SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 Polytechnic University Mechanical Engineering.
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Transcript of SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 Polytechnic University Mechanical Engineering.
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Introduction
• Professor Vikram Kapila• Associate Professor
• Room: RH 508Phone: (718) 260-3161/3160E-mail: [email protected]
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
• Name: Nathan (Sang-Hoon) Lee
• Room: RH 514A
• Phone: (718)260-3783
• E-mail: [email protected]
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Teaching assistants
• Name: Isaac Osei
• Room: RH 514A
• Phone: (718)260-3783
• E-mail: [email protected]
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Laboratory rule• Don’t play
– no e-mail checking, chatting, browsing web, listening music, singing, running, etc.
• Don’t touch any other experiments• No food and no drink• Keep this room clean and well organized
– after experiments, put them in original place with the same original condition
• Respect each other• Maturity• Practice safety
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Schedule
Start Date: July 1, 2002(Monday)
End Date: August 16, 2002(Friday)
Period: 7 weeks
Day: Monday - Friday
Time: 10am - 4pm
Lunch time: 12:40pm – 1:40pm
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri1 2 3 4 5
OrientationLecture2
Digital multimeterLecture1 Resistors
Lecture3 Signals
8 9 10 11 12
Presentation
15 16 17 18 19
Presentation
22 23 24 25 26
Presentation
29 30 31 1 2
Presentation
5 6 7 8 9
Presentation
12 13 14 15 16
PresentationBuilding the project
What's a microcontroller? (6) Basic analog and digital (8)
Earth measurements (6) Robotics (6)
Brain storming for a project Building the project
Building the project
Building the project
Basic electronic projects
Holiday
7th
6th
5th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Yes center schedule
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Writing lab report
• Prepare a lab book
• Write what you learned, what you did, what you needed
• Do this everyday
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Making presentation
• Show what you learned, what you did for a week on every Friday
• Use Microsoft power point
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
How to make a Presentation
Isaac Osei
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Five Steps
• Planning
• Introduction
• The Body
• The Conclusion
• Questions
• Presentation Tips
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
STEP 1 - Planning
• Topic/Main Idea
• Research
• Structure
• Audience
• Time
• Outline
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
STEP 2 - The INTRODUCTION
• Connection
• Attention
• Preview
• Structure
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
STEP 3 - The Body
• Information
• Speak Clearly
• Follow the Outline
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
STEP 4 - The Conclusion
• Reinforce
• Summarize
• Conclude
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
STEP 5 - Questions
• Important
• Prepare ahead of Time
• Thank your audience
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Tips for Maintaining your Audience’s Attention
• Make your presentation Interactive
• Share Stories
• Repetition
• Humor
• Never Read
• Move Around
• Eye Contact
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Ice break
• Name• School• Specialty• Hobby• Goal for this summer program• Others
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Making groups
• make 4 groups in total
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
What is current?
• A flow of charged particles
• Carried by small negatively-charged particles, called electrons
• Represented by the symbol I, and is measured in amperes, or 'amps', A.
• Most often measured in milliamps, mA
• Like water flow
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
What is voltage?
• Potential difference, or voltage
• Represented by the symbol V , and is measured in volts, V
• Like potential energy at water fall
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Series connection of cells
• Each cell provides 1.5 V. Two cells connected one after another, in series, provide 3 V, while three cells would provide 4.5 V
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Parallel connection of cells
• If the cells are connected in parallel, the voltage stays at 1.5 V, but the life of the battery is doubled
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
DC and AC
• A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current flow is always in the same direction. This is called direct current, or d.c
• The domestic mains provides a constantly changing voltage which reverses in polarity 60 times every second. This gives rise to alternating current, or a.c
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Power Supply
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Resistor• A dissipative element that converts electrical
energy into heat• Resistors limit current• Unit is ohms,
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
resistors of different sizes
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
How to read resistor value
1. By color code
2. By digital multi meter(DMM)
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
How to read resistor value
1. By color code
Resistor value= )%(10 tolAB C
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Resistance Color code Number Color
0 black
1 brown
2 red
3 orange
4 yellow
5 green6 blue
7 violet
8 grey9 white
Tolerance Color
±1% brown
±2% red±5% gold
±10% silver
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
example
• The first band is yellow, so the first digit is 4• Second digit is a violet band, making the second
digit 7• A red band is 2• Resistor value is )%(51047 2
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Metric Units and conversions Abbreviation Means Multiply unit by Or
p pico .000000000001 10 -12
n nano .000000001 10 -9
µ micro .000001 10 -6
m milli .001 10 -3
. Unit 1 10 0
k kilo 1,000 10 3
M mega 1,000,000 10 6
G giga 1,000,000,000 10 9
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Digital multimeter
• Voltmeter– Parallel connection
• Ammeter– Series connection
• Ohmmeter– Without any power supplied
• Adjust range(start from highest limit if you don’t know)
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Resistors in series
Rtotal=R1+R2
Rtotal=1+1=2kohm
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Resistors in parallel
kR
RR
RRR
total
total
5.02
1
11
1121
21
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Potentiometer
• Has a adjustable resistance• Circular potentiometer• Linear potentiometer• Use as a position sensor
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Potentiometer
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Capacitors • store electric charge• consists of two plates of a conducting material
separated by a space filled by an insulator• measured in units called farads, F
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
How to read capacitor value
• The first two figures give us 10, the third figure gives us 0000, and the letter 10%. We normally express this as 0.1µF
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
LED
Light-emitting diodes
Semiconductor
Has polarity
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
How to connect LED
• Requires 1.5~2.5V
and 10 miliA
• To prevent overloading, use resistor(330 ohm)
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Digital multimeter
• A meter is a measuring instrument
• An ammeter measures current
• a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points
• an ohmmeter measures resistance
• A multimeter combines these functions, and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Digital multimeter
• Voltmeter– Parallel connection
• Ammeter– Series connection
• Ohmmeter– Without any power supplied
• Adjust range(start from highest limit if you don’t know)
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Ammeter connection
• Break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series• All the current flowing in the circuit must pass through the
ammeter• An ammeter must have a very LOW resistance.
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Voltmeter connection
• The voltmeter is connected in parallel between the two points
• a voltmeter should have a very HIGH resistance
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Ohmmeter connection
• An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a power supply
• must take it out of the circuit altogether and test it separately
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
DC signals
• A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current flow is always in the same direction. This is called direct current, or d.c
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
AC signals
• the voltage levels change with time and alternate between positive values (above the X-axis) and negative values
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Sine waves
• A sine wave has the same shape as the graph of the sine function
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Properties of Sine waves
• Period: T : The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of a repeating waveform
• Frequency: f : This is the number of cycles completed per second. The measurement unit for frequency is the hertz, Hz
fT
1
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Properties of Sine waves
• Amplitude: – peak amplitude, Vp
– peak-to-peak amplitude, Vpp
– rms amplitude
2P
rms
VV
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
What is rms amplitude and why is it important?
• The rms amplitude is the DC voltage which will deliver the same average power as the AC signal
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Audio signal and noise
• sound frequencies which can be detected by the human ear vary from a lower limit of around 20 Hz to an upper limit of about 20 kHz
• A noise signal consists of a mixture of frequencies with random amplitudes
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
waveforms of different frequency and amplitude
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
Oscilloscope
SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE
VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV of a oscilloscope