Sun Dogs

All About Sun Dogs and The Different of That Between the Others Kind of Rainbow

NivaL

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ABSTRACT

Rainbow is caused by light being refracted while entering the

droplet, then reflected on the inside back and refracted again when

leaving the droplet. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of

airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and

airborne dew. There are ten kind of rainbow; there are Classic

rainbow, circular rainbow, supernumerary rainbow, multiple rainbows,

reflection rainbow, monochrome rainbow, fog bow, moon bow, fire

rainbows and sundogs.

Sun dogs, or mock suns, are technically called solar parhelia

(parhelia meaning "with the sun") and appear as bright bursts of light

formed when sunlight passes through ice crystals at the proper angle.

Usually, cirrus clouds in front of the sun produce sun dogs, but other

ice clouds, such as ice fog and diamond dust, may also generate

them. Sun dogs are sometimes so brilliant that dazzled observers

mistake them for the sun. They are often bright white but may show

a partial spectrum of color with the red wavelengths on the edge

nearest the sun. Sun dogs often have comet-like appearance with a

bluish-white tail facing away from the sun.

A sundog is a rainbow-like spot in a cirrus cloud. Light shining

through ice crystals in the cloud makes a sundog, much like light

shining through raindrops makes a rainbow. "They are reddish on

the side facing the sun and often have bluish-white tails stretching

horizontally away from them," say David Lynch and William

Livingston in Color and Light in Nature.

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Preface

Praise to our beloved God because he was makes everything in

this world perfectly. But human isn’t like God, human can’t be like God and

human can’t make something be perfect in this world like God.

Just like the writer, he can’t make something perfect like God, so it

makes him realize that this paper is not perfect because the defectiveness

of the creator of this paper. But, the writer of this paper hope this paper

can be usefully for the reader and with this paper the reader can be more

knowledgeable.

In this chance to the writer like to say thanks for everyone that was

help him to make this paper. Start from parents, friends, and the one that

always be with me and always beside him, our God Jesus Christ.

Tomohon January, 21 2012

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Table of Content

Cover

Abstract

Preface

1. Chapter I

1.1 Background ______________________________5

1.2 Problem formula ______________________________6

1.3 Goals ______________________________6

2. Chapter II

2.1 Rainbow ______________________________7

2.2 Kind of Rainbow ______________________________14

2.3 All about Sundogs ______________________________23

3. Chapter III

3.1 Conclusions ______________________________45

3.1 Attachment ______________________________46

Bibliography

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Chapter I

1.1 Background

Our mighty God was make this world perfectly and unique.

The writers think that all of us know why the anything made by God

is perfectly. If you don’t know why, now you will know the reason.

That’s all because He is the God of might, He can make

anything because He had a power for make it and only He had that.

As the Mighty he can change anything and make something new as

he want.

But He’s not egoist, He was noble so this world looked so

interest. And because of the human’s egoistic, so this world will

damaged. But now, we will not discussed about the egoism of

human, but we will discussed about the powerfully of our God.

There many phenomenon happened in this world because of

Him. Start from the phenomenon on sea, sky, earth, etc. It’s was

beautiful isn’t it?

The example for uniqueness of this world is ―Sundogs‖.

Whereas this is the very beautiful sky phenomenon not even

beautiful, it was very unique because of the halo besides the sun

that makes it look good.

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1.2 Problem formula

What are rainbow and the kind of that?

What’s different between Sundogs and the others kind of

rainbow?

What is Sundogs and what makes it happen?

1.3 Goals

This paper will usefully if the reader understand and pay

attention to all the content in this paper. If the reader does that of

course they’ll have a more information about this.

The writer was make this paper because he’d like everyone

know more about Sundogs and rainbow from the definition of that,

the history and what makes it happen, and the different between

Sundogs and the others kind of rainbow.

With all of that the reader can know many more about

Sundogs.

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Chapter Two

2.1 Rainbow

Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of

sky directly opposite the sun. In a so-called "primary rainbow" (the

lowest, and also normally the brightest rainbow) the arc of a rainbow

shows red on the outer (or upper) part of the arc, and violet on the

inner section. This rainbow is caused by light being refracted while

entering the droplet, then reflected on the inside back and refracted

again when leaving the droplet. In a double rainbow, a second arc

may be seen above and outside the primary arc, and has the order

of its colours reversed (red faces inward toward the other rainbow, in

both rainbows). This second rainbow is caused by light reflecting

twice inside water droplets.

The region between double rainbows is dark, and is known as

"Alexander's band" or "Alexander's dark band". The reason for this

dark band is that, while light below the primary rainbow comes from

droplet reflection, and light above the upper (secondary) rainbow

also comes from droplet reflection, there is no mechanism for the

region between double rainbows to show any light reflected from

water drops.

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It is impossible for an observer to maneuver to see any

rainbow from water droplets at any angle other than the customary

one (which is 42 degrees from the direction opposite the Sun). Even

if an observer sees another observer who seems "under" or "at the

end" of a rainbow, the second observer will see a different rainbow

further off-yet, at the same angle as seen by the first observer. The

rainbow is not at a specific distance, but comes from any water

droplets seen at a certain angle with the Sun's rays. Thus, a

"rainbow" is not a physical object, and cannot be physically

approached.

A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colours; the distinct

bands (including the number of bands) are an artifact of human

colour vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-

white photo of a rainbow (only a smooth gradation of intensity to a

maximum, then fading to a minimum at the other side of the arc). For

colours seen by a normal human eye, the most commonly cited and

remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red,

orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (popularly memorized

by mnemonics like Roy G. Biv). However, colour-blind persons will

see fewer colours.

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Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water.

These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew.

Rainbows may also form in the spray created by waves (called spray

bows) Rainbow after sunlight bursts through after an intense shower

in Maraetai, New Zealand.

Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in

the air and sunlight shining from behind at a low altitude angle. The

most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half the sky is still

dark with raining clouds and the observer is at a spot with clear sky

in the direction of the sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that

contrasts with the darkened background.

The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or

fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by

dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a

moonbow, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on

strongly moonlit nights. As human visual perception for colour is poor

in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white is difficult to

photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as

this would require an angle of view of 84°. For a 35 mm camera, a

lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less wide-angle lens would be

required.

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Now that powerful software for stitching several images into a

panorama is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary

arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames.

From an aeroplane, one has the opportunity to see the whole circle

of the rainbow, with the plane's shadow in the centre. This

phenomenon can be confused with the glory, but a glory is usually

much smaller, covering only 5–20°.

At good visibility conditions (for example, a dark cloud behind

the rainbow), the second arc can be seen, with inverse order of

colours. At the background of the blue sky, the second arc is barely

visible. A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colours—there

are no "bands". The apparent discreteness is an artifact of the

photopigments in the human eye and of the neural processing of our

photoreceptor outputs in the brain. Because the peak response of

human colour receptors varies from person to person, different

individuals will see slightly different colours, and persons with colour

blindness will see a smaller set of colours.

However, the seven colours listed below are thought to be

representative of how humans everywhere, with normal colour vision,

see the rainbow.

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Newton originally (1672) named only five primary colours: red,

yellow, green, blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo,

giving seven colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical

scale.

Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Purple

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2.2 Kind of Rainbow

1. Classic Rainbow

Nature consists of six rainbow colors: red,

orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple.

The intensity of each color may be due to

various atmospheric conditions and the

time (later).

2. Circular Rainbow

Rainbow it really looks like a perfect arc of a

circle (with radius exactly 42 degrees,

according to Descartes), although it is difficult

to see the rainbow because the soil has a habit

of blocking.

3. Supernumerary rainbow

A contrast-enhanced photograph of a supernumerary

rainbow, with additional green and violet arcs inside the

primary bow. A supernumerary rainbow—also known as a

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stacker rainbow—is an infrequent

phenomenon, consisting of several

faint rainbows on the inner side of the

primary rainbow, and very rarely also

outside the secondary rainbow.

Supernumerary rainbows are slightly detached and

have pastel colour bands that do not fit the usual pattern. It is

not possible to explain their existence using classical

geometric optics. The alternating faint rainbows are caused by

interference between rays of light following slightly different

paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops.

Some rays are in phase, reinforcing each other through

constructive interference, creating a bright band; others are

out of phase by up to half a wavelength, cancelling each other

out through destructive interference, and creating a gap. Given

the different angles of refraction for rays of different colours,

the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of

different colours, so each bright band is differentiated in colour,

creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumerary rainbows are

clearest when raindrops are small and of similar size. The very

existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first

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indication of the wave nature of light, and the first explanation

was provided by Thomas Young in 1804.

4. Multiple rainbows

A double rainbow features reversed colours in the outer

(secondary) bow, with the dark Alexander's band between the

bows. Although most people will not

notice it because they are not actively

looking for it, a dim secondary rainbow is

often present outside the primary bow.

Secondary rainbows are caused by a

double reflection of sunlight inside the

raindrops, and appear at an angle of 50–53°. As a result of the

second reflection, the colours of a secondary rainbow are

inverted compared to the primary bow, with blue on the

outside and red on the inside. The secondary rainbow is

fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two

reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is

spread over a greater area of the sky.

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The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and

secondary bows is called Alexander's band, after Alexander of

Aphrodisias who first described it. Very dim tertiary (triple) and

even quaternary (quadruple) rainbows have been

photographed. These are caused by triple or quadruple

reflections of sunlight inside the raindrops. Such rainbows

appear on the same side of the sky as the sun, at about 40°

from the sun for tertiary and 45° from the sun for quaternary

rainbows. It is difficult to see these types of rainbows with the

naked eye because of the sun's glare.

Higher-order rainbows were described by Felix Billet

(1808–1882) who depicted angular positions up to the 19th-

order rainbow, a pattern he called a "rose of rainbows". In the

laboratory, it is possible to observe higher-order rainbows by

using extremely bright and well collimated light produced by

lasers. Up to the 200th-order rainbow was reported by Ng et al.

in 1998 using a similar method but an argon ion laser beam.

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5. Reflected rainbow, reflection rainbow

When a rainbow appears above a body of water, two

complementary mirror bows may be seen below and above

the horizon, originating from different light paths. Their names

are slightly different.

A reflected rainbow will appear as a

mirror image in the water surface

below the horizon, if the surface is

quiet (see photo above). The

sunlight is first deflected by the raindrops, and then reflected

off the body of water, before reaching the observer. The

reflected rainbow is frequently visible, at least partially, even in

small puddles.

Where sunlight reflects off a body of water before

reaching the raindrops (see diagram), it may produce a

reflection rainbow (see photo at the right), if the water body is

large, quiet over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain.

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The reflection rainbow appears above the horizon. It intersects

the normal rainbow at the horizon, and its arc reaches higher

in the sky, with its centre as high above the horizon as the

normal rainbow's centre is below it. Due to the combination of

requirements, a reflection rainbow is rarely visible. Six (or

even eight) bows may be distinguished if the reflection of the

reflection bow, and the secondary bow with its reflections

happens to appear simultaneously.

6. Monochrome rainbow

Occasionally a shower may happen at sunrise or sunset,

where the shorter wavelengths like blue and green have been

scattered and essentially removed from the

spectrum. Further scattering may occur due

to the rain, and the result can be the rare and

dramatic monochrome rainbow. Mostly the

band of 4 colours is not visible (it is too faint

or small to be seen) and in such case only a three colored

rainbow is visible.

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Rainbows under moonlight (Moonbows) are often

perceived as white and may be thought of as monochrome.

Technically, the full spectrum is present but our eyes are not

normally sensitive enough to see the colours. So these are

also classified (on the basis of how we see them) into seven

coloured rainbow, three coloured rainbow and monochrome

rainbow. Long exposure photographs will sometimes show the

colour in this type of rainbow.

7. Fog bow

A fog bow is a similar phenomenon to a rainbow,

however, as its name suggests, it appears as a bow in fog

rather than rain. Because of the very

small size of water droplets that cause

fog—smaller than 0.05 millimeters

(0.0020 in)—the fog bow has only very

weak colors, with a red outer edge and

bluish inner.

In many cases when the droplets are very small, fog

bows appear white, and are therefore sometimes called white

rainbows. This lack of color is a distinguishing feature from a

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glory, which has multiple pale colored rings caused by

diffraction.

The fogbow's lack of colors is caused by the smaller

water drops, so small that the wavelength of light becomes

important. Diffraction smears out colors that would be created

by larger rainbow water drops.

A fog bow seen in clouds, typically from an aircraft

looking downwards, is called a cloud bow. Mariners

sometimes call fog bows sea-dogs.

8. Moon bow

A moonbow (also known as a

lunar rainbow, white rainbow, lunar

bow, or space rainbow) is a rainbow

produced by light reflected off the

surface of the moon rather than from

direct sunlight. Moonbows are

relatively faint, due to the smaller amount of light reflected

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from the surface of the moon. They are always in the opposite

part of the sky from the moon.

Because the light is usually too faint to excite the cone

color receptors in human eyes, it is difficult for the human eye

to discern colors in a moonbow. As a result, they often appear

to be white. However, the colors in a moonbow do appear in

long exposure photographs.

9. Fire Rainbows

Rainbow is not made of fire, the

correct name for this beautiful optical

effect is "circumhorizontal arc". This

phenomenon can be seen only in certain

specific conditions: cirrus clouds, which

act like prisms must be at least at an altitude of 20,000 feet

and the sun should highlight when they were at an altitude of

58-68 degrees. Rainbow Fire was never seen at the site of

more than 55 degrees north or south.

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10. Sundogs

The most commonly seen low in the sky on a sunny

winter day, sundogs created when

the sun shines through ice crystals

high in the atmosphere. Sundogs red

on the inside and purple on the

outside with the rest of the crowded

spectrum in between. The thicker

concentration of ice crystals in the air, getting thicker as well

its structure.

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2.3 All about Sundogs

A sun dog or sundog, scientific name parhelion

(plural parhelia) from Greek παρήλιον (parēlion), meaning "beside

the sun"; from παρά (para), meaning "beside", and ἥλιος (helios),

meaning "sun", also called a mock sun or a phantom sun, is

an atmospheric phenomenon that creates bright spots of light in the

sky, often on a luminous ring or halo on either side of the sun.

The phenomenon is also commonly known as 'Sundog' is

evident in the Gulf of Cowes, Isle of Wight north coast, creating

streaks of colored light-colored intense around the cloud. Sundogs,

or mock suns, are technically called solar parhelia (parhelia meaning

"with the sun") and appear as bright bursts of light formed when

sunlight passes through ice crystals at the proper angle. Usually,

cirrus clouds in front of the sun produce Sundogs, but other ice

clouds, such as ice fog and diamond dust, may also generate them.

Sundogs are sometimes so brilliant that dazzled observers

mistake them for the sun. They are often bright white but may show

a partial spectrum of color with the red wavelengths on the edge

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nearest the sun. Sundogs often have comet-like appearance with a

bluish-white tail facing away from the sun.

Sundogs are the second most frequent halo phenomena

behind the 220 halo and often accompany that halo. The difference

between sun dog and halo formation is the orientation of the ice

crystals through which sunlight passes before reaching our eyes.

Halo formation requires a mixture of random ice crystal orientations

in the sky. But if the sky has only horizontally oriented, flat ice

crystals, we just see a sun dog.

Ice crystals in the atmosphere are hexagonally shaped.

Crystals forming most optical phenomena in the air are typically

hexagonal rods, shaped like pencils, or flat, hexagonal plate patterns,

like microscopic stop signs or dinner plates. When plate-shaped ice

crystals fall unimpaired, drag forces automatically orient them

horizontally so that their larger, flat surface parallels the earth like a

large maple leaf drifting down from a tree.

Sundogs emerge when sunlight passing through the ice plate's

thin side faces is refracted. The more perfectly aligned the falling

crystals are to the horizontal, the more compact the resulting sun

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dog. Crystal misalignment from true horizontal will spread the sun

dog vertically — its angular height being approximately four times

the maximum crystal angular tilt.

Sundogs frequently display a reddish tint on the side facing the

sun and may sport bluish-white tails which stretch horizontally away

from it. The degree to which colors are visible depends on the

amount of wobble in the ice crystal's fall: the more wobble, the more

color. The sun dog's tail is formed by light passing through the

crystal at angles other than the optimal deviation angle.

Sundogs typically appear when the sun is low to the horizon,

usually just prior to sunset or after sunrise, or during winter months

at mid-latitudes. If the sun is low (horizon to about 150 above it),

each sun dog is separated from the sun by 220 (or about two

handbreadth on extended arms), and both will lie on the circle of the

220 halo if one is present.

Sundogs form tightest to the sun at lowest solar altitudes, but

they are never less than 220 from it. As the Sun climbs in the sky, the

Sundogs slowly move away from the 220 separation, although they

remain on the line through the sun parallel with the horizon. When

the sun has climbed to more than 450 altitudes, Sundogs are fainter

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and noticeably off the 220 circle, and they vanish altogether above

610 solar altitude.

If you are lucky, you have seen one; either a simple one or a

complex one. Some claim to have seen the counterpart at night

around the moon. These atmospheric and celestial phenomena

depend on just the right circumstances to manifest. They also serve

as the direct inspiration behind the popular and universal religious

symbol of the cross and circle. The inspiration behind this ancient

symbol is the sundog.

Sundogs typically form when a number of conditions are filled.

The sun is typically close to the horizon at sunset or sunrise and

there is a thin layer of small hexagonal ice crystals in the

stratosphere within cirrus or cirrostratus clouds. Various other

phenomena are associated with sundogs, but the typical sundogs

form on a halo that forms as a result of light refracting through the

ice crystals high in the stratosphere.

The halo itself forms at about 22 degrees from the sun and the

sundogs will appear as a bright circular patch on the halo that is

parallel to the horizon on either side of the sun simultaneously.

Sometimes, there will be a sundog above the sun as well. There may

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also be a tangential arc on the top portion of the halo that curves

upward and away from the halo, as if to form the beginning of a

second halo above the one around the sun. The sun typically has to

be lower than 61 degrees from the horizon for conditions to be right

for the formation of sundogs through high flown ice crystals.

Sundogs look like bright patches of light, sometimes rivaling

the sun in brightness and sometimes they can be confused with

comets, especially when an elongated parhelion (tail) is associated

with them. As comet tails point away from the sun, an observation of

a parhelion can reasonably be confused for a comet. Comets

however, can be on any inclination. Parhelions are always parallel to

the horizon along with the line of the sundogs and sun.

They may or may not come in pairs. This depends on

atmospheric conditions which may not be uniform. Sometimes, one

may notice slight color separation with the reddish part of a halo and

sundog closest to the sun and the bluish part further away. Colour

separation occurs only with refracted sundogs. Sometimes, sundogs

and halo will be all white and this is due to the light reflecting off the

snow crystals instead of refracting through them.

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In the case of a complex display where there are arcs above,

tails on either side as well as the sundogs themselves, a mixture of

various crystals with different alignments produces these

phenomena at the same time. There are two basic configurations

that will scatter sunlight, or moon light into halos and sundogs with

tails and crosses.

When sunlight passes through the sides of the flat hexagonal

crystal, both the angle of the sun’s rays and the orientation of the

crystals affects the shape and color of the sundogs. Misaligned or

wobbling crystals produce colorful and elongated sundogs, while

light passing through the crystal in non-optimal deviation angles up

to 50° produces the "tail" of the sundog stretching away from the sun.

A line often extends through the sun to the sundogs and

extends past in a long parhelion. Sometimes the sundog above the

sun will also be connected with a line. This gives the appearance of

a halo intersected by three crosses and the sun centered on a cross

and is likely the inspiration behind the halo one often sees behind

the heads of painted divinities like Jesus and the saints. As Jesus is

partly derived from a solar deity, this begins to make some sense.

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Look carefully at a typical complex sundog complete with the

rays forming crosses and you will see the three crosses that are

described in the crucifixion scene. Jesus the sun deity is on the

middle cross of light and the two thieves are on either side, also on

crosses of light. Extending the idea of this one can see the

inspiration for ―the light of the world‖ on a cross. This vision

enhances the idea of a solar deity. There is no doubt that other solar

deities of the pre Christian era were also configured with a halo such

as depicted in paintings of Jesus.

Over two millennia ago, the Greeks recognized that haloes

and Sundogs foretold rain. Today we know this is often a valid

prediction, because haloes and Sundogs are produced by ice

crystals that form the cirroform clouds which make up the typical

cloud sequence preceding a precipitating warm front.

There are also moon dogs that appear alongside the moon

and are formed by lunar light passing through ice crystals. Moon

dogs (or paraselenae) are less commonly seen because the moon

can only produce them when bright and because they appear during

the night when most of us are asleep.

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Rainbow ice is formed by sunlight passing through ice crystals

in the atmosphere. Rare event that occurs when a thin cirrus clouds

gather. When the ice crystals appear aligned vertically to create a

rainbow. Photographer Adam Gasson, 30, from Bristol, England,

claimed to be amazed because it had never seen this before.

Sundogs are formed of plate-shaped hexagonal ice crystals in

high clouds and cold Sirus, or can be formed in very cold weather by

a crystal called "diamond dust" floating in the air at low altitudes.

Sundogs are formed when light get in to the prism is nearly vertical

section of the crystal and exit through the other at an angle of

inclination of 60 ° from the angle of incidence.

There is a net refraction (refraction net) of each face and the

dispersion of light into colors. Minimum deviation angle is ~ 22 °;

there is not a single angle of refraction through kristal.Ini related to

the distance from the boundary in the sun while sundogs sundogs

are at a low position.

As the sun crept up, the light through the crystals grow

perpendicularly from the plane horizontal. Deviation angle increases

and sundogs away from the sun. However, the altitude always equal

to the sun. Sundogs red on the side closest to the sun, the more

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distant, and the color becomes orange to shades of blue.

Nonetheless, the buildup of color (color overlap) is more powerful

that never sundogs pure color. The colors of Sundog parhelic

eventually joined in a white circle.

A sundog is a rainbow-like spot in a cirrus cloud. Light shining

through ice crystals in the cloud makes a sundog; much like light

shining through raindrops makes a rainbow. "They are reddish on

the side facing the sun and often have bluish-white tails stretching

horizontally away from them," say David Lynch and William

Livingston in Color and Light in Nature.

Cirrus clouds--those high fleecy white bands or patches in the

sky--are mostly tiny particles of ice. Ice can take on many forms and

shapes. The cloud ice, however, is shaped like hex bathroom tiles or

stubby pencils each no bigger than the tiniest grains of sand. These

ice crystals bend light like a prism, disperse its colors, and cause

sundogs.

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When the crystals line up like tiles on a table, the light shining

through makes sundogs. The horizontal crystals bend the light 22

degrees, say Lynch and Livingston, as the light enters and exits the

crystal. Light colors fan out from the bending and display as a

sundog.

Sundogs are among the most commonly seen sky phenomena,

appearing most prominently when the sun is low. Astronomer

Richard Teske of the University of Michigan said they usually appear

in pairs two handbreadths on either side of the sun when it rises or

sets behind a very thin veil of high cirrus clouds. Hold your arms

straight out to estimate the two handbreadths.

Ice halos are rings and arcs of light that appear in the sky

when sunlight shines through ice crystals in the air. A familiar

example is the sundog—a rainbow-colored splash often seen to the

left or right of the morning sun. Sundogs are formed by plate-shaped

ice crystals drifting down from the sky like leaves fluttering from trees.

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Cowley and colleague Robert Greenler set to work figuring out

what the mystery-column was. Somehow, shock waves from the

rocket must have scrambled the ice crystals to produce the 'rocket

halo.' But how? Computer models of sunlight shining through ice

crystals tilted in every possible direction failed to explain the SDO

event. Then came the epiphany: The crystals weren't randomly

scrambled, Cowley and Greenler realized. On the contrary, the plate-

shaped hexagons were organized by the shock waves as a dancing

army of microscopic spinning tops. Cowley explains their successful

model: "The crystals are tilted between 8 and 12 degrees. Then they

gyrate so that the main crystal axis describes a conical motion. Toy

tops and gyroscopes do it. The earth does it once every 26000 years.

The motion is ordered and precise."

According to Cowley and Greenler, spinning and gyrating

plate-shaped crystals are responsible for the mystery halo. Credit: L.

Cowley. The simulations show that the white column beside SDO

was only a fraction of a larger oval that would have appeared if the

crystals and shock waves had been more wide-ranging. A picture of

the hypothetical complete halo may be found here.

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The phenomenon of Sun Dog (Sundog) is sometimes also

called Parhelion is a phenomenon when we can see a collection of

additional light on both sides of the sun. Sometimes, a collection of

light can look like a ball that makes us think that the sun's light is

extra.

This phenomenon occurs only in very rare atmospheric

conditions. So, if you can see, think of yourself as a very lucky

person. There's no easy way to explain the occurrence of an optical

illusion in the atmosphere. Therefore I will not dwell width and

torment you with the theory that long.

Look, Sun Dog occurs when sunlight shines through the

collection of hexagonal plate ice crystals are arranged horizontally in

the sky which resulted in that light is deflected at an angle of 22

degrees minimum. This process can be likened to the creation of a

rainbow formed by sunlight shining on the water droplets in the air.

This phenomenon can occur anywhere and anytime. However,

it will be more easily seen when the sun is at a lower position on the

Horizon (at sunrise or sunset). At sunrise, the sun will rise higher,

sun Dog will shift from 22-degree angle. When the sun becomes

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higher, Sun Dog was gone. Sun Dog is generally red when he is at

the closest distance from the sun. When he was getting away from

the sun, the color will change to blue lead.

Parhelic Circle is a curved white line through the sun. We can

see it clearly on the tape over. Although it is often just seen a piece,

sometimes, the curved lines can form a perfect circle in the sky.

Parhelic Circle over the Dead Sea, March 7, 2007 - Parhelic form a

perfect circle. Just as the Sun Dog, Parhelic Circle is also formed by

the sunlight that is deflected by hexagonal ice crystals. However, if

we are to get the Sun Dog must have a horizontal hexagonal ice

crystals, then to get Parhelic Circle, hexagonal ice crystals must be

in a vertical or nearly vertical position.

Sun Dog phenomenon can sometimes be seen without

Parhelic Circle as seen on the Sun Dog in the city of Harbin on top,

but can also be seen along Parhelic Circle as recorded in the video

above. In theory, there is a kind of predictable sundogs on another

planet. Mars may have formed sundogs of water ice and CO2 ice.

On the giant gas planet Jupiter range, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune,

there are crystals of ammonia, methane and other substances that

produce halo with four or more sundogs.

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Sundogs are made commonly of plate-shaped hexagonal ice

crystals in high and cold cirrus clouds or, during very cold weather,

by ice crystals called diamond dust drifting in the air at low levels.

These crystals act as prisms, bending the light rays passing through

them with a minimum deflection of 22°. If the crystals are randomly

oriented, a complete ring around the sun is seen — a halo. But often,

as the crystals sink through the air they become vertically aligned, so

sunlight is refracted horizontally — in this case, sundogs are seen.

As the sun rises higher, the rays passing through the crystals

are increasingly skewed from the horizontal plane. Their angle of

deviation increases and the sundogs move further from the sun.

However, they always stay at the same elevation as the sun.

Sundogs are red-colored at the side nearest the sun. Farther

out the colors grade through oranges to blue. However, the colors

overlap considerably and so are muted, never pure or saturated. The

colors of the sundog finally merge into the white of the parhelic circle

(if the latter is visible).

It is theoretically possible to predict the forms of sundogs as

would be seen on other planets and moons. Mars might have

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sundogs formed by both water-ice and CO2-ice. On the giant gas

planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — other crystals

form the clouds of ammonia, methane, and other substances that

can produce halos with four or more sundogs.

History

Greece

Aristotle (Meteorology III.2, 372a14) notes that "two mock

suns rose with the sun and followed it all through the day until

sunset." He says that "mock suns" are always to the side,

never above or below, most commonly at sunrise or sunset,

more rarely in the middle of the day.

The poet Aratus (Phaenomena 880–891) mentions parhelia as

part of his catalogue of Weather Signs; for him, they can

indicate rain, wind, or an approaching storm.

Rome

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A passage in Cicero's On the Republic (54–51 BC) is one of

many by Greek and Roman authors who refer to Sundogs and

similar phenomena:

Be it so, said Tubero; and since you invite me to discussion,

and present the opportunity, let us first examine, before

anyone else arrives, what can be the nature of the parhelion,

or double sun, which was mentioned in the senate. Those that

affirm they witnessed this prodigy are neither few nor unworthy

of credit, so that there is more reason for investigation than

incredulity.

Seneca speaks of them diffusely in the first book of his

Naturals Questions.

The 2nd century Roman writer and philosopher Apuleius in his

Apologia XV says "What is the cause of the prismatic colors of

the rainbow, or of the appearance in heaven of two rival

images of the sun, with sundry other phenomena treated in a

monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse."

Wars of the Roses

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The prelude to the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire,

England in 1461 is supposed to have involved the appearance

of a complete parhelion with three "suns". The Yorkist

commander, later Edward IV, convinced his initially frightened

troops that it represented the Holy Trinity and Edward's troops

won a decisive victory.

Jakob Hutter

Possibly the earliest clear description of a sundog is by Jacob

Hutter, who wrote in his Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a

Time of Persecution:

My beloved children, I want to tell you that on the day after the

departure of our brothers Kuntz and Michel, on a Friday, we

saw three suns in the sky for a good long time, about an hour,

as well as two rainbows. These had their backs turned toward

each other, almost touching in the middle, and their ends

pointed away from each other.

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And this I, Jakob, saw with my own eyes, and many brothers

and sisters saw it with me. After a while the two suns and

rainbows disappeared, and only the one sun remained. Even

though the other two suns were not as bright as the one, they

were clearly visible. I feel this was no small miracle…

The observation most likely occurred in Auspitz (Hustopeče),

Moravia in very late October or very early November of 1533.

The original was written in German and is from a letter

originally sent in November 1533 from Auspitz in Moravia to

the Adige Valley in Tyrol. The Kuntz Maurer and Michel

Schuster mentioned in the letter left Hutter on the Thursday

after the feast day of Simon and Jude, which is October 28.

Vädersolstavlan

The so-called "Sun Dog Painting" (Vädersolstavlan) depicting

Stockholm in 1535 and the celestial phenomenon at the time

interpreted as an ominous presage

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While mostly known and often quoted for being the oldest

color depiction of the city of Stockholm, Vädersolstavlan

(Swedish; "The Sundog Painting", literally "The Weather Sun

Painting") is arguably also one of the oldest known depictions

of a sun dog.

For two hours in the morning of April 20, 1535, the skies over

the city were filled with white circles and arcs crossing the sky,

while additional suns appeared around the sun. The

phenomenon quickly resulted in rumors of an omen of God's

forthcoming revenge on King Gustav Vasa (1496–1560) for

having introduced Protestantism during the 1520s and for

being heavy-handed with his enemies allied with the Danish

king.

Hoping to end speculations, the Chancellor and Lutheran

scholar Olaus Petri (1493–1552) ordered a painting to be

produced documenting the event. When confronted with the

painting, the king, however, interpreted it as a conspiracy - the

real sun of course being himself threatened by competing fake

suns, one being Olaus Petri and the other the clergyman and

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scholar Laurentius Andreae (1470–1552), both thus accused

of treachery, but eventually escaping capital punishment. The

original painting is lost, but a copy from the 1630s survives

and still can be seen in the church Storkyrkan in central

Stockholm.

News notice printed in Nuremberg, describing the celestial

phenomenon of 4th April 1561 in Nuremberg.

Nuremberg, Germany in 1561

Sundogs might explain a remarkable phenomenon observed in

Germany: on April 4, 1561, the skies over Nuremberg,

Germany were filled with a multitude of celestial objects that

were observed by many people in the city. The phenomenon

was described in a News notice (an early form of newspaper)

published in Nuremberg on April 14, 1561, along with a

woodcut by Hans Glaser, depicted to the right.

Influence on Descartes in 1629

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A set of powerful parhelia in Rome in the summer of 1629

caused René Descartes to interrupt his metaphysical studies

and led to his work of natural philosophy called "The World".

Sundog a new phenomenon which is again discussed by the

various communities around world. Sundog's name may have just

heard, but Sundog, or commonly called sundogs, sundog this

phenomenon is common and usually occurs by refraction of sunlight

by ice crystals. Sundog phenomenon usually appears on the horizon

where the sun rises not too far from the horizon or the horizon. The

usual light up on either side, so often seen the sun in spite of having

a smaller size.

A photo of Sundog successful in immortalized by a

photographer from Bristol, Adam Gasson on the northern coast of

Cowes, Isle of Wight, England, who looked on Saturday (3/5/2011)

Sundog lalu.Nama actual time of origin is not mentioned, because

Sundog has the scientific name parhelion. This is a phenomenon in

the atmosphere of the bright spot of light that typically occur when

high rainfall and atmospheric temperature is very cold.

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Sundog phenomena have occurred also in Thailand and

Kazakhstan. In China, the phenomenon of Sundog also never

happened and caused the Earth as if it has four suns.

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Chapter III

3.1 Conclusions

A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon

that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the

Sun shines on to droplets of moisture in the Earth's

atmosphere. It takes the form of a single arc.

Classic rainbow, circular rainbow, supernumerary

rainbow, multiple rainbows, reflection rainbow, monochrome

rainbow, fog bow, moon bow, fire rainbows and sundogs are

ten kinds of rainbow. We are easily can find the classic

rainbow in our daily life. But, the others kind of rainbow are

hardly to find than classic rainbow. Because they are need

some specific places, temperature, weather, etc.

Just like a sundog, sundog needs the specific places so

it can be showed, and sundog is the kind of rainbow that

harder to find. Sundog needs place like Antarctic (North Pole)

or Arctic (South Pole). Sundogs need the places like that

because at that place we can find an ice crystal at the air. Ice

crystals in the atmosphere are hexagonally shaped. Crystals

forming most optical phenomena in the air are typically

hexagonal rods, shaped like pencils, or flat, hexagonal plate

patterns, like microscopic stop signs or dinner plates.

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3.2 Attachment

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Bibliography

http://id.wikipedia.org

http://www.google.com

http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/parhelia.htm

http://xfile-enigma.blogspot.com/2010/06/memahami-

fenomena-matahari-kembar-sun.html

http://adibowo.com/tag/fenomena-sun-dog/

http://adhimsa.com/ini-fenomena-alam-ini-adalah-fenomena-

alam-bernama-sundogs-atau-parhelion.html

http://www.huteri.com/186/3-matahari-pernah-terlihat-di-bumi-

sundog