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![Page 1: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sun wind water earth life living legends for design
(AR1U010 Territory (design),AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations))
Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong
Drs. M.J. Moens
Prof.dr.ir. C.M. Steenbergen
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl
![Page 2: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Publish on your website:
AR1U010how you could take water, networks, traffic and civil works into account in your•earlier,•actual and•future work.
AR0112calculation and observations of streams in any
location and your design, check your
observations
As soon as you are ready with all subjects (Sun, Wind, Water, Earth, Life, Living, Traffic, Legends), send a message mailto:[email protected] referring your
web adress, student number and code AR1U010 or AR0112.
![Page 3: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
STREAMSWATER
TRAFFICNETWORKS
CIVIL WORKS
![Page 4: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Total amount of water on Earth
1000 km3 salt fresh total m3/m2 mmatmosphere 12,9 12,9 0,025 25sea 1 338 000 1 338 000 2 624 2 624 021land, from w hich 12 957 35 004 47 960 94 94 057
snow and ice 24 364 24 364 48 47 782
subterranean 12 870 10 530 23 400 46 45 891
lakes 85,4 91 176,4 0,346 346
soil moisture 16,5 16,5 0,032 32
sw amps 2,1 2,1 0,004 4
life 1,1 1,1 0,002 2
total 1 350 957 35 004 1 385 960 2 718 2 718 079
![Page 5: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Yearly gobal evaporation, precipitation and runoff
evaporation precipitation runoff evaporation precipitation runoff
sea 419 382 1157 1055land 69 106 37 467 717 250total 488 488 957 957
1000 km3/a mm/a
![Page 6: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Global distribution of precipitation
![Page 7: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
European distribution of precipitation
![Page 8: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Precipitation minus evaporation in The Netherlands
![Page 9: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
European river system
![Page 10: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Soil types and average annual runoff
![Page 11: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Simulating runoff
![Page 12: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Distinguishing orders
1 2 3 4 51
10
100
1 103
Number( )Order
Length( )Order
Order
![Page 13: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Theoretical orders of urban traffic infrastructure
km km km/km2
nominal mesh km/metropolis inclusive density exclusive mv/hdistrict roads 1 72000 2 1,33 1000city highways 3 24000 0,67 0,47 3000local highways 10 7200 0,2 0,13 10000regional highways 30 2400 0,07 0,05 30000national highways 100 720 0,02 0,02 100000
and so on nearly 3.00 2.00 total
![Page 14: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Orders of dry and wet connections in a lattice
![Page 15: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Opening up feather and tree like
Feather like Tree likedensity 29 sections 29 sectionsbifurcation ratio 18 2number of ‘orders’ 2 5
![Page 16: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wat’s efficient?
Feather like Tree likedensity 96 sections 98 sectionsbifurcation ratio 18 2number of ‘orders’ 2 6 or 9
![Page 17: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Forms of deposit
![Page 18: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Meandering and twining
![Page 19: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Twining at R=100km,
meandering at R=30km
![Page 20: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Deltas
![Page 21: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Q by measurement
The velocity v of water can be measured on different vertical lines h with mutual distance b in a cross section of a river. You can multiply v x b x h and summon the outcomes in cross section A to get Q = (v*b*h).
![Page 22: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Data from profile
0 5 104
2
0
hi
Bi
h .
0
1
3
3
1
0
mb .
0
2
2
2
2
2
m
Bi
= 0
i
x
bx
v .
0
1
2
3
2
1
m
sec
height h witdh b velocity v
![Page 23: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Drainage subdivision
i ..0 5
ai
.bi
hi
..1
2b
ih
ih
i 1
A
i
ai
=A 16 m2
Qi
.vi
ai
Q
i
.vi
ai
=Q 36 m3 sec 1
vi
..0 m sec 1
..1 m sec 1
..2 m sec 1
..3 m sec 1
..2 m sec 1
..1 m sec 1
ai
.0 m2
.1 m2
.4 m2
.6 m2
.4 m2
.1 m2
Qi
..0 m3 sec 1
..1 m3 sec 1
..8 m3 sec 1
..18 m3 sec 1
..8 m3 sec 1
..1 m3 sec 1
![Page 24: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Q on different water heights
0 100 200 300 4000
1
2
3
4
m3/sec
m
Mi
H( ),,a B Q
36
,.10 i Q
![Page 25: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Q(height)
Q = 0,0003H8,7398
R2 = 0,9782
0
10
20
30
40
0 1 2 3 4
height in m
dra
ina
ge
in m
3/s
ec
Q = 0,0003H8,7398
R2 = 0,97820,1
1
10
100
1 10
height in m
dra
ina
ge
in m
3/s
ec
Normal representation Logarithmic representation
![Page 26: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hydrolic radius
0 5 100
2
4
f( )x
H
l1
r1
x
P
= l1
r1
j
Xj 1
Xj
2 Yj 1
Yj
2
A( )H .H r1
l1
dl1
r1
xf( )x
R( )HA( )H
P
Cross length (Natte omtrek) by Pythagoras:
Surface wet cross section:
AP
H
Hydrolic radius:
![Page 27: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Method Chézy
The average velocity of water v = Q/A in m/sec is dependent on this hydrolic radius R, the roughness C it meets, and the slope of the river as drop of waterline s, in short v(C,R,s).
According to Chézy v(C,R,s)=CRs m/sec, and Q = Av = ACRs m3/sec.
Calculating C is the problem.
![Page 28: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Method Strickler-Manning
Instead of v=CRs, Strickler-Manning used
v ..R
2
3 s
1
2
n
m
sec
Characteristics of bottom and slopes
from until
Concrete 0.010
0.013Gravel bed 0.02
00.03
0Natural streams:
Well maintained, straight 0.025
0.030Well maintained, winding 0.03
50.04
0Winding with vegetation 0.040
0.050Stones and vegetation 0.05
00.06
0River forelands:
Meadow
Agriculture
Shrubs
Tight shrubs
Tight forest
n
0.035
0.040
0.050
0.070
0.100
![Page 29: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Method StevensInstead of v=CRs Stevens used v=cR considering Chézy’s Cs as a constant c to be calculated from local measurements.So, Q = Av = cAR m3/sec When we measure H and Q several times (H1, H2 …Hk and Q1, Q2 …
Qk), we can show different values of A(H)R(H) resulting from earlier
calculation as a straight line in the graph below.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 141516 1718 192021 222324 2526 272829 303132 3334350
10
20
30
40
.A( )H1 R( )H1.A( )Hk
R( )Hk
.A( )Hk
R( )Hk
H1 Q1
,H
k
m
Qk
m3
sec
A( )H .H r1
l1
dl1
r1
xf( )x
R( )HA( )H
P
Surface wet cross section:
Hydrolic radius:
![Page 30: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Reading Q from H by Stevens
When we read today on our inspection walk a new water level H1 on the sounding rod of the profile concerned we can interpolate H1 between earlier measurements of H and read horizontally an estimated Q1 between the earlier corresponding values of Q to read Q from graph.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 141516 1718 192021 222324 2526 272829 303132 3334350
10
20
30
40
.A( )H1 R( )H1.A( )Hk
R( )Hk
.A( )Hk
R( )Hk
H1 Q1
,H
k
m
Qk
m3
sec
![Page 31: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hydrographs
River with continuous base discharge
River with periodical base discharge
![Page 32: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Using drainage data
Duration line Dataset with peak discharges
![Page 33: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Peak discharges
The peak discharge QT exceeded once in average T years (‘return
period’) is called ‘T-years discharge’.
The probability P of extreme values is called ‘extreme value distribution’.
The complementary probability P = 1 ‑ P’ discharge Q will exceed an observation (Q>X) is 1/T and the reverse P’ = 1 – P = 1 – 1/T. So, the ‘reduced variable’ y = -ln(-ln(1 – 1/T)).
P1
TP' 1 P 1
1
Te e
y
P( )y 1 e ey
T( )y1
( )exp( )exp( )y 1
Now we put in a graph:
and
![Page 34: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Constructing Gumble I paper
T(y) and P(y) Logaritmically Gumbel I paper
![Page 35: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Gumble I paper
![Page 36: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Level and discharge regulators
![Page 37: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Regulation principles
![Page 38: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Retention in Rhine basin
![Page 39: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Reservoirs
![Page 40: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Storage
1
0
)(h
dhhA
When surface A varies with height h storage S is not proportional to height. By measuring surfaces on different heights A(h) you get an area-elevation curve. The storage on any height S(h) (capacity curve) is the sum of these layers or integral
![Page 41: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Capacity calculation
You can simulate the working of a reservoir (‘operation study’) showing the cumulative sum of input minus output (inclusive evaporation and leakage). The graph is divided in intervals running from a peak to the next higher peak to start with the first peak. For every interval the difference between the first peak and its lowest level determines the required storage capacity of that interval. The highest value obtained this way is the required reservoir capacity.
![Page 42: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cumulative Rippl diagram
![Page 43: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Avoiding floodings by reservoirsTo estimate the risk a reservoir can not store runoff long enough you need to know probability distributions of daily discharge.
![Page 44: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Water management and hygiene
![Page 45: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Strategies
![Page 46: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Lowlands with spots of recognisable water management
![Page 47: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Water managemant tasks in lowlands
05 Urban hydrology 06 Sewerage 07 Re-use of water 08 High tide management
09 Water management 10 Biological management 11 Wetlands 12 Water quality management
13 Bottom clearance 14 Law and organisation 15 Groundwater management 16 Natural purification
01 Water structuring 02 Saving water 03 Water supply and purificatien 04 Waste water management
![Page 48: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Water management map
![Page 49: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Overlay of observation points
![Page 50: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Overlay of water supply
![Page 51: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Need of drainage and flood control
Flooding of a canal in Delft Deep canal in Utrecht
![Page 52: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Wet and dry functions
![Page 53: Sun wind water earth life living legends for design (AR1U010 Territory (design), AR0112 Civil engineering (calculations)) Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517b07855034645368b5f47/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Area of lowlands with drainage and flood control problems
x1000 km2 1 crop 2 crops 3 crops TotalNorth America 170 210 30 400Centra America 20 190 210South America 60 290 1210 1560Europe 830 50 880Africa 300 1620 1920South Asia 10 460 580 1050North and Central Asia 1650 520 20 2190South-East Africa 530 530Australia 310 120 430
9170
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Levels in lowland
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Pumping stations in The Netherlands
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Drainage by one to three pumping stations
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A ‘row of windmills’ (‘molengang’)
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One way sluice
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The belt (‘boezem’) system of Delfland
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Rising outside water levels and dropping ground levels
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Polders
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Distance between trenches
The necessary distance L between smallest ditches or drain pipes is determined by precipation q [m/24h], the maximally accepted height h [m] of ground water above drainage basis between drains and by soil characteristics. Soil is characterised by its permeability k [m/24h]. A simple formula is L=2(2Kh/q).
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Soil permeability
Type of soilgravel
coarse sand with gravel 100 1000corse sand, frictured clay
in new polders10 100
middle fine sand 1 10very fine sand 0.2 1
sandy claypeat, heavy clayun-ripened clay 0.00001
Permeability k in m/24h>1000
0.10.01
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Hooghoudt formula
A simple formula is L=2(2Kh/q). If we accept h=0.4m and several times per year precipitation is 0.008m/24h, supposing k=25m/24h the distance L between ditches is 100m. However, the permeability differs per soil layer. To calculate such differences more precise we need the Hooghoudt formula desribed by Ankum (2003).
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Plot division in polders
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Closed sluices
Uitwateringssluis Inlaatsluis
Ontlastsluis Keersluis
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Open sluicesUitwateringssluis
IrrigatiesluisOntlastsluis
Inlaatsluis
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Sluices
Ontlastsluis
Spuisluis Inundatiesluis
Damsluis
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Weirs
Schotbalkstuw Schotbalkstuw met wegklapbare aanslagstijl
Naaldstuw Automatische klepstuw
Dakstuw Dubbele Stoneyschuif
Wielschuif rechtstreeks ondersteund door jukken
Wielschuif via losse stijlen ondersteund door jukken
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Locks
Schutsluis Dubbelkerende schutsluis
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Locks
Schutsluis Dubbelkerende schutsluis
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Locks
Schutsluis Dubbelkerende schutsluis
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Tweelingsluis Schachtsluis Driewegsluis
Sluis met verbrede kolk Bajonetsluis
LocksGekoppelde sluis
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Entrance and exit constructions
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Coastal protection
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Delta project constructions