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www.advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/5/e1400253/DC1
Supplementary Materials for
Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction
Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle,
Todd M. Palmer
Published 19 June 2015, Sci. Adv. 1, e1400253 (2015) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400253
This PDF file includes:
Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction rates. Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
I. DATA ON CONTEMPORARY EXTINCTIONS (1500 TO PRESENT)
We obtained the list of vertebrates species considered Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), and Possibly
Extinct (PE, a subcategory of Critically Endangered, CR) since 1500 from the International Union of
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We accessed the IUCN webpage (www.iucn.org; version 2014.3) on
December 1, 2014. A first list of “possible extinct” species was kindly provided to us by Dr. Bruce Young,
from Natureserve. We then were able to check the status of those species in the IUCN web page. The list of
all the species included grouped by the IUCN category is included below in sections IV and V.
II. BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES
We used the recent mammal background extinction rate determined by Barnosky et al. (6). Most studies
evaluating extinction rates in vertebrates and plants have used background rates assumed to be between 0.1
and 1 species per million species-years (i.e., between 0.1 and 1 species per 100 years per 10,000 species).
Those rates were based on the state of knowledge available from the fossil record until the 1990s (9-13).
Clearly, the lower these estimates, the more dramatic current extinction rates will appear by comparison.
The new mammal background extinction rate was based on an analysis of massive databases of mammal
fossils, subfossils, and modern extinctions. The stratigraphic ranges of thousands of mammal species were
charted, and extinction rates were measured over intervals ranging from single years to millions of years,
and the mean extinction rate and variance was computed for each time interval. The estimates indicate that
the background extinction rate for mammals is closer to 2 extinctions per million species-years (2 E/MSY;
i.e., two extinctions per 100 years per 10,000 species), which doubles the highest previous estimates. See
Barnosky et al. (6) for details.
Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction rates.
III. COMPARING RECENT AND BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES
We used two estimates of modern extinction rates; i.e. a very conservative rate (i.e. including only EX
species) and a conservative rate (i.e. including EX, plus EW and PE species), respectively. Both are defined
in the text of the paper. Table S2 summarizes the calculations to estimate the modern extinction rates.
Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900. Highly conservative modern
extinction rates were calculated using exclusively Extinct species as listed in the stringently evaluated IUCN
list. Conservative modern extinction rates were calculated using Extinct species plus Extinct in the wild
(EW) and Possibly extinct species as listed in the IUCN list (2014; see also methods). The 2 E/MY
background extinction rate is equivalent to 2 extinctions per 10000 species per 100 years.
1500 TO 2014
Highly conservative
A B C D E F Elevation
Animal Evaluate
d Evaluate
d Backgroun
d Centuries Backgroun
d Extiction
s
Group Species Species Extinction
per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with
IUCN Divided Century 1500 Expected
over Extinction
s Extinction
s Respect
by
10,000 Expected 514 years Since Since to
Expected
for 10,000 (Since 1500) 1500 1500
Species
(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)
Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 5.14 10.28 40.32 338 8
Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 5.14 10.28 5.67 77 14
Birds 10425 1.0425 2 5.14 10.28 10.72 140 13
Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 5.14 10.28 4.54 21 5
Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 5.14 10.28 6.59 34 5
Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 5.14 10.28 12.81 66 5
Conservative
A B C D E F Elevation
Animal Evaluate
d Evaluate
d Backgroun
d Centuries Backgroun
d Extiction
s
Group Species Species Extinction
per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with
IUCN Divided Century 1500 Expected
over Extinction
s Extinction
s Respect
by
10,000 Expected 514 years Since Since to
Expected
for 10,000 (Since 1500) 1500 1500
Species
(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)
Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 5.14 10.28 40.32 617 15
Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 5.14 10.28 5.67 111 20
Birds 10425 1.0425 2 5.14 10.28 10.72 163 15
Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 5.14 10.28 4.54 37 8
Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 5.14 10.28 6.59 148 22
Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 5.14 10.28 12.81 158 12
1900 TO 2014
Highly conservative
A B C D E F Elevation
Animal Evaluate
d Evaluate
d Backgroun
d Centuries Backgroun
d Extiction
s
Group Species Species Extinction
per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with
IUCN Divided Century 1900 Expected
over Extinction
s Extinction
s Respect
by
10,000 Expected 114 years Since Since to
Expected
for 10,000 (Since 1900) 1900 1900
Species
(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)
Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 1.14 2.28 8.94 198 22
Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 1.14 2.28 1.26 35 28
Birds 10425 1.0425 2 1.14 2.28 2.38 57 24
Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 1.14 2.28 1.01 8 8
Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 1.14 2.28 1.46 32 22
Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 1.14 2.28 2.84 66 23
Conservativ
e
A B C D E F Elevation
Animal Evaluate
d Evaluate
d Backgroun
d Centuries Backgroun
d Extiction
s
Group Species Species Extinction
per Since Extinctions Expected Observed Rates with
IUCN Divided Century 1900 Expected
over Extinction
s Extinction
s Respect
by
10,000 Expected 114 years Since Since to
Expected
for 10,000 (Since 1900) 1900 1900
Species
(2 E/MSY) (B x C) (A x D) (F / E)
Vertebrates 39223 3.9223 2 1.14 2.28 8.94 477 53
Mammals 5513 0.5513 2 1.14 2.28 1.26 69 55
Birds 10425 1.0425 2 1.14 2.28 2.38 80 34
Reptiles 4414 0.4414 2 1.14 2.28 1.01 24 24
Amphibians 6414 0.6414 2 1.14 2.28 1.46 146 100
Fishes 12457 1.2457 2 1.14 2.28 2.84 158 56
IV. EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500 ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014) .
Group Species Common Name
Mammals Bettongia pusilla Nullarbor Dwarf Bettong
Mammals Boromys offella Oriente Cave Rat
Mammals Boromys torrei Torre’s Cave Rat
Mammals Bos primigenius Aurochs
Mammals Brotomys voratus Hispaniolan Edible Rat
Mammals Caloprymnus campestris Desert Rat Kangaroo
Mammals Chaeropus ecaudatus Pig-footed Bandicoot
Mammals Conilurus albipes White-footed Rabbit-rat
Mammals Coryphomys buehleri Buhler’s Coryphomys
Mammals Cryptonanus ignitus Red-bellied Gracile Mouse Opossum
Mammals Cryptoprocta spelea Giant Fossa
Mammals Cuscomys oblativa Mammals Desmodus draculae Giant Vampire Bat
Mammals Dusicyon australis Falkland Island Wolf
Mammals Gazella bilkis Queen Of Sheba's Gazelle
Mammals Gazella saudiya Saudi Gazelle
Mammals Geocapromys columbianus Cuban Coney
Mammals Geocapromys thoracatus Little Swan Island Hutia
Mammals Heteropsomys insulans Insular Cave Rat
Mammals Hexolobodon phenax Imposter Hutia
Mammals Hippopotamus guldbergi Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus
Mammals Hippopotamus lemerlei Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus
Mammals Hippotragus leucophaeus Bluebuck
Mammals Hydrodamalis gigas Steller's Sea Cow
Mammals Isolobodon montanus Montane Hutia
Mammals Isolobodon portoricensis Puerto Rican Hutia
Mammals Juscelinomys candango Candango Mouse
Mammals Lagorchestes asomatus Central Hare Wallaby
Mammals Lagorchestes leporides Eastern Hare Wallaby
Mammals Lagostomus crassus Mammals Macropus greyi Toolache Wallaby
Mammals Macrotis leucura Lesser Bilby
Mammals Megalomys desmarestii Desmarest’s Pilorie
Mammals Megalomys luciae Santa Lucian Pilorie
Mammals Megaoryzomys curioi Galapágos Giant Rat
Mammals Neomonachus tropicalis Caribbean Monk Seal
Mammals Neotoma anthonyi Anthony's Woodrat
Mammals Neotoma bunkeri Bunkers Woodrat
Mammals Neotoma martinensis San Martin Island Woodrat
Mammals Neovison macrodon Sea Mink
Mammals Nesophontes edithae Puerto Rican Nesophontes
Mammals Nesophontes hypomicrus Atalaye Nesophontes
Mammals Nesophontes major Mammals Nesophontes micrus Western Cuban Nesophontes
Mammals Nesophontes paramicrus St. Michel Nesophontes
Mammals Nesophontes zamicrus Haitian Nesophontes
Mammals Nesoryzomys darwini Darwin's Galapagos Mouse
Mammals Nesoryzomys indefessus Indefatigable Galapagos Mouse
Mammals Noronhomys vespuccii Mammals Notomys amplus Short-tailed Hopping Mouse
Mammals Notomys longicaudatus Long-tailed Hopping Mouse
Mammals Notomys macrotis Big-eared Hopping Mouse
Mammals Notomys mordax Darling Downs Hopping Mouse
Mammals Oligoryzomys victus St. Vincent Pygmy Rice Rat
Mammals Onychogalea lunata Crescent Nailtail Wallaby
Mammals Oryzomys antillarum Jamaican Rice Rat
Mammals Oryzomys nelsoni Tres Marias Island Rice Rat
Mammals Palaeopropithecus ingens Large Sloth Lemur
Mammals Pennatomys nivalis Nevis Rice Rat
Mammals Perameles eremiana Desert Bandicoot
Mammals Peromyscus pembertoni Pemberton's Deer Mouse
Mammals Plagiodontia ipnaeum Samana Hutia
Mammals Potorous platyops Broad-faced Potoroo
Mammals Prolagus sardus Sardinian Pika
Mammals Pseudomys glaucus Blue-grey Mouse
Mammals Pseudomys gouldii Gould's Mouse
Mammals Pteropus brunneus Percy Island Flying Fox
Mammals Pteropus pilosus Large Palau Flying Fox
Mammals Pteropus subniger Lesser Mascarene Flying-fox
Mammals Pteropus tokudae Guam Flying Fox
Mammals Rattus macleari Maclear's Rat
Mammals Rattus nativitatis Bulldog Rat
Mammals Rucervus schomburgki Schomburgk's Deer
Mammals Solenodon marcanoi Marcano's Solenodon
Mammals Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacine
Mammals Xenothrix mcgregori Jamaican Monkey
Mammals Zalophus japonicus Japanese Sea Lion
Aves Aegolius gradyi Bermuda Saw-whet Owl
Aves Alectroenas nitidissimus Mauritius Blue-pigeon
Aves Alectroenas payandeei Rodrigues Blue-pigeon
Aves Alopecoenas ferrugineus Tanna Ground-dove
Aves Alopecoenas salamonis Thick-billed Ground-dove
Aves Alopochen kervazoi Reunion Shelduck
Aves Alopochen mauritiana Mauritius Shelduck
Aves Amazona martinicana Martinique Amazon
Aves Amazona violacea Guadeloupe Amazon
Aves Anas marecula Amsterdam Duck
Aves Anas theodori Mauritius Duck
Aves Anthornis melanocephala Chatham Bellbird
Aves Aphanapteryx bonasia Red Rail
Aves Aplonis corvina Kosrae Starling
Aves Aplonis fusca Norfolk Island Starling
Aves Aplonis mavornata Mysterious Starling
Aves Ara tricolor Cuban Macaw
Aves Atlantisia podarces St Helena Crake
Aves Bermuteo avivorus Bermuda Hawk
Aves Bowdleria rufescens Chatham Fernbird
Aves Bulweria bifax Small St Helena Petrel
Aves Cabalus modestus Chatham Rail
Aves Caloenas maculata Liverpool Pigeon
Aves Camptorhynchus labradorius Labrador Duck
Aves Caracara lutosa Guadalupe Caracara
Aves Chaetoptila angustipluma Kioea
Aves Chaunoproctus ferreorostris Bonin Grosbeak
Aves Chenonetta finschi Finsch's Duck
Aves Chloridops kona Kona Grosbeak
Aves Chlorostilbon bracei Brace's Emerald
Aves Chlorostilbon elegans Caribbean Emerald
Aves Ciridops anna Ula-ai-hawane
Aves Coenocorypha barrierensis North Island Snipe
Aves Coenocorypha iredalei South Island Snipe
Aves Colaptes oceanicus Bermuda Flicker
Aves Columba jouyi Ryukyu Woodpigeon
Aves Columba thiriouxi Mauritius Woodpigeon
Aves Columba versicolor Bonin Woodpigeon
Aves Conuropsis carolinensis Carolina Parakeet
Aves Coturnix novaezelandiae New Zealand Quail
Aves Coua delalandei Snail-eating Coua
Aves Cyanoramphus ulietanus Raiatea Parakeet
Aves Cyanoramphus zealandicus Black-fronted Parakeet
Aves Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Hawkins's Rail
Aves Drepanis funerea Black Mamo
Aves Drepanis pacifica Hawaii Mamo
Aves Dromaius baudinianus Kangaroo Island Emu
Aves Dromaius minor King Island Emu
Aves Dryolimnas augusti Reunion Rail
Aves Dysmorodrepanis munroi Lanai Hookbill
Aves Eclectus infectus Oceanic Parrot
Aves Ectopistes migratorius Passenger Pigeon
Aves Erythromachus leguati Rodrigues Rail
Aves Falco duboisi Reunion Kestrel
Aves Fregilupus varius Reunion Starling
Aves Fulica newtonii Mascarene Coot
Aves Gallinula nesiotis Tristan Moorhen
Aves Gerygone insularis Lord Howe Gerygone
Aves Haematopus meadewaldoi Canarian Oystercatcher
Aves Hemignathus ellisianus Greater Akialoa
Aves Hemignathus obscurus Lesser Akialoa
Aves Hemignathus sagittirostris Greater Amakihi
Aves Heteralocha acutirostris Huia
Aves Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii Dieffenbach's Rail
Aves Hypotaenidia pacifica Tahiti Rail
Aves Hypotaenidia poeciloptera Bar-winged Rail
Aves Hypotaenidia wakensis Wake Rail
Aves Ixobrychus novaezelandiae New Zealand Little Bittern
Aves Lophopsittacus bensoni Mauritius Grey Parrot
Aves Lophopsittacus mauritianus Broad-billed Parrot
Aves Mascarenotus grucheti Reunion Owl
Aves Mascarenotus murivorus Rodrigues Owl
Aves Mascarenotus sauzieri Mauritius Owl
Aves Mascarinus mascarin Mascarene Parrot
Aves Mergus australis Auckland Merganser
Aves Microgoura meeki Choiseul Pigeon
Aves Moho apicalis Oahu Oo
Aves Moho bishopi Bishop's Oo
Aves Moho braccatus Kauai Oo
Aves Moho nobilis Hawaii Oo
Aves Mundia elpenor Ascension Crake
Aves Myadestes myadestinus Kamao
Aves Myadestes woahensis Amaui
Aves Myiagra freycineti Guam Flycatcher
Aves Nannococcyx psix St Helena Cuckoo
Aves Necropsar rodericanus Rodrigues Starling
Aves Necropsittacus rodricanus Rodrigues Parrot
Aves Nesillas aldabrana Aldabra Warbler
Aves Nesoenas cicur Mauritius Turtle-dove
Aves Nesoenas duboisi Reunion Pigeon
Aves Nesoenas rodericanus Rodrigues Turtle-dove
Aves Nestor productus Norfolk Kaka
Aves Nyctanassa carcinocatactes Bermuda Night-heron
Aves Nycticorax duboisi Reunion Night-heron
Aves Nycticorax mauritianus Mauritius Night-heron
Aves Nycticorax megacephalus Rodrigues Night-heron
Aves Paroreomyza flammea Kakawahie
Aves Pezophaps solitaria Rodrigues Solitaire
Aves Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Spectacled Cormorant
Aves Pinguinus impennis Great Auk
Aves Podiceps andinus Colombian Grebe
Aves Podilymbus gigas Atitlan Grebe
Aves Pomarea fluxa Eiao Monarch
Aves Pomarea nukuhivae Nuku Hiva Monarch
Aves Pomarea pomarea Maupiti Monarch
Aves Porphyrio albus White Swamphen
Aves Porphyrio caerulescens Reunion Gallinule
Aves Porphyrio kukwiedei New Caledonia Gallinule
Aves Porphyrio mantelli North Island Takahe
Aves Porphyrio paepae Marquesan Swamphen
Aves Prosobonia cancellata Christmas Sandpiper
Aves Prosobonia ellisi Moorea Sandpiper
Aves Prosobonia leucoptera Tahiti Sandpiper
Aves Psephotellus pulcherrimus Paradise Parrot
Aves Psittacara labati Guadeloupe Parakeet
Aves Psittacula exsul Rodrigues Parakeet
Aves Psittacula wardi Seychelles Parakeet
Aves Pterodroma rupinarum Large St Helena Petrel
Aves Ptilinopus mercierii Red-moustached Fruit-dove
Aves Quiscalus palustris Slender-billed Grackle
Aves Raphus cucullatus Dodo
Aves Rhodacanthis flaviceps Lesser Koa-finch
Aves Rhodacanthis palmeri Greater Koa-finch
Aves Sceloglaux albifacies Laughing Owl
Aves Tachybaptus rufolavatus Alaotra Grebe
Aves Threskiornis solitarius Reunion Ibis
Aves Traversia lyalli Stephens Island Wren
Aves Tribonyx hodgenorum Hodgen's Waterhen
Aves Turdus ravidus Grand Cayman Thrush
Aves Turnagra capensis South Island Piopio
Aves Turnagra tanagra North Island Piopio
Aves Upupa antaios St Helena Hoopoe
Aves Xenicus longipes Bush Wren
Aves Zapornia astrictocarpus St Helena Rail
Aves Zapornia monasa Kosrae Crake
Aves Zapornia nigra Miller's Rail
Aves Zapornia palmeri Laysan Rail
Aves Zapornia sandwichensis Hawaiian Rail
Aves Zoothera terrestris Bonin Thrush
Aves Zosterops strenuus Robust White-eye
Reptiles Ameiva cineracea Guadeloupe Ameiva
Reptiles Ameiva major Martinique Giant Ameiva
Reptiles Bolyeria multocarinata Round Island Burrowing Boa
Reptiles Borikenophis sanctaecrucis Saint Croix Racer
Reptiles Celestus occiduus Jamaica Giant Galliwasp
Reptiles Chioninia coctei Cape Verde Giant Skink
Reptiles Cyclura onchiopsis Navassa Rhinoceros Iguana
Reptiles Cylindraspis indica Reptiles Cylindraspis inepta Reptiles Cylindraspis peltastes Reptiles Cylindraspis triserrata Reptiles Cylindraspis vosmaeri Reptiles Hoplodactylus delcourti Reptiles Leiocephalus eremitus Reptiles Leiocephalus herminieri Reptiles Leiolopisma mauritiana Reptiles Pelusios seychellensis Seychelles Black Terrapin
Reptiles Phelsuma gigas Gecko Diurne Géant De Rodrigues
Reptiles Tachygyia microlepis Tonga Ground Skink
Reptiles Tetradactylus eastwoodae Eastwood's Longtailed Seps
Reptiles Typhlops cariei Amphibians Atelopus ignescens Quito Stubfoot Toad
Amphibians Atelopus longirostris Longnose Stubfoot Toad
Amphibians Atelopus vogli Amphibians Craugastor chrysozetetes McCranie's Robber Frog
Amphibians Craugastor escoces Heredia Robber Frog
Amphibians Cynops wolterstorffi Yunnan Lake Newt
Amphibians Incilius periglenes Golden Toad
Amphibians Lithobates fisheri Las Vegas Leopard Frog
Amphibians Nannophrys guentheri Amphibians Phrynomedusa fimbriata Amphibians Plethodon ainsworthi Ainsworth's Salamander
Amphibians Pseudophilautus adspersus Amphibians Pseudophilautus dimbullae Amphibians Pseudophilautus eximius Amphibians Pseudophilautus extirpo Amphibians Pseudophilautus halyi Amphibians Pseudophilautus hypomelas Amphibians Pseudophilautus leucorhinus Amphibians Pseudophilautus maia Amphibians Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi Amphibians Pseudophilautus nanus Amphibians Pseudophilautus nasutus Amphibians Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus Amphibians Pseudophilautus pardus Amphibians Pseudophilautus rugatus Amphibians Pseudophilautus stellatus Amphibians Pseudophilautus temporalis Amphibians Pseudophilautus variabilis Amphibians Pseudophilautus zal Amphibians Pseudophilautus zimmeri Amphibians Raorchestes travancoricus Amphibians Rheobatrachus silus Southern Gastric Brooding Frog
Amphibians Rheobatrachus vitellinus Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog
Amphibians Taudactylus diurnus Mount Glorious Torrent Frog
Fishes Alburnus akili Beyşehir Bleak
Fishes Alburnus nicaeensis Iznik Shemaya
Fishes Anabarilius macrolepis Fishes Aphanius splendens Gölçük Toothcarp
Fishes Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' Fishes Barbus microbarbis Fishes Characodon garmani Parras Characodon
Fishes Chasmistes muriei Snake River Sucker
Fishes Chondrostoma scodrense Fishes Coregonus alpenae Longjaw Cisco
Fishes Coregonus bezola Fishes Coregonus fera Fishes Coregonus gutturosus
Fishes Coregonus hiemalis Fishes Coregonus johannae Deepwater Cisco
Fishes Coregonus nigripinnis Blackfin Cisco
Fishes Coregonus oxyrinchus Houting
Fishes Coregonus restrictus Fishes Cottus echinatus Utah Lake Sculpin
Fishes Ctenochromis pectoralis Fishes Cyprinodon arcuatus Santa Cruz Pupfish
Fishes Cyprinodon ceciliae Villa Lopez Pupfish
Fishes Cyprinodon inmemoriam Charco Azul Pupfish
Fishes Cyprinodon latifasciatus Parras Pupfish
Fishes Cyprinodon spp. Perritos De Sandia
Fishes Cyprinus yilongensis Fishes Empetrichthys merriami Ash Meadows Poolfish
Fishes Etheostoma sellare Maryland Darter
Fishes Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' Fishes Evarra bustamantei Mexican Dace
Fishes Evarra eigenmanni Mexican Dace
Fishes Evarra tlahuacensis Mexican Dace
Fishes Fundulus albolineatus Whiteline Topminnow
Fishes Gambusia amistadensis Amistad Gambusia
Fishes Gambusia georgei San Marcos Gambusia
Fishes Gasterosteus crenobiontus Fishes Gila crassicauda Thicktail Chub
Fishes Lepidomeda altivelis Pahranagat Spinedace
Fishes Mirogrex hulensis Hula Bream
Fishes Moxostoma lacerum Harelip Sucker
Fishes Notropis amecae Ameca Shiner
Fishes Notropis aulidion Durango Shiner
Fishes Notropis orca Phantom Shiner
Fishes Notropis saladonis Salado Shiner
Fishes Noturus trautmani Scioto Madtom
Fishes Pantanodon madagascariensis Fishes Platytropius siamensis Siamese flat-barbelled catfish
Fishes Pogonichthys ciscoides Clear Lake Splittail
Fishes Priapella bonita Graceful Priapella
Fishes Prototroctes oxyrhynchus New Zealand Grayling
Fishes Pseudophoxinus handlirschi Eğirdir Minnow
Fishes Ptychochromis onilahy Fishes Ptychochromoides itasy Fishes Rhinichthys deaconi Las Vegas Dace
Fishes Rhizosomichthys totae pez graso
Fishes Romanogobio antipai Fishes Salmo pallaryi Fishes Salvelinus agassizii Silver Trout
Fishes Salvelinus neocomensis Fishes Salvelinus profundus Fishes Stypodon signifer Stumptooth Minnow
Fishes Telestes ukliva Fishes Tristramella intermedia Fishes Tristramella magdelainae Fishes Tristramella sacra Long Jaw Tristramella
Fishes Xystichromis bayoni
V. EXTINCT IN THE WILD AND POSSIBLY EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500
ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014).
Group Species Common name Category
Mammals Bos sauveli Kouprey CR(PE)
Mammals Crateromys australis Dinagat Crateromys CR(PE)
Mammals Crocidura trichura Christmas Island Shrew CR(PE)
Mammals Crocidura wimmeri Wimmer's Shrew CR(PE)
Mammals Cryptochloris wintoni De Winton's Golden Mole CR(PE)
Mammals Dendrolagus mayri Wondiwoi Tree-kangaroo CR(PE)
Mammals Dipodomys gravipes San Quintin Kangaroo Rat CR(PE)
Mammals Leporillus apicalis Lesser Stick-nest Rat CR(PE)
Mammals Lipotes vexillifer Baiji CR(PE)
Mammals Melanomys zunigae Zuniga's Dark Rice Rat CR(PE)
Mammals Mesocapromys nanus Dwarf Hutia CR(PE)
Mammals Mesocapromys sanfelipensis Little Earth Hutia CR(PE)
Mammals Monodelphis unistriatus Single-striped Opossum CR(PE)
Mammals Murina tenebrosa Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat CR(PE)
Mammals Mysateles garridoi Garrido's Hutia CR(PE)
Mammals Mystacina robusta New Zealand Greater Short-tailed Bat CR(PE)
Mammals Nilopegamys plumbeus Ethiopian Amphibious Rat CR(PE)
Mammals Nyctophilus howensis Lord Howe Long-eared Bat CR(PE)
Mammals Peromyscus guardia Angel Island Mouse CR(PE)
Mammals Peromyscus mekisturus Puebla Deer Mouse CR(PE)
Mammals Phalanger matanim Telefomin Cuscus CR(PE)
Mammals Pharotis imogene Thomas's Big-eared Bat CR(PE)
Mammals Pipistrellus murrayi Christmas Island Pipistrelle CR(PE)
Mammals Pteralopex pulchra Montane Monkey-faced Bat CR(PE)
Mammals Pteropus aruensis Aru Flying Fox CR(PE)
Mammals Pteropus tuberculatus Vanikoro Flying Fox CR(PE)
Mammals Uromys emmae Emma's Giant Rat CR(PE)
Mammals Uromys imperator Emperor Rat CR(PE)
Mammals Uromys porculus Guadalcanal Rat CR(PE)
Mammals Zyzomys pedunculatus Central Rock Rat CR(PE)
Birds Campephilus imperialis Imperial Woodpecker CR(PE)
Birds Cyanopsitta spixii Spix's Macaw CR(PEW)
Birds Eriocnemis godini Turquoise-throated Puffleg CR(PE)
Birds Eurostopodus exul New Caledonian Nightjar CR(PE)
Birds Hemignathus lucidus Nukupuu CR(PE)
Birds Melamprosops phaeosoma Poo-uli CR(PE)
Birds Myadestes lanaiensis Olomao CR(PE)
Birds Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew CR(PE)
Birds Hydrobates macrodactylus Guadalupe Storm-petrel CR(PE)
Birds Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Alauahio CR(PE)
Birds Pomarea mira Ua Pou Monarch CR(PE)
Birds Psittirostra psittacea Ou CR(PE)
Birds Pterodroma caribbaea Jamaica Petrel CR(PE)
Birds Pyrrhura subandina Sinu Parakeet CR(PE)
Birds Siphonorhis americana Jamaican Pauraque CR(PE)
Birds Sporophila melanops Hooded Seedeater CR(PE)
Birds Turnix novaecaledoniae New Caledonian Buttonquail CR(PE)
Birds Vermivora bachmanii Bachman's Warbler CR(PE)
Reptiles Anolis roosevelti Culebra Giant Anole CR(PE)
Reptiles Calamaria prakkei Prakke's Reed Snake CR(PE)
Reptiles Capitellum parvicruzae Lesser Saint Croix Skink CR(PE)
Reptiles Celestus anelpistus Giant Hispaniolan Galliwasp CR(PE)
Reptiles Contomastix vittata
CR(PE)
Reptiles Cynisca gansi
CR(PE)
Reptiles Gallotia auaritae La Palma Giant Lizard CR(PE)
Reptiles Omoadiphas cannula
CR(PE)
Reptiles Pseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis
CR(PE)
Reptiles Rhampholeon chapmanorum Chapman's Pygmy Chameleon CR(PE)
Reptiles Spondylurus magnacruzae Greater Saint Croix Skink CR(PE)
Reptiles Spondylurus monitae Monito Skink CR(PE)
Reptiles Spondylurus spilonotus Greater Virgin Islands Skink CR(PE)
Reptiles Stenocercus haenschi Haensch's Whorltail Iguana CR(PE)
Reptiles Trimetopon viquezi Viquez's Tropical Ground Snake CR(PE)
Amphibians Altiphrynoides osgoodi Osgood's Ethiopian Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Andinobates abditus Collins' Poison Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Andinophryne colomai Carchi Andes Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Aromobates nocturnus Skunk Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Arthroleptides dutoiti Du Toit's Torrent Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Arthroleptis kutogundua Overlooked Squeaker Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Arthroleptis troglodytes Cave Squeaker CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus ardila
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus balios Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus carbonerensis La Carbonera Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus chiriquiensis Lewis' Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus chirripoensis
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus chrysocorallus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus eusebiodiazi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus famelicus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus guanujo
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus halihelos Morona-Santiago Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus lynchi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus mindoensis Mindo Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus muisca La Arboleda Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus nanay
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus onorei
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus oxyrhynchus Rednose Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus pachydermus Schmidt's Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus pastuso
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus peruensis Peru Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus petersi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus pinangoi Pinango Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus planispina Flat-spined Atelopus CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus podocarpus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus sernai
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus sorianoi Cloud Forest Stubfoot Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Bokermannohyla izecksohni
CR(PE)
Amphibians Bradytriton silus Finca Chiblac Salamander CR(PE)
Amphibians Bromeliohyla dendroscarta Greater Bromeliad Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Centrolene heloderma Pichincha Giant Glass Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Charadrahyla altipotens Yellow-bellied Voiceless Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Charadrahyla trux Spine-fingered Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Chiropterotriton magnipes Big-footed Salamander CR(PE)
Amphibians Colostethus jacobuspetersi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Conraua derooi Togo Slippery Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor anciano Corquin Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor angelicus Angel Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor coffeus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor cruzi Cruz Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor emleni
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor fecundus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor gulosus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor obesus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor olanchano
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor omoaensis
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor polymniae Sierra Juarez Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor stadelmani
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor trachydermus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Cryptobatrachus nicefori
CR(PE)
Amphibians Ecnomiohyla echinata Oaxacan Fringe-limbed Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus eneidae Villalba Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides La Visite Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Karl's Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus orcutti Arntully Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus schmidti Schmidt's Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus Foothill Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Gastrotheca lauzuricae La Siberia Marsupial Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Holoaden bradei Itatiaia Highland Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyla heinzsteinitzi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyloscirtus chlorosteus Parjacti Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyloxalus edwardsi Edwards' Rocket Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyloxalus ruizi Ruiz's Rocket Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Hypsiboas cymbalum
CR(PE)
Amphibians Incilius fastidiosus Pico Blanco Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Isthmohyla debilis Isla Bonita Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Lithobates omiltemanus Guerreran Leopard Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Lithobates pueblae
CR(PE)
Amphibians Lithobates tlaloci Tlaloc's Leopard Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Litoria castanea Yellow-spotted Tree Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Litoria piperata Peppered Tree Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Mannophryne neblina
CR(PE)
Amphibians Melanophryniscus peritus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Oedipina paucidentata El Empalme Worm Salamander CR(PE)
Amphibians Oreobates zongoensis
CR(PE)
Amphibians Parhoplophryne usambarica Amani Forest Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Peltophryne fluviatica Hispaniolan Crestless Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Philautus jacobsoni
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla calvicollina Cerro Pelón Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla celata Oaxaca Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla cembra
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla cyanomma Blue-eyed Aquatic Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla ephemera
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla hazelae Hazel's Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla siopela Voiceless Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla thorectes Adler's Mottled Treefrog CR(PE)
Amphibians Pristimantis bernali Argelia Robber Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Proceratophrys moratoi Botucatu Escuerzo CR(PE)
Amphibians Prostherapis dunni
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea ahuitzotl
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea anitae
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea aquatica Aquatic Salamander CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl Cofre de Perote Salamander CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea praecellens
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea unguidentis
CR(PE)
Amphibians Rhinella rostrata
CR(PE)
Amphibians Rhinoderma rufum
CR(PE)
Amphibians Scutiger maculatus Piebald Alpine Toad CR(PE)
Amphibians Telmatobius cirrhacelis Loja Water Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Telmatobius niger Black Water Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Telmatobius vellardi Vellard's Water Frog CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius infernalis Atoyac Minute Salamander CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius minydemus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius munificus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius narismagnus San Martin Pigmy Salamander CR(PE)
Amphibians Vandijkophrynus amatolicus Amatola Toad CR(PE)
Fishes Acanthobrama centisquama Long-spine Bream CR(PE)
Fishes Acanthobrama tricolor Damascus Bream CR(PE)
Fishes Acipenser dabryanus Yangtze Sturgeon CR(PE)
Fishes Acipenser naccarii Adriatic Sturgeon CR(PE)
Fishes Alosa vistonica
CR(PE)
Fishes Anabarilius qiluensis
CR(PE)
Fishes Anabarilius yangzonensis
CR(PE)
Fishes Azurina eupalama Galápagos Damsel CR(PE)
Fishes Balantiocheilos ambusticauda Siamese Bala-shak CR(PE)
Fishes Barbodes bovanicus Bovany Barb CR(PE)
Fishes Caecocypris basimi Haditha Cavefish CR(PE)
Fishes Carcharhinus hemiodon Pondicherry Shark CR(PE)
Fishes Cobitis kellei Diyarbakir Spined Loach CR(PE)
Fishes Coregonus hoferi
CR(PE)
Fishes Coregonus reighardi Shortnose Cisco CR(PE)
Fishes Cyprinus barbatus
CR(PE)
Fishes Cyprinus ilishaestomus
CR(PE)
Fishes Cyprinus micristius Dianchi Carp CR(PE)
Fishes Cyprinus qionghaiensis
CR(PE)
Fishes Cyprinus yunnanensis
CR(PE)
Fishes Fundulopanchax powelli
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis aelocephalus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis antleter
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis apogonoides
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis argenteus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis barbarae
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis bareli
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis brownae
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis cassius
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis cinctus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis cnester
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis coprologus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis crassilabris
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis crocopeplus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis dentex
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis dichrourus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis flavipinnis
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis granti
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis guiarti
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis heusinkveldi
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis hiatus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis iris
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis ishmaeli
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis katunzii
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis longirostris
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis macrognathus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis martini
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis michaeli
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis microdon
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis mylergates
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis nanoserranus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis pancitrinus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis parvidens
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis percoides
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis perrieri
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis plutonius
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis ptistes
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis pyrrhopteryx
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis sp. nov. 'micro-obesus'
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis sphex
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis sulphureus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis teegelaari
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis theliodon
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis ushindi
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis victorianus
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis vonlinnei
CR(PE)
Fishes Haplochromis xenostoma
CR(PE)
Fishes Hemibagrus punctatus Nilgiri Mystus CR(PE)
Fishes Hypselobarbus pulchellus
CR(PE)
Fishes Knipowitschia cameliae Danube Delta Dwarf Goby CR(PE)
Fishes Pantanodon sp. nov. 'Manombo'
CR(PE)
Fishes Paraschistura chrysicristinae Diyarbakır Loach CR(PE)
Fishes Parapsilorhynchus prateri Deolali Minnow CR(PE)
Fishes Poropuntius chonglingchungi
CR(PE)
Fishes Psephurus gladius Chinese Paddlefish CR(PE)
Fishes Pseudophoxinus sojuchbulagi Akstafa Spring Roach CR(PE)
Fishes Pseudophoxinus syriacus Barada Spring Minnow CR(PE)
Fishes Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi Syr-darya Shovelnose Sturgeon CR(PE)
Fishes Puntius compressiformis
CR(PE)
Fishes Puntius deccanensis Deccan Barb CR(PE)
Fishes Schistura nasifilis
CR(PE)
Fishes Schistura tenura
CR(PE)
Fishes Sciaena callaensis
CR(PE)
Fishes Stiphodon discotorquatus
CR(PE)
Fishes Urolophus javanicus Java Stingaree CR(PE)
Fishes Xenoclarias eupogon Lake Victoria Deepwater Catfish CR(PE)