Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician

Giorgio Sulligoi - Andrea ColavittoUniversity of Trieste

Kreuzbergpass (BZ), Italy

June 20th 2019

Evolution of the electrical systems

Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician

Prof. Giorgio Sulligoi, Ph.D.

Founder/Director: Electric Power Generation and Control Lab.

Coordinator: Interdept. Center “G. Ciamician” on energy, environment, transportation

Teaching classes: Distribution Power Systems (B.Sc.), EPGC (M.Sc.), Shipboard

Electrical Power Systems (M.Sc.)

Deputy Rector (Business Relations & Community Affairs)

CONTACTS:

Via A. Valerio 10, Building C3, 34127 Trieste – Italy

email: [email protected]

phone: +39 040 558 7125 https://ciamician.dia.units.it/

University of Trieste

Department of Engineering and Architecture

mailto:[email protected]

Andrea Colavitto, Ph.D. student

Ambassador for ESOF Trieste 2020

Member: IEEE, AEIT, Electric Power Generation and Control Lab.

Research activities: Distribution Power Systems, Shipboard Electrical Power Systems,

High frequency disturbances propagation, pulsed power loads, early stage design tools

CONTACTS:

Via A. Valerio 10, Building C3, 34127 Trieste – Italy

email: [email protected]

phone: +39 040 558 7976

University of Trieste

Department of Engineering and Architecture


OUTLINE• Electrical power system operation: Nowadays

• New sources/New generators electrical energy Management: sustainability and issues.

• Distribution and transmission networks (Italy / EU).

• Smart grids: bases, drivers, evolution, micro-grids, standards, research, demonstrators.

• DIA/UniTS: power generation & control research

Electric Power Demand (Italy): load profile

THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (1/2)• Once upon a time…: operation “downstream”:

– One way power flow: Generation TransmissionDistribution Users (passive = loads).

• Voltage levels (Italy):– MV (Generation): GenCOs.

– HHV (Transmission ) / HV (SubTransmission): TERNA.

– MV/LV (Distribution): DSOs (es.: ENEL, A2A, Hera,…)

• Generation capability designed for peaks

• Hierarchical management of transmission network (assumption: passive users only)

THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (2/2)

• TWO main quantities to be regulated (of the voltage waveform): frequency (global) and amplitude (local/small differences among nodes)– Frequency regulation (automatic)

• Large power plants, synchronous system, phase shifts proportional to P flows

• Primary, secondary, tertiary regulation

– Voltage (i.e. amplitude) regulation (automatic)• Large power plants, regions, areas, pilot nodes, "DeltaV"

proportional to Q flows

• Primary, secondary, tertiary regulation

DATA GSE ITALY 2016 (1/2)

DATA GSE ITALY 2016 (2/2)

ELECTRIC BALANCE - ITALY 2017 (1/2)

ELECTRIC BALANCE - ITALY 2017 (2/2)

ELECTRIC BALANCE - FVG 2017 (1/2)

ELECTRIC BALANCE - FVG 2017 (2/2)

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT (1/5)

• Electrical engineering aspects:

– Renewable energy sources (RES)

– DG: Distributed Generation (FV, hydro, wind, bio)

– DG plants localization vs. networks (DSO, TSO)

– Distribution/Transmission networks capabilities

• Italy


• SOURCE: M. Di Castelnuovo, “Renewable Energy and Fossil Fuels in 2020 and Beyond: friends or foes? The Italian case”, Bocconi University IEFE Conference, 2014, available at http://www.iefe.unibocconi.it/wps/wcm/connect/cdr/centro_iefeen/home/conferences/2014/convegno+21+gennaio+2014.

http://www.iefe.unibocconi.it/wps/wcm/connect/cdr/centro_iefeen/home/conferences/2014/convegno+21+gennaio+2014


• SOURCE: F. Amadei, “Renewable Energy and Fossil Fuels in 2020 and Beyond? The view of Enel Distribuzione”, BocconiUniversity IEFE Conference, 2014, available at http://www.iefe.unibocconi.it/wps/wcm/connect/cdr/centro_iefeen/home/conferences/2014/convegno+21+gennaio+2014


SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT (5/5)• Sustainability:

– Technical, Economical, Industrial.

• Issues:– Security of the system (AEEG, 2011: no more than 6

GW PV + 6 GW wind farm further- exceeded!)– Need for greater transport capacity– Dispatchability of the distribution networks (active)– Grid Code Annex A70, new CEI 0-16 and 0-21– Storage systems– Pilot projects to:

• Highlight issues "on the ground"• Calculate possible industrialization solutions

DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS (ITALY)

• Ref.:

[National Conference AEIT, Milan, June 2011]

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DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS (ITALY)

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TECHNICAL ISSUES (1/2)• Power flow inversion

– Not optimal operating conditions of the distribution network (protection, automation, etc.).

• Security and stability– DG not fully dispatchable.– Producers always want to produce the highest P– When the power flow is inverted, HV networks receive the

impact of the distribution network as a large, not dispatchable generator (transits constraints!)

• Network Planning/Organization– Complexity in the forecast load.– Distributed generation vs. dispersed!

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TECHNICAL ISSUES (2/2)• Necessary coordination between DSO and TSO (also

in real time?).

• Collectors (DG Collectors).

– Primary substations (MV / HV), dedicated to the DG

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TRANSMISSION NETWORKS (EU)

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TRANSMISSION NETWORKS (EU)• STG (Smart Transmission Grid):

• Monitoring and control the STG.

• ICT aspects (key words):• market model, ICT impact on observability and

controllability, info exchange, distributed controls "agent based“, real-time controls "wide-area".

• International operations (ENTSO-E):• recovery national TSO operation, dispatching new

plants (or clusters of plants), infrastructure investments "cross border", coordination (real-time power flow control)

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Electric Power Demand (Italy): load profile

SMART GRID

• Definitions:

– A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.

[SmartGrids European Technology Platform, “Strategic deployment document for

Europe’s electricity networks of the future,” SmartGrids ETP, Tech. Rep., 2010]

SMART GRID

• A smart grid is therefore defined as a grid that accommodates a wide variety of generation options, e.g. central, distributed, intermittent, and mobile. It empowers consumers to interact with the energy management system to adjust their energy use and reduce their energy costs. A smart grid is also a self-healing system. It predicts looming failures and takes corrective action to avoid or mitigate system problems. A smart grid uses IT to continually optimize the use of its capital assets while minimizing operational and maintenance costs. …

SMART GRIDS

…

• At its core, the smart grid is an ad hoc integration of complementary components, subsystems, and functions under the pervasive control of a highly intelligent and distributed command-and-control system.

• FIGURE …

Definizione e figure seguenti tratte da : [H. Farhangi, “The Path of the Smart Grid”, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Jan/Feb 2010].

SMART GRID BASIC

• Realizability:

– convergence of control systems and ICT towards the electrical systems

• Highlights

– comparison with existing networks

SMART GRID BASIC

• Utilities (DSO):

They believe that investing today in distribution automation will give them new interesting (=profitable) management capabilities of the system

SMART GRIDS BASIC

• Convergence:

– many ingredients to amalgamate;

– new design;

– new approaches;

– new technologies;

– new standards.

SMART GRID DRIVERS

win – win !

devices

knowledge /

technologies

EXISTING NETWORK• Hierarchical.

• "One-way pipeline".

• The generators do not receive information about loads.

• Oversized (peak demand) and therefore inefficient.

• Nowadays: limit situations

SMART GRID EVOLUTION• Bottom-up:

90% outages/ disturbances originated in the distribution network.

• AMR (one-way)

• AMI (two-way)

• Load management

• Revenueprotection.

SMART GRID EVOLUTION

• ROI

SMART MICROGRIDS• Def: “interconnected networks of distributed energy systems

(loads and resources) that can function whether they are connected to or separate from the electricity grid.”

SMART MICROGRID1. Contains generators (meet local demand, excess

network): CHP, solar, wind, biomass, geothermal.

2. Feeds loads (industrial, office, residential).

3. Use storage systems.

4. Embed smart meters and sensors.

5. Embed ICT infrastructure.

6. Embed smart terminations (loads intelligent).

7. Incorporates control systems.

SMART GRID TOPOLOGIES

Target transition / co-existence

ICT FOR THE SMART GRIDS

• Standards:Protocols

WAN-LAN-HAN

• Research activity: Gen, Reg, Distr, PEBB, Prop, Ener, MVAC/MVDC, …. (financed).

• Staff: EPGC Lab.

Head Prof: G. SulligoiResearch Directors: V. Arcidiacono, G. Giadrossi, F. TosatoAsst. Prof.: D. Bosich, A. VicenzuttiAdj. Prof.: M. ChiandonePost Doc.: M. Dalle FestePh.D. Student: A. ColavittoTechnical Manager: P. PruniGraduating students / interns: Electrical Engineering (M.Sc.)

Industrial Engineering (B.Sc.)Marine Engineering (M.Sc.)

Lab. of Grid Connected and Marine

Electric Power Generation and Control

LARGE POWER STATIONS

LARGE POWER STATIONSVOLTAGE CONTROL

DG: HYDRO

DG: WIND

DG: FV

DG VOLTAGE CONTROL

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HOW ? ICT

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• Control algorithm– Digital and analog I/O

– Filtering

• Control logic

• HMI

• Communication

• Simulation

• Reliability

• Cybersecurity

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HOW ? FEATURES

Establishing Energy Networks in Consideration of Specific Regional Context : the Energy Regional Plan

Trieste science and the regional context

• In 1924 the School of Commerce, set up in 1877 by Baron Pasquale Revoltella, was granted the title of Royal University of Economics and Business Studies of Trieste.

• In 1938 the name of the University was changed to “Regia Università degli Studi” (Royal University of Trieste).

• In modern society, electrical energy is becoming the dominant vector.

• Index of electric penetration in energy consumption does not decrease (the contrary).

• Electric energy is fundamental for all the sectors of the society.

• The new Regional Energy Plan (PER – Piano Energetico Regionale) of Friuli Venezia Giulia is a coherent planning instrument.

• Among PER targets, there are availability and quality of service of the electric energy.

• Among PER strategies, new and existing networks development in intelligent way (innovation in electric grids management and control).

• The University of Trieste is working to (take advantage from best available state-of-the-art research results in terms of smart grids and) provide solutions applicable to the FVG regional context of electrical grids.

FVG regional Energy plan

regional energy (GRID) planning

FRAMEWORK: Energy Plan (PER) of Friuli Venezia Giulia Region contains several measures and actions.

As concerns the development and evolution of electric energy grids, a cooperative project with University of Trieste

is active, which is organized into three phases:

Phase I: interaction and discussion with stakeholders (DSOs) to analyze state-of-the-art and identify drivers

which are capable of improvement, in a smart grid approach (DELIVERED).

Phase II: definition and proposal of technical solutions for developing energy grids to get: 1) de-carbon results, 2)

RES exploitation improvements and 3) meet and improve DSOs business drivers (DELIVERED).

Phase III: diffusion/divulgation (DELIVERED).

ELECTRIC grid evolution - state of the art

• Voltage control (primary, secondary, distribution)

• Multi-converter MVDC distribution systems

• Port/maritime microgrids, islanded/shipboard/offshore (control and electric safety)

• Dependable design of Integrated Power Systems

• Early-stage design of Integrated Power Systems

…and regional targeted practices

• Voltage control (primary, secondary, distribution)

• Multi-converter MVDC distribution systems

• Port/maritime microgrids, islanded/shipboard/offshore (control and electric safety)

• Dependable design of Integrated Power Systems

• Early-stage design of Integrated Power Systems

THREE CASE STUDIES:1. Trans-regional alpine DSO microgrid interconnection (ITA-Austria)2. Trans-regional MV active DSO grid interconnection (ITA-Slovenia)3. Port/maritime microgrid & marine systems (ship, rail, …)

Case Study 1.

VIRTUAL POWER PLANT 17,5 MW

MV distribution network in alpine valley (Italy-Austria border)

-interconnect with Austria (MV)

-combine ITA hydro- and Austria wind-power

-evaluate storage installation

Case STUDY 2.a

Actual LV grid

A practical method for connecting new DG units to DSat mimimum power losses (urban distribution - MV/LV)

Voltage 20 kV

cables 2 parallels3X1X240 CU

length 4 km

currentrating

420 A

users 15.000

GD connected

3 MW

Linea 1

Linea 2

RTP Sezana

A Back-To-Back MVDC link (Italy-Slovenia border) for Distribution System Active Interconnection: a Network Study

Case STUDY 2.b

Reduced critical management(displacement of phase vectors);

Scheduled energy flows;

Balancy services;

Indipendent reactive powermanagement;

Minimal environmental impact(already underground cables);

Positive effects on dispatchment;

«Development of the infrastructures needed for the operation of the energy market».

Case STUDY 2.b / proposed solution

Porto di Trieste Servizi S.p.A.Electrical (MV/LV) Distribution

Targets• Port/ship microgrids (control/QoS,

“more electric port”, cold ironing)• Electrical Storage/Zones for QoS• RES (large FV)

Summary

Total length [m] 8368

Total power.[kVA] 743

Voltage levels

POC HV.[kV] 27.5

Internal MV.[kV] 6.175

Customer LV [kV] 0.4

CASE STUDY 3. PORT MICROGRID (City-Port of Trieste interconnections)

R&D partnerships

• Using of large FV plants to support High Voltage network control.

• Planning resilient networks for alpine regions / “extreme” weather events

• Developing H/W & S/W platforms for open automation of generating and distribution systems

• Port/maritime microgrids: enablingmulti-purpose transportationelectrification (rail/truck/ship/fleet)

CONCLUSIONS

• The route is traced

• Evolution of the networks is a matter of fact

• Main actors: DSO, TSO, (ENTSO ...)

• New electrical technologies to enable new features/generate value

• Intelligent networks/new control architectures

• ICT: new platforms, apps, IOT,…

…

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Andrea ColavittoUniversity of Trieste

Kreuzbergpass (BZ), Italy

June 20th 2019

[email protected]

Thank you for your attention!

Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician


Summer School on Energy Giacomo Ciamician

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