Pastoral System and Ecosystem Services-Context: Engaresero GIAHS Site - Lake Natron

Ngorongoro-District-TANZAIA

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Arpakwa. M. Ole SikoreiCommunity Conservation and CultureAnd Student at St. Augustine University of Tanzania-Arusha Campussarpakwa@gmail.com

CASE STUDY Engaresero L. Natron: TANZANIAIncentives for Ecosystem Services in Agriculture (IES)

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INCENTIVES REQUIRED

• What incentives are needed to support these best practices?

Incentives for Ecosystem Services (IES)

BEST PRACTICES

• What practices would be needed to address these threats?

• How could better planning support this? E.g. zoning of land to secure corridors for pastoralists through land owned by tourism companies

• Improved access to water supplies OR WHAT?

GIAHS of Tz, Context – L.Natron ES– Engaresero & Pinyinyi, Ngorongoro-District-Overview

• District - pioneering, for pastoralism & conservation, covers an area of 14,036 km² Diverse-Ecosystems-Forest, shrubby, Rangelands, 59% -Designated as Ngorongoro Conservation Area

(NCA), multiple land use area & WHS• Loliondo & Sale division -Game Controlled Area, -Hunting and photographic safaris. Divisions-for

agriculture, pastoralism, tourism, and hunting- & business and community forest conservation.

• Lake Natron (Engaresero and Pinyinyi wards), is a unique ecosystem, WHY?• mountains -Oldoinyolengai and Mosoni & the Lake Natron itself- Ramsar site,• breeding ground for the lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor.

• Engaresero and Pinyinyi, the main rivers Suply H20-L Natron - crucial to pastoralist and wildlife - dryseason, when water is scarce on the other side of the Engaresero escarpment.-Wet Season Pasture

• The Lake Natron ecosystem is crucial - both pastoralism and conservation/Tourism. WHY?• The landscape co-evolved with the pastoralists’ cultural practices, resulting in a rich habitat for wildlife

and biodiversity.

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Lake Natron – Engaresero & Pinyinyi, Tanzania

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Background-Ngorongoro -District •Still today is an abundant reservoir of

IK/TP on livestock rearing, health, andecology.•Remarkable resilience and a capacity to

adapt to climatic & other environmentalfluctuations.•Maasai pastoralism, traditionally,

provides an outstanding example ofpastoralism in East Africa and continuesto have relevance for the sustainablemanagement of its rangelands.•The ecosystems of Engaresero and its

pastoral systems -Designated as GIAHSsite by FAO in 2011.

• They would -probably also conform to the criteria ofa cultural landscape -WH Convention.

• Pastoralism -effective and sustainable way ofexploiting natural resources provided by differenthabitats -landscape where and when available in ahighly unpredictable environment.

• Policies and programs that have sought to develophigh potential areas within these landscapes (forcropping, mining, logging, tourism) have takencritical habitats for rotational grazing away from bothpeople and wildlife, reducing the economic value andenvironmental sustainability of more marginalhabitats, which cannot sustain all year around use forlivestock, cropping or wildlife.

• This is because the very sustainability of livestockproduction and wildlife management depends ontemporal access to the full pallet of habitats withinthe wider landscape.

Pastoral systs- Villages and Traditional LeadersTL:

Villages

• Kiserian Village Kenya-

• Oldoinyookie Village-Kenya-

• Engaresero Village-Tanzania

• Gilai Bomba Kilai-Tanzania-

TLPhilip Kisoyan –TK

Staliine Kibete-Tk

Oscar Simanto

John Nderito, Richard Mulwa-

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It has Rain enough in Tanzania, Gilai and Engaresero, very Drought in Kenya two villages?

All TL? What to do?

Ecosystem services provided by Maasai Pastoralism, General Engaresero & Elsewhere

Pastoralism Pillars (IIED)

Herds, Income

Ecosystem- Provisioning-To Pastoralists

• Food, nutrition, , clean water, shelter and raw materials for our basic needs, livelihoods-Direct others include even

• indirect services-Some time ignored- E.g. nutrient cycling, Regulate weather conditions.

• Is the key response to variable, unpredictable and dispersed pasture and weather uncertainty, Never done haphazardly –it is carefully planned and organized

• Facilitate Reciprocity –Feed/grassing land at different-lAND

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Natural Resources:Traditional and Mngt & NRs Protection

Tank of T.P

People and Traditions,

Social Systmes, TkMangt –Land

Mobility

Mostly, not Understood-Decision Makers, Conservationists, Politicians

For -The Lake Natron ES, Engaresero & Pinyinyi Wards The Context of WET & DRY Seasons pastures

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Wet Season Pastures-Lerpakashi Plain

GIAHS-Concept VS Engaresero T.Systm

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Early dry season grazing Late dry season

grazing

Wet season grazing

Lake Natron

Sheep and goats

Village

Reserved –Pasture

Livestock, Animals

Lake Natron – Engaresero & Pinyinyi, Tanzania

Lake Natron –Engaresero

Threat to the ecosystem - Overview

• on

• Irrigation of agricultural land-Pinyinyi-Ward- reduces H2O-tables In & around the lake and increases droughts

• Diversion of water to farms and tourism facilities

• Urban migration: Youth run away from their homes

• Marginalization: Prejudices about pastoral system of land management,

• Survival of Flamingos: The lack of water threatens the survival of

flamingoes-.5-2.5 million Lesser Flamingo• Tourism Investors: Go for prime land, offer villages money to build

lodges. Both wildlife and livestock suffer

• Traditional (Maasai) institutions slowly lose strength and legal recognition, which causes more and more unsustainable management of the land by pastoralists

• Contradicting policies, laws and practices: Tourism, investors, WMA,

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Lake Natron – Engaresero & Pinyinyi, Tanzania

Best practices & Barriers to adoption

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BARRIERS TO ADOPTION:

Incentives for Ecosystem Services (IES)

• Drought and low productivity of livestock and farms products:•Drought and low productivity of livestock and farms products:-leads to poor food security, diseases of livestock and prices fluctuations - cattle in markets at different period threaten the pastoralists living.•Poor institutional coordination, Lack-extension services: Crossing cutting to all sectors involved, Conservation, pastoralism, etc •Lack of financing/capital: E.g on outbreaks of diseases, progressive capacity building, hiring experts to lead..•Poor communication network, technicalities and unsuitable projects in the area: Especially on agricultural practices in Pinyinyi, coexistence conservation of wildlife and livestock management and sustainability on improving tourism as alternatives source of income •Land Alienations, break of customary laws, different land use plans and broken of reciprocity: Causes cattle grazing cycle incomplete and segregation of villages and different operationally works in the same ecosystem.

Improving livestock, pastures,

productivity, conservation and SD-

ecosystem Mngt

•Improving water facilities:.

•Recognize/Value traditional land

management of resources:-Mobility

•Best agricultural practices and

conservation: terracing, Harvesting

Rain H2o for farms, etc

•TP-Land Management

Lake Natron , Tanzania: IES InitiativesIncentives for Ecosystem Services in Agriculture (IES)

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Program: Type: Financed by: Objective:

Conservation –LAKE NATRON

ViaRAMSAR/Local Gvnt

Public-

MNRT

MNRT –Less active Conserve Lake Natron

Ramsar site-,

LUP Via Project Local

Gvnt/NGO

-UCRT

Local Government-

Ngorongoro-District

Organize Land use plan for the

ecosystem for Livestock and Wildlife

Income Diversification

Tourismactivities CBO, Local Govement

Private/C

ommunity

Tourists-

(Challenging)

-More income to community

WildlifeMagment

VIA District Public

Programm

e,

Previous GIAHS,

NOW small from

CBO

-Wildlife Protected

- Habitants for Wildlife protected

Lake Natron Engaresero-Tanzania A: Incentives for Ecosystem Services Package

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Improves access to water supplies in the area-especially wet season pastures: Mobility

-Water Suplies, Dams, Coordinations

Policies and legal supports: Increase awareness

• Influence Policies, Parliaments, DimensionsDiscussions

Capacity Buildings: Across communities, local and central government

Best practices: IES-added incentives from programmes and investors

IES

Water

ML/A, MNRT,

NRs-Mngt

IES package adds:Current

finance:

-

PES

Current and

• Give incentives, Vikoba, loans, createcooperative,

• Training, Guidelines , Advice on –LivestockIssues

Incentives for Ecosystem Services (IES)

ML/A

Income Diversification

CBO,LGvT

ML/A

ML/A

Peoples/pastoralists Kills Wildlife

Clanship VS Animals:

• Laizer Clan- Leopard- Nanete, David, OnyangoKenney

• Mollel clan- Rhino- Clelia, Kennedy onyanyo

• Lukyumai Clan-Hyena: XU Ming, Abigael ontinga

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Liopard and Rhino is Killed Hyena is Killed by Pastoralists

Why Best Practices? In-Competitive Landscape?

WILDLIFE, LIFESTOCK, competition/coexistence?Livestock & Wildlife

Synergies, ES balancing, Protections

• Joined interest in maintaining natural resources and habitats.

• Feed facilitation: cattle, goats and donkeys are applied selectively to pastures and graze only certain species/parts of plants, allowing other species palatable to wildlife to grow. 14

Competitions/Coexistence? ES-BalanceMixture

Synergies

• Controlled burning and seasonal grazing encourages general productivity of the rangeland.

• Maasai harvest wood and medicinal species selectively (strong norms and institutions re-enforce this).

• Pastoralists (Maasai) do not kill wildlife for food or other uses. -taboo. Animals Clanship-Laizer-Leopard, Rhino-Mollel, Hynas-Lukyuma: Protections-Wild herbivores stay close to cattle herds and homesteads for protection

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Opportunities, Recommendations • Trans-boundary market opportunities:-Border of Kenya and Tz-Shombole

• CBO be equipped with knowledge and capacity: E.g. renovate and operate small dams, repair.

• Stakeholders workshop and lessons: Different stakeholder have different views on how the Lake Natron ecosystem functions,. Therefore, a participatory workshop might break this myth.

• Suport Best Policies-Technical assitance to enable continued access through corridors

• Monitoring: & Evaluation: Services by CBO to communities that contribute to the ecosystem function should be promoted

• Develop participatory coordination: This will links all involved in the ecosystem especially communities and key players of Lake Natron and create an overall agreement towards the ecosystem services sustainability.

• Financial Support- Like construction of dams, improved irrigation systems, development of alternative livelihoods and increased access to higher-value markets and Slaughter house for Livestockl

• Develop a strategic conservation model for the entire ecosystem: This includes forming/strengthen the existing conservation/water user groups, and will result in the sustainable use of natural resources, especially water, in a well organized way.

• Strenthening the very long and existing Traditional system for Land Managment

• Train farmers on Best Conservation Agriculture Practices-Pinyinyi

• Address the Policy Issues especially -the context of Pastoralism, GIAHS, IES

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My Ecosystem Body-Wildlife, Livestock, Land, H20, Soil,Crops etc.

• WHY, How?

• Everything is connected-Think of Your Body….

• Your Body isn’t just a Body. It’s an Ecosystem(Douglas Coupland - Canadian novelist and artist)

…………………..Thanks for Listening…………….

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