Photovoltaics · SUN HEAT CSP Nuclear Geothermal Biomass Fossil fuels Biofuels Boiler Turbine Hydro...
Transcript of Photovoltaics · SUN HEAT CSP Nuclear Geothermal Biomass Fossil fuels Biofuels Boiler Turbine Hydro...
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Photovoltaics
Conversion of light to electricity
Energy
ITP / NYU / Feddersen
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REVIEW
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Review
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Review
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HEATSUN
CSP
Nuclear
Geothermal
Biomass
Fossil fuels
Biofuels Boiler Turbine KE
Engines/Transport
Gen
Review
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HEATSUN
CSP
Nuclear
Geothermal
Biomass
Fossil fuels
Biofuels Boiler Turbine
HydroWeather
Wind
Tides
KE
Engines/Transport
Gen
Review
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HEATSUN
CSP
Nuclear
Geothermal
Biomass
Fossil fuels
Biofuels Boiler Turbine
HydroWeather
Wind
Tides
KE
Engines/Transport
Gen
Piezo
Chemical
TC
Review
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HEATSUN
CSP
Nuclear
Geothermal
Biomass
Fossil fuels
Biofuels Boiler Turbine
HydroWeather
Wind
Tides
KE
Engines/Transport
Gen
Piezo
Chemical
TC
PV
Review
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OVERVIEW
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4.2 billion kg of H -> Energy / secondso 3.85 x 1026 Watts (385 yottawatts!)
Solar constant in space at Earth locale: 1368 W/m2
Distributed over Earth’s sphere: 342 W/m2
Average insolation (after reflection and absorption): 170 W/m2
Global solar energy input:87 PW (~7000x fossil fuel use)
source: SmilOverview
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PV works! Enabling technology for telecom and space exploration
MER originally planned for ~90 sols, have operated for over 2000.140W GaAs/Ge cells
Overview
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Terrestrial applications
Overview
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Fishermen in Kenya attracting shrimp w/ solar-charged lights (photo:Siemens)
Overview
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Small and large commercial applications
Overview
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Source: http://www.energyandcapital.com/Inset: Big Allis, first 1GW generator, in Queens.
Grid-ti
ed
Overview
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20GW
30GW
40GW
50GW
60GW
2009:22GW
2010:40GW
2011:67GW
GTMedia, wikipedia Overview
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BASICS
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Photovoltaic materials directly convert light into electricity.
Most semiconductors (including LEDs) do this to some extent.
Source: http://www.imagesco.com/
All PV is similar in that:
Basics
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Source: http://www.imagesco.com/ Basics
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Cell:Single piece of PV material. Voltage dependent on semiconductor type, current on surface area.
Basics
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Module:Multiple cells arranged in series and parallel groups to achieve desired voltage and current.
Basics
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Array:Multiple modules arranged in series and parallel groups to achieve desired voltage and current.
Basics
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Basics
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Basics
Metrics we care about are:Rated performance - “Watts-peak” under standardized conditions
Open Circuit (OC) Voltage- voltage measured with no load
Short Circuit (SC) Current- current through short circuit
And of course, cost...
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Basics
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DIFFERENCES
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Different types of PV are distinguished by:- Form of material (e.g. crystalline or thin film)
- Type of material (Si vs. CIGS vs...)
- Number of layers (“junctions”)
Different types will have varying efficiencies under different conditions, and widely-ranging associated costs.
Differences
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Monocrystalline Si ingot and cell
Circa 300 um thick Si layer
Differences
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Polycrystalline Si ingot and cell
Circa 300 um thick Si layer
Differences
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Amorphous or thin film PV
Circa 30 um thick Si layer
Differences
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Source: DOE NREL Differences
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Source: Cleanenergy Differences
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Differences
For later:Balance of systemTracking methodsConcentrating systemsSolar lightingSolar thermal
also:Kardashev scaleSpace based solar powerDyson swarms
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For now:Planning a solar powered project
Planning
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Size: Very Small
BEAM circuits. <1W PVs charge capacitors, discharged through resistive loads by voltage monitor ICs. Can be extended to power microcontrollers and other circuits.
Solarbotics Planning
<1W
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Size: Small to MediumCan you directly power what you want? See SolaSystem amplifier from class notes.
If not, and you need to store energy, use consumer small-scale charge controllers and batteries sized to your energy and power budget. Farad-class ultra capacitors are also an option. Consider direct DC-DC converters for loads. See ITP portable solar kits or Solio chargers for examples.
Planning
1-10W
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Size: Medium to large
Use commercial grade modules, battery chargers and batteries. Mature products exist for off-grid markets. Use inverter as de facto common interface for AC loads.
Planning
>10W
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CASE STUDY
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Case study: Earth Speaker
Solar powered sound installation
Case Study
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Case study: Earth Speaker
Power system prototype: 5x ~4.5V solar modules in series connected directly to a 12V 1.5 F capacitor.
Helped asses time required to charge at locale.
Case Study
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Case study: Earth SpeakerLoad prototype. Tested run-time / energy stored for different frequencies, amplifiers, and speaker configurations.
Speaker
Capacitor
Class-D AmpAudio source
Case Study
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Case study: Earth SpeakerFinal electronics
1x 110F 16V cap
5x 55F 16V caps
Audio sourcesAm
plifie
rs
5V DC-DC converter for logic
Case Study
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What does this do to electricity use?