Super Beams
description
Transcript of Super Beams
11
Super BeamsSuper BeamsTakashi KobayashiTakashi Kobayashi
IPNS, KEKIPNS, KEK
’04June 17, 2004Paris
Contents1. Introduction2. “Super beam” experiments3.Summary
Future dream for 10~20years from now
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Conventional neutrino beam with (Multi-)MW proton beConventional neutrino beam with (Multi-)MW proton beam (am (Fact)Fact)
Pure beam ( 99%)≳ e ( 1%) from ≲ e chain and K decay(Ke3) can be switched by flipping polarity of focusing
device
What is (Original) Super What is (Original) Super Beam?Beam?
ProtonBeam
Target FocusingDevices
Decay Pipe
Beam Dump
,K
Strongly motivated by high precision LBL osc. exp.
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Long baseline osc. experimentsLong baseline osc. experiments 11stst phase experiments (Now) phase experiments (Now)
Confirmation of atm. Confirmation of atm. results results K2K(1999~)/MINOS(2005~)/ICARUS/OPERA(2006~)K2K(1999~)/MINOS(2005~)/ICARUS/OPERA(2006~)
22ndnd phase experiments (Now~10yrs) phase experiments (Now~10yrs) Discovery of Discovery of ee appearance appearance Designed & Optimized aft. SK atm Designed & Optimized aft. SK atm ~MW beam w/ ~50kton detector~MW beam w/ ~50kton detector
T2K-I (approved. 2009~)/NOT2K-I (approved. 2009~)/NOA (2009?~) / (C2GT)A (2009?~) / (C2GT) 33rdrd phase experiments(10~20yrs?) phase experiments(10~20yrs?)
CP violation and mass hierarchyCP violation and mass hierarchy thru thru ee app. app. Typically Multi-MW beam & Mton detectorTypically Multi-MW beam & Mton detector 22ndnd phase is critical step to go phase is critical step to go
Classification byG.Feldman @SB WS@BNL
“Super Beam”Experiments
() ()
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ee appearance & CPV appearance & CPV
, a-a for e
]GeV[]cmg[][eV1056.7
325 E
a
Matter eff.:
CP-odd
sinsin
2sin
13
12212
E
Lm
PP
PPACP
Solar
MainMain
MatterMatter
# of signal ∝ sin213 (Stat err∝sin13),CP-odd term ∝ sin13
Sensitivity indep. from Sensitivity indep. from 1313
(if no BG & no syst. err)(if no BG & no syst. err)
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CPV vs matter effectCPV vs matter effect
295km 730km
)( ePP )( ePP
Smaller distance/lower energy small matter effectPure CPV & Less sensitivity on sign of m2
Combination of diff. E&L help to solve.
e osc. probability w/ CPV/matter
@sin2213=0.01
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High intensity narrow band High intensity narrow band beambeam
-- Off-axis (OA) beam ---- Off-axis (OA) beam --(ref.: BNL-E889 Proposal)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Far Det.
Decay Kinematics
Increase statistics @ osc. max.Decrease background from HE tail
1/~ E(GeV)
E(GeV)
E(
GeV
)
5
12
]mrad[
30]GeV[max
E
flux
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Idea of C2GT (CNGS to Gulf of Taranto)Idea of C2GT (CNGS to Gulf of Taranto)
OA-CNGSOA-CNGS Movable underwater Cherenkov det. (r=150m), 2Mt fid vol, L=Movable underwater Cherenkov det. (r=150m), 2Mt fid vol, L=
1,200~1,600km1,200~1,600km ~5,000 ~5,000 CC/year CC/year Disappearance & AppearanceDisappearance & Appearance sinsin22221313~0.008 @90%~0.008 @90% Technology to be established Technology to be established (underwater, light collection, LE PID,…)(underwater, light collection, LE PID,…)
F.Dydak et.al.
EGeV)
Flu
x (m
-2)
e
1
88
Kamioka
J-PARC(Tokai-mura)
T2K-IIT2K-II (0.75MW(0.75MW)4MW 50G)4MW 50G
eV PS @ J-PARCeV PS @ J-PARC OA 2~3degOA 2~3deg EEpeak=0.5peak=0.5~0.8GeV~0.8GeV L=295kmL=295km Hyper KamiokandeHyper Kamiokande ~360k ~360k CC/yr CC/yr 1313, CPV, CPV Small matter effectSmall matter effect OAB2.0deg
OAB2.5degOAB3.0deg
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J-PARCJ-PARC(Japan Proton Accelerator Research (Japan Proton Accelerator Research
Complex)Complex)
Linac
3GeV PS
50G
eV P
S(0
.75M
W)
N
FD
Neutrino Beam Line
To SK
Pacific Ocean
(formerly known as JHF) Construction: 2001~2007Construction: 2001~2007 0.75MW 50GeV-PS0.75MW 50GeV-PS Possible upgrade to 4MWPossible upgrade to 4MW
Preliminary study donePreliminary study done Rep. rate x 2.5Rep. rate x 2.5
Double RF cavities (space OK)Double RF cavities (space OK) Eliminate idling time in acc. Eliminate idling time in acc.
cyclecycle Double # of circulating protonsDouble # of circulating protons
““barrier bucket method” to barrier bucket method” to avoid space charge limitavoid space charge limit
IssuesIssues Achieve first goal (0.75MW)Achieve first goal (0.75MW) Beam lossBeam loss Target,…Target,…(these apply also for other (these apply also for other
projects)projects)
1010
J-PARCJ-PARC
TOKYO
KEK
JAERI
NARITA
KAMIOKA
December, 2003
1111
2 detectors×48m × 50m ×250m, Total mass = 1 Mton
Far Detector: Hyper-KamiokandeFar Detector: Hyper-Kamiokande
12T.Kobayashi (KEK)
Sensitivity for Sensitivity for 1313
sin2213~0.006 (90%)
sinsin22221313 < 10 < 10-3-3 can be searched if syst err ~ few % can be searched if syst err ~ few %
0.5xsin2213
sin2213~0.018 (3)
1313
/ / CC interaction spectrum for CPV CC interaction spectrum for CPV meas.meas.
Wrong sign BG(x10 case)
cross sectiondifference
NC
C(/
100M
eV/2
2.5k
t/ye
ar)
: 2 years: 6.8 years
1414
sin2213=0.02
Very PreliminaryExpected signal and BG (SK full sim)Expected signal and BG (SK full sim)
signal background
=0 =/2 total e e
e 536 229 913 370 66 450 26
e 536 790 1782 399 657 297 430
m212=6.9x10-5eV2
m322=2.8x10-3eV2
12=0.59423=/413=0.05 (sin2213=0.01)
:2yr, :6.8yr4MW0.54Mt
15T.Kobayashi (KEK)
Sensitivity for CPV in T2K-IISensitivity for CPV in T2K-II
no BGsignal stat only
(signal+BG) stat only
stat+2%syst.stat+5%syst.
stat+10%syst.
CHOOZ excludedsin2213<0.12@m31
2~3x10-3eV2
T2K 3 discovery
3 CP sensitivity : ||>20o for sin2213>0.01 with 2% syst.
4MW, 540kt2yr for
6~7yr for
sinsin
2sin
4 13
12212
E
mACP
m212=6.9x10-5eV2
m322=2.8x10-3eV2
12=0.59423=/4
T2K-I 90%
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Europe: SPLEurope: SPLFrejusFrejusG
enev
e
Italy
130km
40kt400kt
4MW 2.2GeV Superconducting Proton Linac 4MW 2.2GeV Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) @ CERN(SPL) @ CERN
Low energy wide band (ELow energy wide band (E~0.3GeV)~0.3GeV) L=130kmL=130km Water Cherenkov 40Water Cherenkov 40 400kt (UNO) 400kt (UNO) ~18,000 ~18,000 CC/year/400kt CC/year/400kt 1313, CPV, CPV Small matter effectSmall matter effect SPL in R&D, UNO in conceptual designSPL in R&D, UNO in conceptual design
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Mezzetto
Fluxes for SPL beamFluxes for SPL beam
Low energy wide band beamLow energy wide band beam Less NC Less NC 00 BG for BG for ee search search
1818
13
Sensitivity for CPVSensitivity for CPV
sin2213=0.0313(deg)
2 5
(d
eg)
0
-150
150
1919
BNL-HomestakeBNL-Homestake 28GeV AGS upgrade to 1MW (2M28GeV AGS upgrade to 1MW (2M
W) cf current 0.1MWW) cf current 0.1MW Wide band beam (0.5~6GeV)Wide band beam (0.5~6GeV) L=2,540kmL=2,540km Mton UNO (alternative option: LiMton UNO (alternative option: Li
q. Ar.)q. Ar.) ~13,000 ~13,000 CC/year/500kt CC/year/500kt Cover higher osc. maximaCover higher osc. maximaGoalsGoals ee appearance appearance Sign of Sign of mm2323 CPVCPV 1212, , mm1212
Possible w/ only Possible w/ only run at certain pa run at certain parameter regionrameter region
(Ref: Diwan et al., PRD68, 012002, 2003)
2540 kmHomestake BNL
Page 20S. Holmes, Mulit-MW Workshop, May 2004
Brookhaven AGS Upgrade
• Direct injection of ~ 11014 protons via a 1.2 GeV sc linac extension– low beam loss at injection; high repetition rate possible– further upgrade to 1.5 GeV and 2 1014 protons per pulse possible (x 2)
• 2.5 Hz AGS repetition rate– triple existing main magnet power supply and magnet current feeds– double rf power and accelerating gradient– further upgrade to 5 Hz possible (x 2)
200 MeV Drift Tube Linac
BOOSTER
High Intensity Sourceplus RFQ
Superconducting Linacs
To RHIC
400 MeV
800 MeV
1.2 GeV
To Target Station
AGS1.2 GeV 28 GeV
0.4 s cycle time (2.5 Hz)
0.2 s 0.2 s
200 MeV
200 MeV Drift Tube Linac
BOOSTER
High Intensity Sourceplus RFQ
Superconducting Linacs
To RHIC
400 MeV
800 MeV
1.2 GeV
To Target Station
AGS1.2 GeV 28 GeV
0.4 s cycle time (2.5 Hz)
0.2 s 0.2 s
200 MeV
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Detector options: UNO (or Liq. Ar?)Detector options: UNO (or Liq. Ar?)
Highway tunnel
Detector
Perlite insulation
h =20 m
≈70 m
Electronic crates
A. Rubbia
C.K.Jung
440kton fiducial mass
A.Rubbia~100kton
2222
Mass Hierarchy ResolutionMass Hierarchy Resolution
w/ only w/ only running, reversed hierarchy reject running, reversed hierarchy rejected >2.5ed >2.5 level level
with w/ with w/ // running, then >10 running, then >10
Diwan, Mar.2004
2323
Sensitivity on CPVSensitivity on CPV
Diwan, Mar.2004
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Fermilab Proton Driver (PD)Fermilab Proton Driver (PD)
8 GeV synchrotron option8 GeV synchrotron option Original concept (May 2002, FermiOriginal concept (May 2002, Fermi
lab-TM-2169)lab-TM-2169) Large aparture (100x150mm) magLarge aparture (100x150mm) mag
netsnets LINAC 400MeV LINAC 400MeV 600MeV 600MeV MI cycle time 1.87s MI cycle time 1.87s 1.53s 1.53s Net results : MI power of 1.9MWNet results : MI power of 1.9MW
8 GeV superconducting linac8 GeV superconducting linac Recent studyRecent study Direct injectionDirect injection 2MW @ 8GeV & 40~120GeV(MI)2MW @ 8GeV & 40~120GeV(MI) Future flexibilityFuture flexibility Issue: Cost?Issue: Cost?
Replace injector for Main InjectorReplace injector for Main Injector
Increase MI power by x5~6 (2MW) Improve MINOS & NOA sensitivities
2525
~ 700m Active Length
2 MW 8 GeV Linac
X-RAY FEL LAB
Slow-Pulse Spallation Source& Neutrino Target
Neutrino“Super- Beams”
MainInjector@2 MW
8 GeV
NUMI
Anti-Proton
SY-120Fixed-Target
Off- Axis
Also includes upgrades to Main Injector for current and cycle
To Homestake120 GeVand 8 Gev
Potential Flexibility of LINACPotential Flexibility of LINAC
B.Foster and D.Michael, BNL-APS SB WS Mar.04
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NONOA + PD : Mass hierarchyA + PD : Mass hierarchy
G.FeldmanJun.04
2727
HomestakeHomestake
BNLHendersonMine
Fermilab~8m
~200M
~4m
30 m
R m
axim
um o
ff a
xis
120 GeV protaons
8 GeV protons
Another possibility with PDAnother possibility with PD
1290km
A case study for future experimA case study for future experiment with PDent with PD
2MW 8/120GeV PD2MW 8/120GeV PD “4MW” “4MW” WB/OA to Homestake @1290kWB/OA to Homestake @1290k
m (or Henderson)m (or Henderson) EE=0.5~3GeV=0.5~3GeV Cover higher osc maxCover higher osc max 500kt WC or 100kt Liq.Ar500kt WC or 100kt Liq.Ar ~50k ~50k CC/year/500kt CC/year/500kt Studies of physics potential starStudies of physics potential star
tedted
FeHo (Fermilab-Homestake)Beam Line
D.MichaelMar.04@BNL
5yrs
2828
Sensitivities with 500kt Water Sensitivities with 500kt Water CC
D.MichaelMay 04, FNAL
(m2)<1%(sin22)~4%
(90%)
Disappearance
Appearance
100kt Liq Ar could be betterthanks to det. resolutionStudies in progress.
5yrs running
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Summary of (“super-beam”) LBL Summary of (“super-beam”) LBL experimentsexperiments
EEpp(GeV)(GeV)
PowePowerr
(MW)(MW)
BeaBeamm
〈〈 EE
〉〉(GeV)(GeV)
LL
(km)(km)
MMdetdet
(kt)(kt)
CCCC
(/yr)(/yr)
ee
@peak@peak
K2KK2K 1212 0.0050.005 WBWB 1.31.3 250250 22.522.5 ~50~50 ~1%~1%
MINOS(LE)MINOS(LE) 120120 0.40.4 WBWB 3.53.5 730730 5.45.4 ~2,500~2,500 1.2%1.2%
CNGSCNGS 400400 0.30.3 WBWB 1818 732732 ~2~2 ~5,000~5,000 0.8%0.8%
T2K-IT2K-I 5050 0.750.75 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 22.522.5 ~3,000~3,000 0.2%0.2%
NONOAA 120120 0.40.4 OAOA ~2~2 810?810? 5050 ~4,600~4,600 0.3%0.3%
C2GTC2GT 400400 0.30.3 OAOA 0.80.8 ~120~12000
1,0001,000??
~5,000~5,000 0.2%0.2%
T2K-IIT2K-II 5050 44 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 ~500~500 ~360,00~360,0000
0.2%0.2%
NONOA+PDA+PD 120120 22 OAOA ~2~2 810?810? 50?50? ~23,000~23,000 0.3%0.3%
BNL-HsBNL-Hs 2828 11 WB/OAWB/OA ~1~1 25402540 ~500~500 ~13,000~13,000
SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus 2.22.2 44 WBWB 0.320.32 130130 ~500~500 ~18,000~18,000 0.4%0.4%
FeHoFeHo 8/1208/120 ““4”4” WB/OAWB/OA 1~31~3 12901290 ~500~500 ~50,000~50,000
Running, constructing or approved experiments
I
II
III
3030
1.27xm2(L/E) [/2]
T2K-IIT2K-II
K2KK2K
MINOSMINOS
CNGSCNGS
NONOAA
T2K-IT2K-I
C2GTC2GT
NONOA+PDA+PDBNL-Hs BNL-Hs (<5(<5))SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus
1 3 5
osc. maximaosc. maxima
BNL-HsBNL-Hs
C2GTC2GT
NONOAA
MINOSMINOSCNGSCNGS
T2KT2KK2KK2K
SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus
““Graphical” Summary of Graphical” Summary of experimentsexperiments
m2=2.5x10-3eV2
<30GeV
FeHoFeHo
FeHoFeHo<10yrs<10yrs
10~20yrs10~20yrs
<5yrs<5yrs
3131
SummarySummary Next generation “Super Beam” experiments will provide chances Next generation “Super Beam” experiments will provide chances
to clarify whole view of to clarify whole view of mixing mixing 1313 CPV, sign of CPV, sign of mm22, .., .. High precision measurements of parametersHigh precision measurements of parameters
Several experiments are under considerationSeveral experiments are under consideration (Multi-)MW beam + Mton detector (or Liq.Ar)(Multi-)MW beam + Mton detector (or Liq.Ar) Japan: 4MW 50GeV @ J-PARC Japan: 4MW 50GeV @ J-PARC Mt Hyper-Kamiokande Mt Hyper-Kamiokande Europe: 4MW 2.2GeV SPL Europe: 4MW 2.2GeV SPL Mt UNO Mt UNO US-BNL: 1(2)MW AGS US-BNL: 1(2)MW AGS UNO(Liq.Ar)@~2500km UNO(Liq.Ar)@~2500km US-FNAL: 2MW PD/MI US-FNAL: 2MW PD/MI NO NOA/ UNO(liq.Ar)@~1300kmA/ UNO(liq.Ar)@~1300km
Future direction much depend on results from “2Future direction much depend on results from “2ndnd phase” experi phase” experimentsments T2K-I(2009~) and NOT2K-I(2009~) and NOA(if approved)A(if approved)
Let’s do experiments to know Let’s do experiments to know 1313 (2 (2ndnd phase) ASAP!!, phase) ASAP!!, While keeping R&D efforts for future projectsWhile keeping R&D efforts for future projects (while reducing too many meeting!)(while reducing too many meeting!)