Supreme Court Cases You Need to Know Cases that could appear on your AP Test.
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Transcript of Supreme Court Cases You Need to Know Cases that could appear on your AP Test.
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Supreme Court Cases You Need to Know
Cases that could appear on your AP Test
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Marbury v. Madison
Decision:Ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789
unconstitutional
Constitutional Issue:Established judicial review
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McCulloch v. Maryland
DecisionRuled that although no provision of the
Constitution grants the national government the expressed power to create a national bank, the authority to do so can be implied by the necessary and proper clause
Constitutional IssueExplained the Necessary & Proper clause
(“Elastic Clause” giving Congress “ Implied Powers”)
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Gibbons v. Ogden
Decision Defined commerce as including all business
dealings, and the power to regulate interstate commerce belongs exclusively to the national government
Constitutional Issue Expanded Congress’ Power under the Commerce
Clause to include matters “affecting interstate commerce”, thereby allowing regulation of interstate activity
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Gitlow v. New York
Decision Interpreted the due process clause of the
fourteenth amendment to apply the guarantees of the Bill of rights to state and local governments (incorporation)
Constitutional IssueDue process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment
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U.S. v. O’Brien
DecisionDraft Card burning not protected symbolic
speech
Constitutional IssueFirst Amendment free speech
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Emerson v. Board of Education
DecisionCourt upheld a New Jersey policy of
reimbursing parents of Catholic School students for the costs of busing their children to school
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Engle v. Vitale
DecisionCourt ruled school-sanctioned prayer in
public schools unconstitutional
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Abington School District v. Schempp
DecisionCourt struck down a Pennsylvania law
requiring the reading of a Bible passage at the beginning of each day
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Lemon v. Kurtzman
DecisionCourt struck down a Pennsylvania law
reimbursing schools for textbooks and teachers salaries and established the Lemon test.
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Lynch v. Donnelley
DecisionThe Court upheld the right of government
entities to celebrate the Christmas holiday with Christmas displays that might include nativity scenes, if secular displays are also sufficiently included
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Wallace v. Jaffree
DecisionCourt overturned a state law setting aside
time for “voluntary prayer” in public schools
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Edwards v. Aguillard
DecisionCourt ruled that Louisiana could not force
public schools that taught evolution to also teach creationism
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens
DecisionThe Court upheld the Equal Access Act of
1990, which required public schools to provide religious groups the same access to facilities that other extracurricular groups had
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Lee v. Weisman
DecisionThe Court ruled against clergy-led prayer
at high school graduations ceremonies
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
DecisionThe Court overruled a Texas law allowing
high school students to read a prayer at athletic events such as a football game
Constitutional IssueEstablishment clause of First Amendment
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Reynolds v. United States
DecisionThe Court upheld the federal law that
prohibited polygamy even though Reynolds, a Mormon from Utah, claimed it limited his religious freedom.
Constitutional IssueFree exercise clause of the First
Amendment
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Wisconsin v. Yoder
DecisionThe Court ruled that Wisconsin could not
require Amish parents to send their children to public schools beyond the eighth grade because it would violate long-held religious beliefs.
Constitutional IssueFree exercise clause of the First
Amendment
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Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith
DecisionThe Court ruled that Oregon could deny
unemployment benefits to workers fired for using drugs (peyote) as part of a religious ceremony.
Constitutional IssueFree exercise clause of the First
Amendment
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Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of
HialeahDecisionCourt ruled that laws banning animal
sacrafice were unconstitutional because they targeted the Santeria religion.
Constitutional IssueFree exercise clause of the First
Amendment
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Schenk v. United States
DecisionCourt ruled that protesting draft during
wartime was not protected because it would create a clear and present danger, establishing a standard for measuring what would and would not be protected speech
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
DecisionThe Court ruled that the first amendment
did not protect “fighting words”
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Tinker v. Des Moines
DecisionThe Court ruled that wearing black
armbands in protest of the Vietnam War was “pure speech” or symbolic speech, protected by the First Amendment
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Brandenburg v. Ohio
DecisionThe Court made the “clear and present
danger” test less restrictive
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Miller v. California
DecisionThe Court established the Miller test, which
sets the standards for measuring obsenity
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Texas v. Johnson
DecisionThe Court ruled that flag burning is a
protected form of symbolic speech
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Reno v. ACLU
DecisionThe Court ruled the Communications
Decency Act unconstitutional because it was “overly broad and vague” in regulating internet speech
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Near v. Minnesota
DecisionThe Court applied the protections of free
press to the states under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and prohibited prior restraint
Constitutional IssueFree press of the First Amendment
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New York Times v. Sullivan
DecisionThe Court protected statements about
public officials
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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New York Times v. United States
DecisionThe Court reaffirmed its position of prior
restraint, refusing to stop the publication of the Pentagon Papers
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
DecisionThe Court ruled in favor of school district
censorship of student newspapers as long as censorship is related to legitimate concerns
Constitutional IssueFree speech of the First Amendment
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Dejonge v. Oregon
Decision The Court established that the right of association
(assembly) was as important as other First Amendment rights and used the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply freedom of assembly to the states
Constitutional Issue Freedom of Assembly of the First Amendment
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Griswold v. Connecticut
DecisionThe Court upheld that the Constitution
created “zones of privacy” and enhanced the concept of enumerated rights of the Ninth Amendment
Constitutional IssueRight to privacy
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Roe v. Wade
DecisionThe outcome was a continuation of the
recognition of a constitutional right of privacy for a woman to determine whether to terminate a pregnancy
Constitutional IssueRight to privacy
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Wolf v. Colorado
DecisionThe Court applied protections against
unreasonable search and seizure to the states under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Constitutional IssueFourth Amendment: Search and seizure
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Mapp v. Ohio
DecisionThe Court ruled that evidence obtained
without a search warrant was excluded from trial in state courts
Constitutional IssueFourth Amendment: Search and seizure
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Terry v. Ohio
DecisionThe Court ruled that searches of criminal
suspects are constitutional and police may search suspects for safety purposes
Constitutional IssueFourth Amendment: Search and seizure
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Nix v. Williams
DecisionThe Court established the inevitable
discovery rule, allowing evidence discovered as the result of an illegal search to be introduced if it can be shown that the evidence would have been found anyway
Constitutional IssueFourth Amendment: Search and seizure
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United States v. Leon
DecisionThe Court established the good faith
exception to the exclusionary rule
Constitutional IssueFourth Amendment: Search and seizure
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Miranda v. Arizona
DecisionThe Court ruled that suspects in police
custody have certain rights and that they must be informed of those rights (right to remain silent, right to attorney)
Constitutional IssueFifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination
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Powell v. Alabama
DecisionThe Court established that the due process
clause of the fourteenth Amendment guarantees defendants in death penalty cases the right to an attorney
Constitutional IssueSixth Amendment: Right to an Attorney
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Betts v. Brady
DecisionThe Court ruled that poor defendants in
non-capital cases are not entitled to an attorney at government expense
Constitutional IssueFourth Amendment: Search and seizure
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Gideon v. Wainwright
DecisionThe Court ruled that in state trials, those
who cannot afford an attorney will have one provided by the state, overturning Betts v. Brady
Constitutional IssueFourth Amendment: Search and seizure
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Furman v. Georgia
DecisionThe Court ruled the death penalty
unconstitutional under existing state law because it was imposed arbitrarily
Constitutional IssueEighth Amendment: Cruel and Unusual
Punishments
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Gregg v. Georgia
Decision In this case, the death penalty was
constitutional because it was imposed based upon the circumstances of the case
Constitutional IssueEighth Amendment: Cruel and Unusual
Punishments
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Plessy v. Ferguson
DecisionThe Court upheld the Jim Crow laws by
allowing separate facilities for the different races if those facilities were equal. Created the separate but equal doctrine
Constitutional IssueFourteenth Amendment
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Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
DecisionOverturned the Plessy decision, ruling
separate but equal is unconstitutional
Constitutional IssueFourteenth Amendment
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Brown v. Topeka Board of Education II
DecisionCourt ordered the desegregation of
schools “with all deliberate speed”
Constitutional IssueFourteenth Amendment
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Reed v. Reed
DecisionCourt ruled against a law which
discriminated against women
Constitutional IssueEqual protection clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment
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Romer v. Evans
Decision Court ruled that a Colorado constitutional
amendment invalidating state and local laws that protected homosexuals from discrimination was unconstitutional because it violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Constitutional Issue Equal protection clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment
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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Decision Ruled that the affirmative action quotas used by
the University of California in their admissions were constitutional, but that Bakke had been denied equal protection because the university used race as the sole criterion for admissions
Constitutional Issue Equal protection clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment
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Hopwood v. Texas
DecisionCourt struck down the University of Texas
Law School’s admissions program, stating that race could not be used at all as a factor in admissions.
Constitutional IssueEqual protection clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment