SuperCities and SuperGrids: Teratechnology Energy Societies for an Exajoule World Paul M. Grant...
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SuperCities and SuperGrids:
Teratechnology Energy Societies for an
Exajoule World
Paul M. GrantVisiting Scholar in Applied Physics, Stanford University
EPRI Science Fellow (retired)IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus
Principal, W2AGZ [email protected]
www.w2agz.com
Brown Bag Science Seminar7 April 2006
Ohlone Community CollegeFremont, CA
http://www.w2agz.com/ohlonebbss.htm(Includes Ballads in Celebration of Irish Freedom !)
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Chauncey Starr
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Earth at Night - 2000
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World Population: 1850 - 2100
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Energy/Demographics Timeline
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Enfranchisement of Women
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Industrialization Helps Bring Energy Efficiency
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HDI vs per capita Electricity
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Earth at Night - 2100
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US Energy Consumption (2001)
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US Oil Imports (2003)
US 39%Canada 13%Saudi Arabia 10%Mexico 10%Venezuela 9%Nigeria 4%Iraq 4%UK 3%Norway 3%Angola 2%Algeria 2%Other 2%
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US Natural Gas Imports (BCF, 2003)
22,000
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China-USA Recoverable Coal Reserves (2002)
Million Short Tons Years Left*
China 126,215 273
USA (NA) 280,464 309
• One Short Ton = 6150 kWh
Efficiency Conversion – 40%
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US Electricity Generation - 2005
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China-USA Electricity Statistics (2001)Source (CIA & EIA)
Production Source (%) China USA (NA)
Fossil 80.2 71.4 (15% NG)
Hydro 18.5 5.6
Other 0.1 2.3
Nuclear 1.2 20.0
Annual Producton (TkWh) 1.42 3.72
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China – Installed Generation Capacity
400 GW
USA: ~ 1050 GW
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China “Factoid”
• Current Population: 1.3 Billion Souls
• All want to live like Americans
• Chinese Family Priorities:– (1) TV, (2) Washer, (3) Fridge…– Next an Air Conditioner (200 USD, 1 kW)
• Assume an average family size of three, then…
An extra 500 GW of generation capacity must be added just to keep them cool!
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Diego & Dad at the Great Wall
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Carbon Dioxide
“Greenhouse Gases”
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“More Greenhouse Gases”
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CO2 Emission Sources
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CO2 Sequestration
To sequester CO2 emitted by coal plants inliquid form (300 K, 100 atm) will take up
about 3 times the volume of the coal minefrom whence it came !!
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“Exploding Lakes”
• Hot volcanic rocks beneath lake release CO2 which then gets trapped at lake bottom
• Pressure builds up and lake “explodes”
• In 1986, Nyos carbon dioxide eruption killed 1800 people by asphyxiation
Lake Nyos, Cameroon
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CO2 Emission Scenarios
60 million years ago, the CO2 concentration
in the atmosphere was 7,000 ppmv!
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The End of the Fossil Age(Fossil Fuels Become Fossils)
Year (Modern Era)
Rel
ativ
e U
nits
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The 21st Century Energy ChallengeDesign a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth.
Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible.
…without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!
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A Symbiosis of
Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity
Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants
of Planet Earth
Its Solution
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P.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002
SupermarketSchool Home
Family Car
DNA-to-order.com
Nuclearplant
H2
H2
HTSC/MgB2
SuperCity
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SuperGrid
EPRI White Paper, 2006
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The Hydrogen Economy
• You have to make it, just like electricity• Electricity can make H2, and H2 can make electricity
(2H2O 2H2 + O2)• You have to make a lot of it• You can make it cold, - 419 F (21 K)
P.M. Grant, “Hydrogen lifts off…with a heavy load,” Nature 424, 129 (2003)
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Electrolysis
Faraday, 1833
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Fuel Cell
W. R. Grove, 1845
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Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation
Hydrogen per Day
Tonnes Shuttles Hindenburgs
230,000 2,225 12,787
Water per Day
Tonnes Meters of Lake Tahoe
2,055,383 0.93
The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenariohttp://www.w2agz.com
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Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation
The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenariohttp://www.w2agz.com
Renewable Land Area Requirements
Technology Area (km2) Equivalent
Wind 130,000 New York State
Solar 20,000 50% Denmark
Death Valley + Mojave
Biomass 271,915 3% USA
State of Nevada
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Nuclear Fission
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Atomic Bombs
“A 65-Year Old Technology”
Almost anyone can build one!
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“Light Water Reactor”
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Oklo “Natural” Reactor
• Pu was created 2 billion years ago!
• Reactor produced 100 kW of power for 500,000 years!
• “Waste” has moved less than one meter.
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Diablo Canyon
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California Coast Power
Diablo Canyon
2200 MWPower Plant
Wind FarmEquivalent
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Kashiwazaki Kariwa: 8000 MW
1 mile
Unit 7: 1320 MW ABWR
KK
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Particle/Pebble Nuclear Fuel
…Back
“Pebble”
“TRISO”
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Eskom Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
• Helium gas cooled (Brayton Cycle)– Won’t melt down– Direct turbine drive
• “Baseball” packaged fuel– Continuous fuel replenishment and
removal– Theoretical 100% availability
• Modular Design– Scalable: 100 – 500 MW units– High safety and security factor
• Economical– 1.2 cents/kWh … cheaper than coal
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Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity
Source: INEL & General Atomics
ReactorVessel
O2
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Source: General Atomics
Nuclear “Hydricity” Production Farm
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Yucca Mountain
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JNFL Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant
• $20 B, 5 Year Project• 800 mt U/yr• 1 mt U -> 50 kg HLW
http://www.jnfl.co.jp/english/contact/visitor-center.html
Rokkasho
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Fast Breeder Technologies
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/reactor.html#c5
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“Million Solar Roofs”• Thermal/Photovoltaic
Solar Roofs • Ecologically Gentle
– Everyone has to live somewhere
– Everyone has to work somewhere
– No extra area is required!
• Could provide 10% of urban/suburban electricity requirements
• Downsides:– Sun doesn’t shine all
the time– Therefore storage is
required (H2 ?, Swimming Pool ?)
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Fathers of Cryogenics
Dewar Kammerlingh-Onnes
CH4 112 KO 90N2 77Ne 27H2 20He 4.2
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Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity
H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)
1911: A Big Surprise!
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1986: Another Big Surprise!
Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986
1980 2000
Hig
h-T
C
164 K
La-214
Hg-1223
V3Si
1900 1920 1940 1960 0
50
100
150
200
Tem
per
atu
re,
TC
(K)
Year
Low-TCHg
Onset TC = 40 K !
La-Ba-Cu-O
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1987: “The Prize!”
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Woodstock of Physics NYC, 1987
Physicists’ Night Out!
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“The Great Communicator”
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(((
Models of Electrical Conductivity1900
One Idea:R
T
Just Goesto Zero!
(((
(((
(((
• •e-e-
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The Most Popular:R
T
Freezes Out!e-
Models of Electrical Conductivity1910
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Physics of Superconductivity(1957 – 2006)
+ +
+ +•e-
•e-
Electrons Pair Off!
)/1exp( 14.1 DCT
BCS Equation
(Niobium) K 5.9
,28.0
,K 275
C
D
T
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GLAG
G d rm
i e A i e A a b[ ] [*
( * ) *( * ) * * *] 3 12
1
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(| | )
( / )
/
* *
i f f f
i f f f f f
a b f
A
L
A
A A
A
2 2
2 12
2
12
0
1 0
0
2
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HTSC Tape (AMSC)
70% Silver
Copper: 1000 A ea.
HTSC Tape:3000 A @ 77 K
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Finished Cable
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Puji Substation (Kunming City)
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“Hydricity” SuperCables
+v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #1 +v I-v
I
H2 H2
Circuit #2
Multiple circuitscan be laid in single trench
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LH2 SuperCable
HV Insulation
“Super-Insulation”
Superconductor
Hydrogen
DO
DH2
tsc
Roughly to Scale:• Overall 30 cm Diameter
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SuperSuburb
SuperSuburbHouseholds: 300,000Electricity: 1800 MWHydrogen: 800 MW
SuperNukeelectrons + protons
=> 2600 MW
~ “San J ose” ~ “Diablo Canyon”
250 km
SuperCableVoltage: +/ - 20 kVCurrent: 45 kAH2 Storage: 28 GWhH2 Flow: 2 m/s
SuperSuburbHouseholds: 300,000Electricity: 1800 MWHydrogen: 800 MW
SuperNukeelectrons + protons
=> 2600 MW
~ “San J ose” ~ “Diablo Canyon”
250 km
SuperCableVoltage: +/ - 20 kVCurrent: 45 kAH2 Storage: 28 GWhH2 Flow: 2 m/s => 6.8 kg/s
SuperSuburbHouseholds: 300,000Electricity: 1800 MWHydrogen: 800 MW
SuperNukeelectrons + protons
=> 2600 MW
~ “San J ose” ~ “Diablo Canyon”
250 km
SuperCableVoltage: +/ - 20 kVCurrent: 45 kAH2 Storage: 28 GWhH2 Flow: 2 m/s
SuperSuburbHouseholds: 300,000Electricity: 1800 MWHydrogen: 800 MW
SuperNukeelectrons + protons
=> 2600 MW
~ “San J ose” ~ “Diablo Canyon”
250 km
SuperCableVoltage: +/ - 20 kVCurrent: 45 kAH2 Storage: 28 GWhH2 Flow: 2 m/s
SuperSuburbHouseholds: 300,000Electricity: 1800 MWHydrogen: 800 MW
SuperNukeelectrons + protons
=> 2600 MW
~ “San J ose” ~ “Diablo Canyon”
250 km
SuperCableVoltage: +/ - 20 kVCurrent: 45 kAH2 Storage: 28 GWhH2 Flow: 2 m/s => 6.8 kg/s
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A Canadian’s View of the World
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The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline
1220 km
18 GW-thermal
2006 - 2009
http://www.mackenziegasproject.com
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Electrical Insulation
“Super-Insulation”
Superconductor
LNG @ 105 K1 atm (14.7 psia)
Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K
Thermal Barrier to
LNG
LNG SuperCableDesign for eventual conversion to high pressure cold or liquid H2
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It’s 2050!• The Gas runs out!
• Build HTCGR Nukes on the well sites in the Mackenzie Delta (some of the generator infrastructure already in place)
• Use existing LNG SuperCable infrastructure to transport protons and electrons
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Where there is no vision,the people perish… Proverbs 29:18
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“You can’t always get what you want…”
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“…you get what you need!”