Surface ChangesHoward Ignatius, “Delicate Arch, Arches National Park” May 1, 2009 via Flickr, Creative Commons attribution

Two Types of Changes

SlowoWeathering

oErosion

FastoVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

oEARTHQUAKES

oLANDSLIDES

oTSUNAMIS

Weathering

Physical or mechanical weathering

Frost WedgingWater expands when it

freezes

Thermal expansionRocks break due to

temperature changes

Exfoliation or unloading

Rocks break into sheets form expansion of rock

Glenn Scofield Williams, “The Art of Exfoliation” July 7, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons AttributionSamantha McGregor, “Weathering” October 5, 2009Samantha McGregor, “weathered roads” October 5, 2009

Chemical Weathering

SolutionMinerals

dissolved into water

Karst Topography

Groundwater dissolving sedimentary rock (sinkholes, caves, springs)

Steve Barringer, “ Child Angel III-niño angel” March 24, 2009 via Flickr, Creative Commons NoDervs LicenseAndrew Stawerz, “Cheddar Caves-Mirror Pool” June 11, 2006 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

Oxidation

Andrea Schaffer, “Rust” March 10, 2007 via Flickr, creative commons Attribution

oxygen combined with iron-bearing minerals “rusting”

Biological WeatheringRoots of trees and other plants

Lichens, fungi, and other micro-organisms

Animals (including humans)

Waka Jawaka, ”Roots" August 23,2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons AttributionMike McCaffrey, “DSC N9622 Photographic Fungus” August 15, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

Erosion

Water ErosionRain and streams

Wind Erosion

Sand dunes and deserts

Smabs Sputzer, “Weir at Marple Dale” August 11, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution.Vyanchslav Argenberg,“Siq, Petra (2007-06-072)”September 6, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution.

Erosion Continued…

Ice ErosionGlaciers

( Great Lakes)

Wave ErosionCoasts

Ricardo Martins, “Perito Moreno Glacier” April 30, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons AttributionKyknoord, “Line in the Sand” October 6, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

Volcanic Eruptions

Blastso Mixture of ash, gas, and rocks

Hot lavao Covers ground, killing everything

India Amos, “Eruption of Mount Vesuvius” April 17, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

Volcanoes: Domino Effect

Can lead to

Earthquakes Can lead to landslides

Landslides Mixing debris with water

Tsunamis Dirt overflows streams

Clipart from PowerPoint

Earthquakes

When two plates (parts) of the Earth Slide against each other

Causes the Earth to shake

Clipart from PowerPoint

Landslides

Downward movement of

materials (rock and soil)

Topple: Large parts of rock

break off

Slide: large connected mass “slides” down a

slopeBarry Maynard,”Topple” December 2, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons AttributionBarry Maynard, “Slide” November 26, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

Landslides Continued

Debris avalanche• Rapid debris

flow

Mudflow• Wet material

flowing rapidly in a downward motion

Creep•Slow steady downward

movement of rock and soilBarry Maynard, “Debris Avalanche” December 2, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

Barry Maynard, “Creep” December 2, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution

Tsunamis

•Large waves from the ocean spread

over the coast and on to land

•Can be caused by:•Earthquakes

•Volcanoes

Clipart from PowerPoint

Write

1. Most interesting fact.

2. Something you’re curious about.

3. Favorite form of surface change.

Think About It…

The land changes constantly.

Many forms of natural changes.

Humans contribute too!-How do you think

we’re involved?Clipart from PowerPoint

CitationGore, Pamela J.W. "Weathering." Georgia Perimeter College. Georgia Perimeter      College, 5 Feb. 2002. Web. 5 Oct. 2009. <http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/      geology/geo101/weather.htm>.

Impacts and Effects of Volcanoes. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2009.      <http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/effects.php>.

"Landslide Hazard Information-Causes, Pictures, Definition." Geology.com. N.p.,      n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2009. <http://geology.com/usgs/landslides/#>.

"Tsunamis and Earthquakes Life of a Tsunami." USGS Science for a changing world.      USGS, 22 Oct. 2008. Web. 5 Oct. 2009. <http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/      basics.html>.

Wald, Lisa. "The Science of Earthquakes." USGS. N.p., 25 June 2009. Web. 5 Oct.      2009. <http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/kids/eqscience.php>.