Supporting communities through payments for ecosystem services
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Transcript of Supporting communities through payments for ecosystem services
Plan VivoSupporting communities through payments for ecosystem services
• What is Plan Vivo?
• Certification process
• Project interventions
• Project operations
• Market for Plan Vivo
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Overview
What is Plan Vivo?• A certification standard for
community-based climate and ecosystem services programmes
• Threefold focus climate, livelihoods, and ecosystems
• Flexible requirements to fit different legal, ecological, socioeconomic contexts
• Cost-effective• Supporting network and guidance
materials • Origins in 1990s – tried and tested
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The need for Plan Vivo
Rural communities can provide important ecosystem services
Carbon services Biodiversity Watersheds Soil stability 4
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Smallholders are on the “climate change front line”
But often communities lack capacity to tackle these challenges, and lack incentives
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What is a plan vivo?
• Range of land-use activities: Afforestation/reforestation, agroforestry, forest conservation and restoration, improved agricultural practices
• Land-use plans: Participants draw up plan vivos (management plans) • Individual/household (smallholder) or group (e.g. a farmer cooperative)
Participatory design and FPIC
• Begin by discussing local needs and priorities
• Activities selected for climate, ecosystem & livelihood benefits
• Different management objectives e.g. crop productivity, timber, products (fruits, medicines, oils, honey), reducing soil erosion, protecting biodiversity
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Registration process
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Costs and resource needs
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Process Costs ($)
Project Idea Note (PIN) review 750
Project design document review 500
Technical specification review 200/tech spec
Review of validation report and registration 500
Total for Plan Vivo Foundation 1950 (a)
Third party validation 5000 – 10,000 (b)
Total for certification 7,000 – 12,000 (a+b)
Project development costs Variable
Other ongoing costs-Plan Vivo Certificate issuance costs-Periodic third party verification
0.40/ certificateVariable
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• Ecosystem restoration
– e.g. Assisted Natural Regeneration
• Ecosystem rehabilitation
– e.g. inter-planting naturalised tree species
• Prevention of ecosystem conversion
– e.g. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) activities.
• Improved land use management:
– e.g. no/minimum till agriculture.
Eligible interventions
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• Smallholder and community woodlots Mexico, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Bolivia, Sri Lanka, Nicaragua
• REDD, community forest conservation and improved forest management India, Indonesia, Liberia, Philippines, Mozambique, Mexico, Nepal
• Fruit orchards Malawi , Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda,
• Mangrove restoration Kenya (right), Madagascar, Senegal
• Assisted natural regeneration Burkina Faso, India, Nepal
• Inter-planting with crops e.g. tea, coffee Malawi, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Mexico
Ongoing interventions
Key requirements for all interventions
• Maintain or enhance biodiversity– Only native or naturalised tree species
• Land owned or subject to user rights of smallholders or communities
– Conditional inclusion of up to a third of non-community owned land• Positive livelihood and socio-economic impacts• No negative environmental impacts• Technical specifications needs to be updated every 5 years• Long term monitoring
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Performance-based approach - PES
• Project coordinator enters into ‘Payments for Ecosystem Services’ agreements with multiple participants
• Staged payments based on performance
• Aim for >60% of funds to communities
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Admin, monitoring
$1.70
Certification $0.40
Verification, marketing $0.50
Staged payment to
communities$3.90
E.g. $6.50/tCO2
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Communities receive staged payments for following their plan vivo.
Year Target/milestone Payment
1 33% plot established 20%
2 100% established 10%
3 85% survival 10%
5 85% survival + re-planting + average dbh 10%
10…
15…
Performance-related payments – planting example
Example for conservation (avoided emissions)
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Year Target/milestone Payment
1 Community governance structure established + % of deforestation
reduction
20%
2 e.g. NTFP plan developed + % deforestation reduction
10%
3 e.g. Fire break + … 10%
5 10%
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7…
Who coordinates Plan Vivo projects?
• Local/national/regional NGOs and civil society organisations with capacity to mobilise and support communities
• Often roles for governments e.g. in training/technical roles• Some initial capacity-building may be required e.g. for carbon quantification• Older projects act as trainers and consultants for new projects
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Financing: How are ecosystem services paid for?
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Community
Community
Community
Community
Plan Vivo coordinator
Plan Vivo Certificates
• Plan Vivo Certificates demonstrate performance - not always “offsets”
• Traded on the Markit Environmental Registry
Supply chain
security
Fund-based PES
Carbon markets,
CSR
Community
Growth mainly via voluntary carbon funding
Businesses purchase Plan Vivo Certificates for climate compensation/carbon offsetting and Corporate Social Responsibility
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Project example: Trees for Global Benefits• 8 districts in Uganda• Set up in 2003• Coordinated by Ecotrust• Scaling-up from 30 to >2700
smallholders over 10 years• Per capita income generated
$985• Over 2700 hectares under
management• Links to microfinance• Buyers include Nedbank, Puma,
Tetra Pak, Max Hamburger
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Project example: CommuniTree Carbon Project• Limay Municipality, Nicaragua• Set up in 2010• Coordinated by Taking Root• Scaling-up from 18 to 236
smallholders over 3 years• Per capita earnings $1,126• Over 650 hectares under
management• Expansion to new areas• Buyers include ZeroMission,
PrimaKlima, and MyClimate
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Plan Vivo so far
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>9,700 smallholders & 271 community
groups with plan vivos
$8 million est. income from
Plan Vivo Certificates
27 projects underway in over
20 countries
1.7 million Plan Vivo
Certificates issued
Key challenges in PES and land-use carbon
• Competitive marketplace, adverse to risk• Technical capacity for quantification and monitoring• Local barriers to long-term implementation such as land
tenure, extension services, institutional/admin capacity, legal barriers
• Ensuring carbon is balanced/integrated with livelihoods, food security and ecosystem needs
• Covering up-front costs
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Key lessons
1. Principle of aggregation – allow projects to start small and scale up over time
2. Enable continuous improvement–interventions take time, expect mistakes
3. Transparency and benefit sharing
4. Communicating non-carbon benefits key to long-term success
5. Be pragmatic and simple where possible