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SUMMER TRAINING BASED
PRESENTATION
onLINUX ADMINISTRATION
WITH SCRIPTING
Presented By:
Meenu Sharma
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ABOUT THE COMPANY
HP Education Services is the most reputed name in
High End Technical Education. It is the largest Unix
training company worldwide. It has been in theeducation business for over 28 years. It is present in
more than 400 HP education centers and partner
locations. They have trained professionals of the top
most companies of the world. They do induction
batches training for many companies
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OVERVIEW
1. Introduction to linux
2. History of linux
3. The linux system
4. The linux kernel
5. The linux shell
6. Linux principles
7. Advantages8. Users of linux
9. Linux installation
10. Partitions
11. Linux boot process
12. Linux run levels
13. Directory Structure
14. Editors
15. Package management
16. Lvm
17. RAID
18. Servers
19. Shell Scripting
20. Review21. Project
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INTRODUCTION TO LINUX
Over the last year, weve seen Linux go from being focused on smalland medium business to being used very deep in the enterprise, saysPaul Cormier, executive vice president of engineering at Red Hat, a leadingLinux platform provider.
Every Linux kernel can offer the following features:-
Hardware support (RAM up to 4GB, 10 IDE controllers, 16 NICs, USB)
Networking connectivity (IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, X.25, )
Security (Local & Remote)
Network servers (F/P, HTTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3, DHCP, DNS, FTP, )
Software packaging (RPM)
Easy Installation & Administration
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HISTORY OF LINUX
In 1969
Four programmer Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canady& Doug McElroy made a program in Bell labs which does nothave any name in year 1969.
In 1972
A programmer Dennis Ritchie started converting this program inC language.
In 1973
Unix in C language.
In 1980Berkeley Software Development (a part of research program ofBerkeley University) launches open BSD (a small programwritten in a single floppy).
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History Of Linux Contd.. In 1984
UNIX open source
In 1991
Linus Benedict Torvalds, Btech II year Computer
Science, 23 years old student of University ofHelensiki (Finland) made Kernel (25th August1991).
In 1994RedHat Company (collection of Linux Sets) cameinto existence.
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LINUS & LINUX
Below is one of his posts in comp.os.minix,dating from
1991:
From:[email protected] (Linus Benedict
Torvalds)
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: Gcc-1.40 and a posix-question
Message-ID: [email protected]
Date: 3Jul 91 10:00:50 GMT
Hello netlanders,
Due to a project Im working on (in minix), Im
interested in the posix standard definition. Could
somebody please point me to a (preferably) machine
readable format of the latest posix rules? Ftp-sites would
be nice.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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THE LINUX SYSTEM
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
WINDOWSMANAGEMENT
SOFTWARE
GNU
SYSTEM
UTILITIES
LINUX KERNEL
COMPUTER HARDWARE
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THE LINUX KERNEL
The kernel is primarily responsible for four main functions:
1. System memory management
2. Software program management
3. Hardware management4. Filesystem management
UTILITIESUSER
SHELL
KERNEL
HARDWARE
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THE SHELL
The GNU/linux shell is a special interactive utility.
Core of the shell is command prompt.
The shell contains a set of internal commands that we
use to control things.
The shell passes the program name off to the kernel
to start it.
Besides the internal commands, the shell also allowsyou to enter the name of a program at the command
prompt.
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LINUX SHELLS
SHELL DESCRIPTION
ash A simple, lightweight shell that runs in low memory environment but has
full compatibility with the bash shell
korn A programming shell compatible with the bourne shell but supporting
advanced programming features like associative arrays & floating point
arithmetic
tcsh A shell that incorporates elements from the C programming language into
shell scripts
zsh An advanced shell that incorporates features from bash, tcsh, & korn,
providing advanced programming features, shared history files & themed
prompts
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LINUX PRINCIPLES
1. Everything is a file.
2. Small, single purpose programmers.
3.Ability to Chain programmers together toperform complex tasks.
4. Avoid captive user interfaces.
5. Configuration data stored in text.
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ADVANTAGES OF LINUX
1. Virus proof 6. User friendly GUI
2. Multi-user 7. Advanced OS3. Crash proof 8. Multi-tasking
4. Multi-desktop 9. Economical
5. Secured 10. Powerful networking
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USERS OF LINUX
Private sector
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Users Of Linux Contd
Public Sector
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ANY QUERIES??
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LINUX INSTALLATION
Choosing computer hardware
Choosing the Installation Type- Partition less Installation (to the current version ofWindows, slow)
- Kick start Installation (on a different partition, fast)
Beginning the Installation
Linux uses ext2 & ext3 file system.
Boot loader of linux GRUB (Grant Unified BootLoader) new & LILO (Linux Loader) old.
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PARTITIONS
Partitions created at the time of installation
Partition name File system Used for Minimum size
/ Ext3 Linux file system 6000MB or 6GB
/boot Ext3 Linux booting files
& kernels
75 or 100 MB
/home Ext3 Linux users entry Depended upon
root
/swap swap Uses as virtual
RAM
Double of RAM
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LINUX BOOT PROCESS
bootstrap
searchesvmlinuz
mapping
grub.conf
sysmap
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LINUX RUNLEVELS
0 /etc/rc.d/rc0.d Halt
1 /etc/rc.d/rc1.d Single-user mode
2 /etc/rc.d/rc2.d Not used(user-definable)
3 /etc/rc.d/rc3.d Full multiuser mode(no GUI interface)
4 /etc/rc.d/rc4.d Not used(user-definable)
5 /etc/rc.d/rc5.d Full multiuser mode(with GUI interface)
6 /etc/rc.d/rc6.d Reboot
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LINUX DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
/
/bin/
/boot/
/dev/
/etc/
/home//lib/
/mnt/
/opt/
/sbin/
/srv/
/tmp/
/usr/
/var/
/root/
/proc/
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EDITORS IN LINUX
Linux offers following editors
nano
vi
vim
gvim
emacs
gedit
Console Mode
Graphical Mode
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vi EDITOR
The vi editor is the screen based editor.
The vi editor has powerful features to aid programmers.
Modes in vi editor-
Escape
Mode
Insert
Mode
Replace
Mode
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PACKAGE MANAGEMENT
The red hat package manager (RPM) is a
powerful command line driven package
management system capable of installing,
verifying, querying & updating computersoftware packages.
xmms-1.2.10-9.i386.rpm
Package name Version Type of
architecture
Extension
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Package Management Contd
The yellowdog updater
modified (YUM) is an open source command line package
management utility for RPM-compatible Linux OS.
Developed by Seth Vidal & a group of volunteers.
Is an automatic updater & package installer for RPM based
systems.
Yum can manage package groups, multiple repositories,
fallback repositories & more to permit centralized package
management.
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LOGICAL VOLUME MANAGER
LVM enables us to be much more flexible with our
disk usage than we can be with conventional old-style
file partitions.
LVM is a resizing tool to increase the file system sizeto match the new partition size.
First create Physical volume
Now creating Volume group Now creating logical volumes
Extending & reducing logical volumes
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RAID
RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disk.
RAID are of two types
- Software RAID
- Hardware RAID
RAID 1 in software Disk Mirroring
RAID 5 in software it combines the ability to use a large number
of disks while still maintaining some redundancy.
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SERVERS
XEN Server
NIS Server
DHCP Server
NFS ServerSAMBA Server
SQUID Server
DNS Server
Apache Server
FTP Server
Telnet
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XEN Server
Xen is a free open source software virtual machine
monitor for Intel/PowerPC architectures.
There are 2 types of virtualization
- Para virtualization
- Full virtualization
Packages
- System-config-kickstart- Virt-manager
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NIS Server
Network information Service serves a central user information
database.
The NIS distributes information on the network that must be
shared between the Linux machines.
Four basic topologies used for NIS
Single domain one master no slaves
Single domain with slaves one master , one or more slaves
Multiple domains each domain has a master but no slaves
Multiple domains with slaves each domain with a master & one or more
slaves
Package ypserv
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DHCP Server
DHCP provides methods for hosts on a TCP/IP
network to request and be granted IP address,
and also to discover information about their
local network Packages Required dhcp
Port Numbers 67 Bootp, 68 DHCP
Configuration File /etc/dhcpd.conf Service/Daemon d hcpd
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NFS Server
The network file system was developed to allow machines to mount a disk
partition on a remote machine as if it were a local disk.
Packages
- portmap-4.0-63.i386.rpm
- nfs-utils-1.0.6-4.6.i386.rpm Port Number
- 2049-nfsd
- 111-portmap
Configuration File /etc/exports
Service
- Portmap
- nfs
Daemons nfsd
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SAMBA Server
Samba is a suite of utilities that allow a Linux PC to share files& other resources such as printers with Windows PC.
Packages: samba{,-common,-client}
Daemons: nmbd, smbd
Service: smb Ports: 137,138,139
Configuration: /etc/samba/smb.conf
Samba daemons:
-nmbd : NetBIOS name server
resourse browsing
WINS(windows internet name services)
-smbd : SMB/CIFS server
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ANY QUERIES??
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SQUID Server
The utility SQUID is an Internet proxy server
that can be used within a network to distribute
an internet connection to all the computers
within the network.
Packages Required : Squid-2.6.STABLE-4.el5.i386.rpm
Port Number : 3128(default)
Configuration File : /etc/squid/squid.conf
Service : squid
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DNS Server
DNS makes it possible to refer to IP-basedsystems(hosts) by human-friendly names (domainnames).
Packages : bind , bind-utils Daemons : named
Scripts : named
Ports : 53 udp, 53 tcp Configurations:/etc/named.conf, /var/named/ *
Service : named
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APACHE Server
Apache is Red Hats standard web server .
Apache is the most widely used web server:
multiple web sites may share the same web server
Packages : httpd
Daemons : httpd
Service : httpd
Ports : 80/tcp(http), 443/tcp(https)
Configuration : /etc/httpd/ *
/var/www/ *
Service : httpd
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FTP Server
FTP Service is used for transferring filesto/from a remote location. For file transfer theservice vsftpd must be running on the remote
server.
Packages: vsftpd , anonftp
Daemons: vsftpd
Ports: 21/tcp(ftp),20/tcp(ftp-data)
Configuration:/etc/vsftpd.conf
Service: vsftpd
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TELNET
Telnet service is used for remote login to ahost system. To login successfully, theservice xinetd must be running on the host
system. Packages : xinetd
Daemons: xinetd
Ports: 23/tcp(telnet)
Configuration:/etc/xinetd.d/telnet
Service: xinetd
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SHELL SCRIPTING
It is defined as
Shell script is a series of commands written inplain text file. Shell script is just like a batch
file in MS-DOS but has more power than the
MS-DOS batchfile
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Shell Scripting Contd
Why use shell script?
Shell script can take input from user, file &
output them on screen.
Useful to create our own commands.
Save lots of time.
To automate some task of day today life. System administration part can be also
automated.
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REVIEW
Linux is the fastest operating system in the world. Linux is the most reliable OS.
Linux has an excellent scalability .
Linux is fully 32-bit & 64-bit operatingsystem. And it is very modular and isalready ported to 64-bit chips like DECalpha, Sun Micro system.
Linux is a very secure OS. Linux is very mature.
Linux is less demanding on system resources
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Review Contd
Linux uses X-window which is a advanced network-
windowing system.
Linux has very low total_cost_of_ownership.
Linux supports remote system administration .
Linux kernel is very small and it can fit on a single
floppy.
Linux has many powerful desktops.
Linux OS needs only 50 MB of disk space forinstallation.
Linux runs on many hardware platforms .
Linux is 100% POSIX compliant OS.
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Review Contd
Linux is free of any cost.
Linux is trouble free.
Linux more than 900 software packages
on CDROM and many more are beingdeveloped world-wide. All the softwarepackages are in a single Linux CDROM.
Linux was awarded The best Network
Operating system 1997/98/99/2000 , by anyComputer magazines (US InfoWorld, Europeanpublications).
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ANY QUERIES??
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PROJECT
Configuration Of Squid Server & Apache ServerUsing Scripts & Building Dialog Utilities