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![Page 1: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Superconductivityand
Electric Power
Paul M. GrantStrategic Science & Technology
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, California USA
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Credits
• ASC• IGC• LANL• EPRI• DOE
• MIT• Stanford• UW/ASC• TCSUH• ORNL
![Page 3: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Agenda
• Prelude– Why electricity is good for you– Aspects of Transmission/Distribution systems
• High Temperature Superconductors– What they are (layered CuO perovskites)– Materials issues related to wire
• Closure– Cables and Transformers– A pipe dream– Advice from some good old boys
![Page 4: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Electricity & Quality of Life
Emerging
Developing
DevelopedFSUs
log [ per capita GDP ]
log
[ p
er c
apit
a E
lect
rici
ty G
ener
atio
n ]
Persian Gulf
• Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world
• Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century
![Page 5: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Electricity &
Energy Conservation
E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)
E/GNP ratio
Electricityfraction
Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
50
40
30
20
10
150
130
110
90
70
50
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Electricity:A Life Necessity
• Infrastucture is ageing
• T&D load growing• New technology
needed for re-regulated electricity
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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The Electricity Paradigm
• Generation/Storage– Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical– “Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)
• Transmission/Distribution– Overhead & Underground– ac & dc (FACTS)
• End Use– Industrial (Motors, Thermal)– Residential (Lighting, Appliances)
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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“Re-regulation”
EPRI1980 1990 1980 1990
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Explosive Growth in Explosive Growth in Bulk Power TransactionsBulk Power Transactions
Billions of DollarsBillions of Dollars
Four-fold increase in a decadeFour-fold increase in a decade
EPRIEPRI
• Where does the power go? (simulation)
• How do you get it there? (power electronics)
• How much can you carry ? (superconductivity)
![Page 9: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity
H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)
A Big Surprise!
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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TC vs. Year: The Past
0
5
10
15
20
25
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980Year
Te
mp
era
ture
(K
)
Hg
Pb
NbN V3Si
Nb3Sn
Nb3Ge
Cubic Metals
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 Superconductivity:
High-Tc Surprise!
Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200
Tem
perature, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
High-T
C
164 K
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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1987:“The Prize!”
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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The Structure of “123”
IBM Almaden, March 1987
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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Memories of Rio, 1988
Houston, 8 Years Later
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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The Electricity Paradigmand Superconductivity
• Generation/Storage– Generators, SMES, Flywheels
• Transmission/Distribution– Cables, Transformers, FCLs
• Delivery/End Use– Motors, Electromagnets
All Depend on Wire!
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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BSCCO OPIT/Ag Process
ASC Wire Forming Process
Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. Rolling
1. PowderPreparation
Billet Packing& Sealing
Deformation& Processing
Oxidation -Heat Treat
2.
3.
4.
Wire is the electrical commodity
![Page 17: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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97 BSCCO OPIT/Ag Tape
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Malozemoff’s Law
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
J c (
kA/c
m2 a
t 77
K, 0
T)
1990 1992 199519941991 1993 1996
ASC Short RolledMultifilamentBSCCO-2223/Ag
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
Lorentzforce
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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FLorentzMoving Vortex Lattice
(elastic flow)
(plastic flow)
(moving liquid)
H
T
HC2
HC1
TC
Normal State
Meissner State
Vortex Liquid
Mag
net
ic F
ield
Static Phase Diagram
Vortex Glass
Bose Glass
Polymer Glass
Vortex Lattice
Vortex Matter
![Page 21: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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97 Hg-1212:
Hg Fission Splay Defects
• L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature
• World record Hirr at 77 K in Hg-1212
• Hg-1212 Prototype Tapes made at TCSUH
• Potential for high-field magnet inserts
![Page 22: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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97 BSCCO OPIT/Ag
Tape: E-J Characteristic
Typical E vs J Power Law
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
0 25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm^2)
E (
V/c
m)
E = aJn
n = 15
T = 77 K
E = 1 V/cm
![Page 23: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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Difference :E/J
Difference Resistivity
1.0E-131.0E-121.0E-111.0E-101.0E-091.0E-081.0E-071.0E-06
25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm2)
E (
v/c
m)
2.0E-11
+ 2.4E-07 Aluminum*
*Aluminum @ (E=1V/cm, J=250A/cm2)
= E/J
T = 77 K
![Page 24: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
SI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSI MPÓSI O FURNAS- EBSSUPERCONDUTI VI DADESUPERCONDUTI VI DADE 26
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Homework Problem
• MRI/SMES Proto-Solenoid– Diameter = 1m; Length = 5m– Wire Diameter = 1mm; #Turns = 5000– Wire Length = 15.7km; Inductance = 4.95H
• Operation Parameters– I = 392.5A (J = 50,000A/cm2); V = 1.57V– “R” = 0.004 (J = 50,000A/cm2, E = 1V/cm)– E = 0.38MJ; B = 0.49T; P = 616W
![Page 25: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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97 Solenoid Loop
Current:t > t0
L
R(I)
I(t)
bI LdIdt
0
I(t)b(n 1)
L(t t ) I
n
0 01 n
11 n
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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“Persistent” Current Decay
Persistent Current Decay
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1.0E-01 1.0E+01 1.0E+03 1.0E+05 1.0E+07t (sec)
I (A
)
B = 0.50 T
B = 0.25 T12 Days
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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HTSC Wire C/P Specs
V = f ( I , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
w h e r e V = v o l t a g e d r o p p e r u n i t l e n g t h , I = c u r r e n t , T = t e m p e r a t u r e , B = m a g n e t i c f i e l d , = c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , = f r e q u e n c y , A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , l = w i r e l e n g t h .
C / P = $ / I l = $ / l g ( V , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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97
Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape
JC(B,T), B||ab
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.008.00 9.00
10.00
85
70
50200
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc(B
,T)/
Jc(0
,77)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||ab
85777064503520
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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97 Bi-2223 OPIT/Ag Tape
JC(B,T), B||c
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.009.00 10.00
2050
70
85
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc
(B,T
)/J
c(0
,77
)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||c
20355064707785
![Page 30: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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“JE(77 K)”
COST/PERFORMANCE FOR COMMON WIRE METALS AT 15 MW/CCDISSIPATIONa
D Price JEV JE
W C/PMetal cm g/cm3 ¢/g A/cm2 A/cm2 $/kAm
Cu 2.510-7 8.92 0.20 4.00 245 7.21Al 2.410-7 2.70 0.15 4.17 250 1.66Ag 2.910-7 10.5 15.3 3.45 227 705
aPower dissipation defined as equivalent to an HTSC wire transporting 15,000 A/cm2 sustaining a voltage drop of 1V/cm, or 15 mW/cm3. JE
V is the volume equivalentcurrent density with respect to the HTSC wire, and JE
W
the power dissipation equivalent.
DOE Target:• $10/kAm• 77 K• “Self Field
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Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
27 November 1997
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97
BSCCO OPIT/Ag :Ag Component, C/P
• Assumptions/Costs– Tape Dimensions: 5 mm 0.5 mm– 50% HTSC Fill Factor
– IC = 100 A
– Ag Cost = $0.153/gm
• Ag C/P = $20/kAm
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JC Paths in BSCCO OPIT/Ag
Polarized Micrograph
Magneto-Optic Image
JC Paths> 3.6 > 3.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22
> 2.6 > 2.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22
> 1.6 > 1.6 10 1055 A/cm A/cm22
> 0 A/cm> 0 A/cm22
![Page 33: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
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ConventionalCable-in-Conduit
• Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia)
• Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan
• Easy to retrofit
![Page 34: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
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Steel Pipe
SS Shield & Slider
Corrugated SS Tubes Insulation
Dielectric
HTSC TapesSS Former
LN2
LN2LN2
Vacuum
EPRI/Pirelli: ac/SC/UG Cable
![Page 35: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
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Cryo System
![Page 36: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
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Cable Termination
![Page 37: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
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Tape Specs
![Page 38: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
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Cable Specs
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97 EPRI/Pirelli Cable:
Conductor ac Losses
![Page 40: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
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Summary of Losses
Pirelli RTD CableEstimated Losses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Dielectric Cryostat Eddy Pipe/Shield
Eddy
Cryogenic ac Hysteretic Total
Lo
ss
es
(W
/m c
ct)
ac
Hys
![Page 41: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
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Utility Study #1
South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG)Upscale UrbanNeighborhood
Underground link:115 kV, 1.3 Miles
Only 5% Use
Study Complete: 4/97
![Page 42: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
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Utility Study #2
Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO)Downtown Philly
Concrete Ducts:13 kV, 2 Miles
100 % Use
Study Complete: 5/97
![Page 43: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
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97 Pirelli/EPRI/ASC
Phase II SPI Cable Demo
• Cable Specs– 24 kV, 2000 Arms,”Warm Dielectric”
– 120 meters, 3• Location
– Inner-city substation– Major US utility
• Programmatics– 3 yrs, $5.4 M, 40% DOE, 60% Pirelli/EPRI
![Page 44: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
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Transformers
![Page 45: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
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Layered CuO Perovskites
Y-123 Bi-2223
![Page 46: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
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Irreversibility Field
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97 JC = f(grain
boundary): Y-123
![Page 48: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
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• Biaxially Oriented Y-123
• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL
• EPRI/ASC Alliance to Commercialize
Coated HTSC Conductors
Generation II Wire
![Page 49: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
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Y-123 on IBAD YSZ
![Page 50: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
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97 JC vs. -scan for
Y-123 on IBADed YSZ
![Page 51: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
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97 JC Comparison: Y-
123 (IBAD from LANL)
![Page 52: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
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97 JC Comparison: Y-123
(RABiTS® from ORNL)
![Page 53: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
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97 ASC/EPRI CC Alliance
DeTex Pole FiguresBuffer Layer on DeTex Ni Nonmagnetic DeTex Substrate
![Page 54: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
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97 Rolled/Annealed
OHFCKicuchi Backscatter
Normal to surface
Rolling direction
Kikuchi backscatterYellow boundaries > 8o
Others < 8o
•Reeves/Babcock/LarbalestierUniversity of Wisconsin
•Thieme/ThompsonAmerican Superconductor
<100> || [100] <100> || [001]
![Page 55: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
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Recent IBAD Results50x YSZ IBAD
JC = 330,000 A/cm2
![Page 56: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
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“The SokPlot”
1000 100 10 1 0.11
10
100
1000
10000
Y-123 IBAD
EURUS
Bi-222377K, 0TSiemensTarget
Bi-222377K, 0TNKT Target
"Sokolowski Plot" of HTSC Wire Performance and Cost
NbTi4.2K, 2T
Bi-22124.2K, 0TIGC
Nb3Sn
4.2K, 12-15 T
Bi-222377K, 0TIGC
$1,000
$100$10 $1 /kAm
Op
erat
ing
Cu
rren
t, Ic
(A
)
Cost ($/m)
![Page 57: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
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Wire C/P Market Entry Thresholds
Time
C/P
($/
kA
×m
) Substation Elimination
SMES/FCL/Transformers
70% New UG Cables
![Page 58: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
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Superconductivityfor
Global Electrification
A Vision for the Future
![Page 59: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
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Global Electrification:A Superconductivity
Solution
![Page 60: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
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South America
![Page 61: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
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97 The
SuperconductingElectricity Pipe!
I
-V
Ground
Structural Support
SuperconductingElectricityPipeline
ThermalInsulation
ElectricalInsulation
Superconductor(-V)
Superconductor(+V)
+VI
LiquidNitrogen
• Total Cryo System
• Power: 5 GW dc
• Cost: < Gas, HVDC > 500 Miles
![Page 62: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
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Operating Parameters
Capacity 50 kA, ±50 kV; %GMW
Length 1610 km
Temperature Rise,1 K every 10 km, 65 K,1 W/m heat input
21,600 liters LN 2/hr,100 kW coolers, 120gal/min
Vacuum 10-5
-10-4
torr 10 stations/10 km need200 kW
![Page 63: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
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Gas/HVDC Comparison
Marginal Cost of Electricity (Mid Value Fuel Costs)
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Miles
c/kW
h
LVDC ($5.5/kA-m @ 65K)
LVDC ($10/kA-m @ 77K)
HVDC
gas pipeline
![Page 64: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
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Fathers of Electricity
DiscoverersDiscoverers
PractitionersPractitioners
![Page 65: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
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97 “You can’t always
get what you want…”
![Page 66: Superconductivity and Electric Power P. M. Grant 27 November 1997 Superconductivity and Electric Power Paul M. Grant Strategic Science & Technology Electric.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bfa21a28abf838c95f46/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Superconductivity and Electric PowerP. M. Grant
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“…you get what you need!”