtain information on the ecology of the lower Murray River floodplain to provide a basis for conser"".ration management of faunal communities.


To provide a density - lithology - hole size-porosity standard at 65% porosity for the calibration of probes in water well logging.

To determine the effects of physical disturbance on the macro invertebrate benthic communities of different sub-strata streams.

in


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NUMBER

29

30

31

32

33

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TITLE

Land use and catchment process modelling"

Chronic toxicity of heavy metals to sensitive Australian freshwater animals


Pollution ecology of freshwater macroinvertebrates

Ecology of arid zone streams

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate topographic analysis and physically based hydrology-eros iondeposition modelling of 3-dimensional catchments to enable integration of land use process research, catchment scale hydrology and sediment yield responses.

To establish maximum acceptable toxic concentrations of heavy metals, using native fish and macroinvertebrates of potential value as biological indicators.


To study the effects of common pollution on the conununi ty structure of freshwater macroinvertebrates using an experimental stream.

To determine the structure of freshwater macroinvertcbrate communities of the streams of the George Gill Range and to determine the phylogenetic relationships of their species.


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NU!>lBER

34

35

36

37

38

39

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TITLE

Ecology of the Burdekin River

Origins of chloride variation in the Murray Basin

Evapotranspiration

Buffer zones

Algae handbook

Salt leaching

OBJECTIVE

To identify major habitat types and their temporal variation in the central section of the Burdekin River.

At two representative sites, to: - monitor important

physical and chemical variables.

- describe the biota and the seasonal variation in its composition and abundance.

- determine feeding roles of predominant animals thereby describing community relationships.

At secondary sites, to gauge the representativeness of the main sites.

To obtain data on the variation of the 36 Cl levels~

- over the catchment - in the unsaturated

portion of an aquifer recharge zone

- in the groundwater system.

Not available.

Not available.

Not available.

Not available.


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NUMBER

40

41

42

43

44

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TITLE

r-licro-zooplankton grazing and planktonic community structure

Environmental significance of fallen wood in the River Murray

Ecology of filamentous green algae

Autotrophy, heterothrophy and stream community function

Simple test to detect contamination of drinking water

OBJECTIVE

Not available.

Not available.

Not available.

Not available.

Not available.


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NUl-mER TITLE

45

46

47

48

Nutrient limitation in victorian streams


Dam operation and stream macro invertebrate life histories

Validity of OECD -VollenYleider models for predictions of eutrophication in Australia

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OBJECTIVE

To determine limiting nutrients for periphytic algal growth in Victor ian streams draining catchments with differing land and '1egetation. research indicate ecological consequence artificial enrichment streams by diffuse

use The

~lill likely

of nutrient of these point and nutrient

sources.

To e'laluate the en'lironmental effects of small ~leirs on the relationship between the river and its floodplain, and attempt to disco'ler cost-effective ways to ameliorate the ad'lerse effects.

To establish the impact of the operation of DarL~outh Dam on the life histories and community composition of the macroinvertebrates of the Mitta Mitta River, and suggest means of ameliorating that impact. By using the OECD-Vollenweider model for analysis of eutrophication, develop a local regression of phosphorus-chlorophyll for both clear and turbid water bodies to improve predictions.


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NUHBER TITI,E

49

50

51

Prediction of hydrologic parameters from taxonomic classification of landscape attributes

Catchment flow processes measure with deuterium and oxygen 18

Regional catchment management and receiving water quality

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OBJECTIVE

To assess the use of the new taxonomic analysis technique in the evaluation of parameters of existing hydrological catchment response models. Several catchment models of hydrologic response have been developed or used in Australia during the past decade. Over an even longer period work has progressed wi thin the CSIRO on a systematic approach to terrain classification, and from this has recently been der i ved a taxonomic approach to numerical quantification of landscape attributes relevant to hydrologuc response.

To further develop a novel technique for study of catchment hydrologic processes using natural variations in stable isotopic composition of rainfall and subsequent streamflow. To assess the relative contributions of various land uses to the sediment and nutrient loads carried by a stream into a major water storage, and to identify and evaluate management options to control such exports.


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NU~1BER TITLE

52

53

54

Joleasurement and prediction the unsaturate hydraulic properties of major Australian soils

Community attitudes towards public water supply policies

Community willingness towards public water supply policies

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OBJECTIVE

To explore the practical means of estimating, characterising and predicting both the hydraulic conductivity - water content function and the moisture characteristic function for the major groups of Australian soils. The parameterisation or modelling and the prediction of these functions from soil texture, structure, organic matter, and clay mineralogy will be the focus of this research.

To ascertain cOlTlIUunity preferences for system failure and water quality policies. In addition, to provide water planners with a detailed social/psychological model which can be employed in future planning for these issues.

To refine methodology for assessing coro~unity attitudes to water supply reliability and quality as a basis for developing strategies for management and augmentation of water supplies to small towns.


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"-73-

NmmER TITI,E

55

56

Integrated land and water planning and management

Managing water and land use in interstate river basins

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OBJECTIVE

To evaluate alternative institutional arrangements and programs for co-ordinating and integrating land and ,-later resource planning and management both within Australia and overseas.

To establish performance criteria by which to evaluate means of influencing the management of private land.

To undertake one or more case studies of the relationship between land and water planning and management in Australia.

To undertake a comparative evaluation of the institutions invol ved in the use and management of the water and land resouroes of three large inter-state river basins, the Murray-Darling in Australia and the Saskatchewan-Nelson and Peace-Athabasca -Mackenzie in Canada. The comparative study between countries and river basins and within river basins should lead to


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NmmER TITLE

57

58

Insect-borne viruses and impounded water north Queensland

Research into manganese speciation in impounded waters

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OBJEC'rIVE

recommendation for the more effective management of "later and land resources within such inter-state basins.

river

To develop rapid and specific testing in procedures which can be utilised for laboratory diagnosis of arboviral infections in Australia and for surveillance purposes in detection of specific antigens in mosquito pools, or of antibody in sentinel animals or clinical sera.

To provide cheap and simple methods for the determination of manganese in fresh water. Speciation studies are currently being undertaken using the techniques of electron paramagnetic resonance, differential polarography differential

pulse and

particle size m~mbrane filtration including ultrafiltration.


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NUMBER TITLE

59

60

61

62

Investigation of water needs and appropriate methods of supply in -- " small Aboriginal outstations or homeland settlements

Probability of occurrence of extreme rainfalls and floods

Performance forecasting and rehabilitation of deteriorating bores

Optimum operating policies for multiple reservoir systems

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OBJEC'l'IVE

To determine typical water needs of remote Aboriginal settlements and identify the most suitable methods to pw~p and store this water. Investigate ways of reducing the cost of water supply whilst maintaining reliability.

the of

To investigate current status assigning probabilities of occurrence to extreme rainfall events and extreme floods, including those which are associated with probable maximum precipitations.

To identify the causes of deteriorating bores (research on the associated processes involving geochemical, microbiological, hydraulic and other factors) . Rehabilitation techniques currently practised will be evaluated and new strategies developed.

To examine the use of linear programming techniques to aid in the identification of optimum operating policies for metropolitan headworks systems.


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NUMBER TITLE

63

64

Use of coral core for predicting past runoff and pollution in the Ross River Dam region

Dynamic model of stream flows in the Latrobe River catcrnnent

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OBJECTIVE

To examine how water quality considerations can be taken into account in optimum systems operation.

To collect and analyse coral cores from the Ross River catchment area to extend runoff records for catchment bank 200 years. addition to the runoff data, the analysis

the for In

of and fluorescent

non-fluorescent material from the cores will provide an indication of past pollutants in the region.

To develop a dynamic model of the flow reg ime in the Latrobe Hiver catchment and incorporate major wastewater discharge volumes into this dynamic model. The dynamic model will be used to predict the suspended solids and dissolved salt loads delivered to Lake Wellington, to simulate flow conditions in the system and to devise management options to minimise velocity impacts and hence reduce the serious erosion problems present in the system.


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NUMBER TITLE

65

66

67

68

Loss data for relating design rainfall and flood frequencies

Extreme flood estimation in south-western Western "'.us tr alia

Flood damage reduction and recovery guidelines

Sampling procedures for measuring loads carried by rivers

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OBJECTIVE

To whether

investigate floods

calculated by current procedures from Y year design rains have on average a Y year frequency. It will derive design loss data for NSW for the calculation of Y year floods from Y year rainfalls.

To evaluate methods previously used for estimating extreme floods in the south west of Western Australia, and perform a similar analysis for flooding elsewhere in Western Australia particularly due to cyclonic rainfall in the north west.

To distill hints and advice from the results of the survey of the Sydney floods of August 1986, and to prepare guidelines to enable flood-prone residents to better reduce actual damage in future floods, and enable local authorities to provide better "follow-up" services in future to flood-affect.ed residents.

To establish cost-effective sampling procedures for measuring sediment, nutrient and metal loads in


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NUMBER TITLE ----

69

70

Analysis of water quality monitoring data collected on selected NSW reservoirs


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OBJECTIVE rivers, which take into account the annual flo~l pattern in Australian rivers. A secondary objective is to prepare a procedure to estimate sediment loads in rivers, and to demonstrate the procedure by estimating the annual sediment discharge in the Latrobe River.

To develop standard procedures for the collection, computer storage and interpretation of water quality monitoring data cross the two major NSW agencies with responsibilities for water quality management, and to develop a consistent predictive capabilil:y across the two agencies (Sydney Water Board and NSW ~'iater

Resources Commission) .

To define, for Australian conditions, the state of knowledge of the effects of broad 1 and use and management on the quality, quantity and reliability of surface and groundvlaters, and thereby give guidance and assistance

practical to

resource managers and planners, as well as contributing to the assessment of future research needs.


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a.REFERENCES

1. CHOW VEN TE; Editor-in-chief, Handbook of Applied Hydrology; McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1964.

2. CULLEN, P.; Water Quality in Australia. A of Research Opportunities; Prepared for August 1986.

Review AWRAC.

3. DANDY. G.; Research Review Paper on Water Resource Systems Analysis; Prepared for AWRAC, 1986.

4. INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA; Australian Rainfall and Runoff. Flood iI.na1ysis and Design; 1977 •

5. KUCZERA, G.; Review on Risk and Reliability; Prepared for AWRAC, August 1986.

6.

7.

8.

9.

LAKE, P • S • ; ,oS,:,t=r"="e.:::a:::m::,...,,...E~c:;:o:;.:s::.y~s-=t::;e;.:m::-:::-..,-~R,,,e:;.:s:::e=a=-r-=c::.:h=,,-:<,.:i~n ?ustralia: Problems and Strateqies; Prepared for AWRAC. 1986.

LAURENSON, E.M., and I>lEIN, R.G.; Review of ~R~e::.:s~e=a",r.;;c"h,;.."..=:N:;:e::.:e::.:d=s-,~=-· n!.!........!H;!.y=d=-r:;:o::.ol!:.:o~g:;u.v ; P r epa r ed for AWRl'.C, June 1986.

McCOMB, A.J., and WILLIAMS, W.D., Reservoirs, Lakes and Wetlands; AWRAC, April 1986.

The Ecology of Prepared for

ROSE, C.; Research Review on Overland Flow, Erosion, Land and water Quality; Prepared for AWRAC, 1986.

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APPENDIX A RESEARCH REVIEWS COMMISSIONED BY AWRAC

STREAl-l ECOSYSTEHS Dr P S Lake, Monash University

WA'l'ER QUALrl'Y Mr P Cullen, Canberra CAE

WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Dr G Dandy, University of Adelaide

RISK AND RELIABILITY Dr G Kuczera, University of Newcastle

WATER LAW AND INSTITUTIONS Professor S D Clark, University of Melbourne

HICRO-ECONOHICS OF WATER ~1l\N1'.GEHENT

Dr A Dragun, Latrobe University

ENVIRONHENTAL I,AW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATER Dr M F G Hollick, University of Western Australia

RURAL INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND WATER USE Dr R Powell, University of New England

WATER AND WASTE-WATER TREAT~1ENT Dr David Barnes, University of New South Wales.

RESERVOIRS, LAKES AND WETLANDS ECOLOGY Prof W D Williams, University of Adelaide and Associate Professor l>. 1'1cComb, University of Western Australia - joint authors

HYDROGEOLOGY Dr C Lawrence, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Vic

OVERLAND FLOWS, EROSION, LAND AND WATER QUALITY ISSUES Professor C Rose, Griffith University

HYDROLOGY Professor E H Laurenson and Associate Professor R G Mein, Monash University

WATER DISTRIBUTION AND SEWERAGE INFP~STRUCTURE Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works

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SURFACE WATER RESEARCH NEEDS IN AUSTRALIA€¦ · consider research proposals on catchment...

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