BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 5- Part II selection, mutation & migration.
Summer Project Report Srikanth 10FN-109
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Transcript of Summer Project Report Srikanth 10FN-109
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Srei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkynebK
Akql Qy|i~ ky Nbyljrkyli Qylld Sdkby
K Q|hhlr Sremlay Sreseqkd er
Seqy(Jrki|kyl Insdehk nb Hkbkjlhlby
O~
Qrnfkbyg F|hkr Febi|rn
\bilr ygl j|nikbal e`
Hr" Qkbills Okbfk Ir" J|bmkb HkdgeyrkIJH$ Aeqynbj & HNQ Kqqnqykby Sre`lqqer
Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq Dnhnyli NHY$ Jgk}nkoki
Hk~$ ?3;;
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
?
Srei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkynebK
Akql Qy|i~ ky Nbyljrkyli Qylld Sdkby
O~
Qrnfkbyg F|hkr Febi|rn
Hk~$ ?3;;
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
1
Srei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkynebK
Akql Qy|i~ ky Nbyljrkyli Qylld Sdkby
O~
Qrnfkbyg F|hkr Febi|rn
\bilr ygl j|nikbal e`
Hr" Qkbills Okbfq Ir" J|bmkb HkdgeyrkIJH$ Aeqynbj & HNQ Kqqnqykby Sre`lqqerKig|bnf Hlykdnfq Dnhnyli NHY$ Jgk}nkoki
Hk~$ ?3;;
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
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Alryn`nakyl e` Kssrepkd
Ygl `eddeznbj Q|hhlr Sremlay _lsery ynydli /Srei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkynebKAkql Qy|i~ ky Nbyljrkyli Qylld Sdkby/ nq glrlo~ kssrepli kq k alryn`nli qy|i~ nb hkbkjlhlby akrrnli e|ykbi srlqlbyli nb k hkbblr qkynq`kayer~ ye zkrrkby nyq kaalsykbal kq k srlrl{|nqnyl `er ygl kzkri e` SeqyJrki|kyl Insdehk nb Hkbkjlhlby `er zgnag ny gkq ollb q|ohnyyli" Ny nq |bilrqyeei ygky o~ ygnqkssrepkd ygl |bilrqnjbli ie bey blalqqkrnd~ lbierql er kssrepl kb~ qykylhlby hkil$ esnbneb lwsrlqqli eraebad|qneb irkzb yglrlnb o|y kssrepl ygl Q|hhlr Sremlay _lsery ebd~ `er ygl s|rseql ny nq q|ohnyyli"
Q|hhlr Sremlay _lsery Lwkhnbkyneb Aehhnyyll er lpkd|kyneb e` Q|hhlr Sremlay _lsery
Bkhl Qnjbky|rl
;" @ka|dy~ Lwkhnblr Ir" J|bmkb Hkdgeyrk UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
?" SJ Q|hhlr Sremlay Ae(aeerinbkyer Hr" Qkbills Okbfk UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
:
Koqyrkay
Srei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkynebK Akql Qy|i~ ky Nbyljrkyli Qylld Sdkby
O~
Qrnfkbyg F|hkr Febi|rn
Qylld Nbi|qyr~ gkq ollb ygl yrkinynebkd jrezyg irnplr e` Aebqyr|ayneb$ Nb`rkqyr|ay|rl$ Aksnykd Jeeiq &K|yeheondl qlayerq nb Nbink 'okqli eb ygl rlsery= A_NQND rlqlkrag `er @^?3;3." _lqlkrag rlseryNbinkb Qylld Nbi|qyr~ E|ydeef ye ?3;? rkbfq Nbink kq 1 hnddneb yebq o~ @^?3?3" Qylld nbi|qyr~ aebyrno|ylq kre|bi ?, e` ygl JreqqIehlqyna Srei|ay 'JIS ( );"
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
7
Ykodl e` Aebylbyq
Kafbezdlijlhlby """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 0
Koqyrkay """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" :
Ykodl e` Aebylbyq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7
Dnqy e` @nj|rlq """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;3
Dnqy e` Ykodlq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;3
Koorlpnkynebq" ";3
N Nbyrei|ayneb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;3
;"; Qylld Qlayer nb Nbink """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;;
NN Koe|y KHD """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;?
?"; Aehskb~q Pnqneb Qykylhlby """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;?
?"? Aehskb~q Jekdq"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;?
?"1 @kandnynlq """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;?
?"9 Qylld Hkfnbj Eplrpnlz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;1
?"< Eslrkynebq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;9
?"0 Srei|ayneb sdkbbnbj `rkhlzerf= """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;0
NNN Akql Qy|i~ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;01"; Sreodlh Qykylhlby """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;0
1"? Eomlaynpl """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;0
1"1 Qaesl """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;0
NP Sremlay Ildnplrkodlq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;:
9"; Akql Heildnbj """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;:
9"? Qed|yneb @rkhlzerf """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;:
P Sgkql(;= Srei|ay Aeqynbj Q~qylh """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;:
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
>
0"? Qnbylr Sdkby srealqq rldkyli akda|dkynebq `er Hkrag ;;"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ?9
0"1 Eoqlrpkynebq `reh ygl qy|i~ e` I_N Sdkby= """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ?
:"?"; Dnqy e` Yes ?3 Onddly A|qyehlrq= """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ?>
:"?"? K Akyljer~ Onddly A|qyehlrq= """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 13
:"1 _eddli Srei|ayq= """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 13
:"1"; Dnqy e` Yes a|qyehlrq er reddli srei|ayq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 13
:"1"? K Akyljer~ _eddli Srei|ay A|qyehlrq= """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1;
:"9 Snj Nreb= """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1;
:"9"; Dnqy e` ygl Yes a|qyehlrq e` Snj Nreb """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1;
:"9"? Qlhn @nbnqgli @lrre Kdde~q= """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1?
:"< Dnqy e` Yes a|qyehlrq e` @lrre kdde~q """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1?
:"0 K Akyljer~ Gnjg [|kdny~ Kdde~ Qylld A|qyehlrq """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 11
PNNN Aebad|qneb & _laehhlbikynebq""11
NW _l`lrlbalq"1
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;3
Dnqy e` @nj|rlq
@nj|rl Be= Ilqarnsyneb Skjl
@nj|rl ;= Qlayer(znql qylld aebq|hsyneb """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;;@nj|rl ?= Snl agkry qgeznbj srei|ayneb e` ar|il qylld kareqq ygl zerdi """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;;@nj|rl 1= Nbyljrkyli `dez(agkry e` Qylld Hkfnbj znyg rkyli akskanynlq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;1@nj|rl 9= Hkylrnkd(znql qkdlq ped|hl inqyrno|yneb""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ;
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;;
N Nbyrei|ayneb
;"; Qylld Qlayer nb Nbink
Nbink gkq yrkinynebkdd~ ollb ebl e` ygl hkmer srei|alrq e` qylld nb ygl zerdi" Yndd @^;>>3q ygl qylld
nbi|qyr~ e` Nbink zkq rlj|dkyli kbi aebyreddli o~ jeplrbhlby sednanlq" Nbink gkq qly k pnqneb ye ol kblaebehnakdd~ ilpldesli bkyneb o~ @^?3?3" Ygl qylld nbi|qyr~ nq lwslayli ye sdk~ k hkmer redl nb Nbink*qlaebehna ilpldeshlby nb ygl aehnbj ~lkrq" Ygl qylld nbi|qyr~ e` Nbink gkq k plr~ gnjg jrezyg seylbynkdkbi nq lwslayli ye rljnqylr qnjbn`nakby jrezyg nb ygl aehnbj ilakilq" Nbink nq lwslayli ye lhlrjl kq kqyrebj `eral nb ygl jdeokd qylld hkrfly nb aehnbj ~lkrq"
Qylld nbi|qyr~ gkq k hkmer redl ye sdk~ nb ygllaebehna jrezyg e` Nbink" Znyg blz jdeokdka{|nqnynebq o~ Nbinkb qylld jnkbyq$ qlyynbj |se` blz qykyl(e`(ygl(kry qylld hnddq$heilrbn}kyneb e` lwnqynbj sdkbyq$ nhsrepnbjlblrj~ l``nanlba~ kbi okafzkri nbyljrkyneb
nbye jdeokd rkz hkylrnkd qe|ralq$ Nbink nq bezeb ygl albylr e` ygl jdeokd qylld hks"Aebq|hsyneb e` qylld nb ygl aebqyr|aynebqlayer$ nbi|qyrnkd kssdnakynebq$ kbi yrkbqseryqlayer gkq ollb eb ygl rnql kbi qslankd qylld|qkjl nb lbjnbllrnbj nbi|qyrnlq q|ag kq sezlrjlblrkyneb$ slyreaglhnakdq kbi lryndn}lrnbi|qyr~ nq kdqe jreznbj"
Nbink gkq rlyknbli nyq seqnyneb kqygl kqaehskrli ye ;9"71 HY nb@^?33
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;?
NN Koe|y KHDKig|bnf Hlykdnfq Dnhnyli 'KHD.$ ygl `dkjqgns aehskb~ e` Kig|bnf Jre|s$ gkq lhlrjli kq ebl e` ygl
`kqylqy jreznbj kdde~$ qslankd kbi aebqyr|ayneb qylld hkb|`kay|rnbj aehskbnlq nb ygl ae|byr~ znygqnjbn`nakby srlqlbal nb hnbnbj kbi sezlr qlayerq ygre|jg nyq q|oqninkrnlq" Ny gkq aehsdlyli kdheqy kddhkmer aksnykd lwslbiny|rl `er oeyg okafzkri kbi `erzkri nbyljrkyneb kbi lhlrjli kq kb nbyljrkyli
hkb|`kay|rlr e` qslankd qylld znyg iezbqyrlkh |yndn}kyneb e` srei|ayq" Ny gkq qly |s kb nbyljrkyli qylld
sdkby e` 3"9< hnddneb yeb ky Q|bilrjkrg$ Ernqqk$ znyg qykyl(e`(ygl(kry ylagbedej~"
Znygnb k plr~ qgery qskb e` ynhl$ ygl srei|ayq e` ygl Aehskb~ gkpl ollb rlaejbn}li o~ ygl hkmerk|yeheondl aehseblby hkb|`kay|rnbj kbi k|yeheondl aehskbnlq dnfl Ykyk Heyerq$ Hkgnbirk kbiHkgnbirk$ J|r| Bkbkf @erjnbj$ _khfrnqgbk @erjnbj kbi hkb~ herl" Ygl aehskb~ nq akylrnbj ye kinplrqn`nli hkrfly aehsrnqnbj k|yeheondlq$ yldlaeh$ sezlr$ rkndzk~q$ lbjnbllrnbj$ end & jkq kbiaebqyr|ayneb qlayerq"
?"; Aehskb~q Pnqneb Qykylhlby
Ye kyyknb dlkilrqgns nb kdd e|r o|qnblqqlq ygre|jg rldlbydlqq s|rq|ny e` lwalddlbal$ zgndl ildnplrnbj
q|slrner pkd|l ye e|r qykflgedilrq"
?"? Aehskb~q Jekdq
;" Ye ol ebl e` Nbink*q `kqylqy jreznbj aebjdehlrkylq ?" Ye ol khebj ygl yes < nb Nbink kareqq kdd e|r o|qnblqqlq 1" Ye aebynb|e|qd~ nilbyn`~ kbi qln}l jdeokd essery|bnynlq er jrezyg 9" Ye ol ebl e` ygl olqy sdkalq ye zerf `er
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;1
?"9 Qylld Hkfnbj Eplrpnlz
@nj|rl"1 jnplb oldez seryrk~q ygl `dez e` hkylrnkdq kbi rlqslaynpl sdkby akskanynlq nbpedpli nb ygl qylldhkfnbj srealqq" Ygl qarks jlblrkyli ky pkrne|q qykjlq nq rl|qli nb LK@ kbi okqli eb ygl rl{|nrlhlby e`a|qyehlr6 qylld zndd ol srei|ali lnyglr ygre|jg LK@(D@(PI(AA re|yl er pnk LK@(KEI(AA re|yl"
_kz(hkylrnkdq odlbinbj '`er Nreb(erl$ Aefl. zndd ol iebl okqli eb ygl hkylrnkd kpkndkondny~ srea|rli `rehpkrne|q hnbnbj `kandnynlq nb erilr ye lbq|rl {|kdny~ aebqnqylba~ `er hnbnhn}nbj ygl a|qyehlr rlmlaynebq"
Qsebjl(Nreb nq srei|ali `reh I_N sdkby$ zgndl HO@ srei|alq gey(hlykd kbi QHQ sdkby srei|alqOnddlyq%Odeehq" Snj(Nreb nq srei|ali kq k o~(srei|ay e` HO@ kbi @KI sdkbyq"
@nj|rl 1= Nbyljrkyli `dez(agkry e` Qylld Hkfnbj znyg rkyli akskanynlq
Aefl(Eplb Sdkby= @|d`nddq ygl Aefl rl{|nrlhlbyq e` ygl sdkby o~ srei|anbj ny `reh Aekd" Qnbylr Sdkby= Srei|alq Nreb(erl Qnbylr |qnbj ygl nreb(olkrnbj zkqyl hkylrnkd jlblrkyli znygnb ygl
sdkby" Ny nq |qli nb Odkqy @|rbkal ye lbgkbal ygl srealqq e` gey(hlykd hkfnbj"
I_N Sdkby= Srei|alq Qsebjl(Nreb o~ inrlayd~ rli|anbj ygl Nreb(Erl nb qedni qykyl |qnbj AE jkq"Ny `erhq
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;9
_eddnbj Hndd Sdkby= _eddq ygl Onddlyq%Odeehq srei|ali `reh QHQ sdkby kq slr ygl a|qyehlrqslan`nakynebq ye lbq|rl kil{|kyl aehskayblqq"
Aksynpl Sezlr Sdkby= Skryd~ qkynq`nlq ygl sezlr rl{|nrlhlbyq e` ygnq qylld sdkby" Ny |yndn}lq ygl `d|ljkqlq jlblrkyli `reh I_N sdkby ye `|ld ygl y|ronblq kbi jlblrkyl ldlayrnany~"
Aekd(Zkqglr~ Sdkby= Ar|qglq kbi zkqglq ygl nbaehnbj Aekd ye hkfl ny q|nykodl `er I_N srealqq" KEI \bny= Krjeb(Ew~jlb(Ilakro|rn}l nq |qli ye rlhepl ygl rlhknbnbj Akroeb `reh ygl
srealqqli gey(hlykd e` QHQ sdkby nb ygl srlqlbal e` kb nblry jkq$ |qli `er srei|anbj gnjg {|kdny~qyknbdlqq qylld jrkilq"
?"< Eslrkynebq
Ygl srei|ayq hkb|`kay|rli nb KHD krl=
'Beyl= Inhlbqnebq hlbynebli krl nb hh(hnddnhlylrq.
Onddlyq= Yglql krl debj rlaykbj|dkr odeafq e` qylldq zgnag ze|di blli `|ryglr srealqqnbj `erhkfnbj k|ye skryq `reh ny"
Onddlyq Qn}l Odeeh Qn}l;?< w ;?< ?93 w ?93;03 w ;03 133 w 1?3?33 w ?33
Ygl srnal e` ygl Onddlyq pkrnli `reh _q 99333%( ye ??333%( slr yeb kaaerinbj ye ygl jrkil {|kdny~"
_eddli Srei|ayq= Onddlyq krl `|ryglr srealqqli nbye _eddli srei|ayq nb _eddnbj Hndd ygky krl |qlinb `erjnbj srealqq `er ygl srei|ayneb e` k|ye skryq" _eddli Srei|ayq nbad|il _e|bi AerblrliQ{|krl '_AQ.$ _e|bi Okrq$ YHY srei|ay$ Znrl _eiq" Kaaerinbj ye ygl jrkil {|kdny~ ygl srnal e`_eddli srei|ay pkrnli `reh _q 00333%( ye _q ?1333%( slr yeb"
Snj Nreb= Ygnq nq ygl ar|il `erh e` Nreb ygky nq qedi ye eyglr hkb|`kay|rnbj aehskbnlq" Ygl srnale` Snj Nreb nq qylki~ kbi ny pkrnlq ebd~ znyg ygl `d|ay|kynebq znyg ygl Nreb srnalq nb ygl zerdi" Yglsrnal nq kre|bi _q ?1333%("
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;0
?"0 Srei|ayneb sdkbbnbj `rkhlzerf=
Srei|ayneb srealqq nq hknbd~ irnplb o~ ygl a|qyehlrq ilhkbi" QHQ & _eddnbj Hndd sdkbyq sdk~ k ar|ankdredl nb qkynq`~nbj a|qyehlrq ilhkbi" Ilhkbi `er QHQ Sdkbyq kbi Yrkbqserykyneb krl aebqyrknbli o~ yglsdkbbli akskany~ e` _eddnbj Hndd" Qkdlq kbi Inqyrno|yneb nq kdqe k hkmer aebalrb e` nbyljrkyli srei|ayneb
sdkbbnbj" S|ragkqnbj ilskryhlby nq rlqsebqnodl `er srea|rnbj rkz(hkylrnkdq kbi `d|wlq" SSA ilskryhlbyilkdq znyg `kandny~ kddeakyneb ky in``lrlby srei|ayneb `kandnynlq kbi ykflq hkfl%o|~ ilanqnebq ol`erlkaalsynbj k srei|ayneb erilr" [|kdny~ Kqq|rkbal ilskryhlby qy|inlq `lkqnondny~ e` lplr~ rlalnpli erilrkbi kdqe ielq slrneina lbi srei|ay qkhsdnbj e` pkrne|q q|o(sdkbyq$ `er kagnlpnbj a|qyehlr qkynq`kayneb"
Znyg ygl nhsdlhlbykyneb e` QKS _%1$ KHD lbme~q qlkhdlqq yrkbq`lr e` nb`erhkyneb kareqq pkrne|qilskryhlbyq$ qe ygky yglrl krl be ynhl ildk~q nb jknbnbj kaalqq ye ynhl arnynakd eslrkynebkd nb`erhkyneb" Nykdqe kddezq lplr~ ilskryhlby ye kdnjb yglnr nbinpni|kd srei|ayneb sdkbq znyg ygky e` ygl Albyrkd srei|aynebsdkb srepnili o~ SSA$ qe ygky ik~(ye(ik~ hebnyernbj akb ol iebl ye rli|al nidl ynhl$ `|ryglr lbgkbanbjygl sdkby |yndn}kyneb akskany~"
Gezlplr$ QKS nq bey ~ly akskodl e` srepninbj esynhkd srei|ayneb sdkbq kq ygl a|qyehlr ilhkbiq$ kdebj
znyg rkz(hkylrnkd kpkndkondny~ kbi srnalq krl `rl{|lbyd~ agkbjnbj$ srei|ay aeqynbj nq slr`erhli |qnbj HQ(Lwald kbi ygl @NAE hei|dl nq ~ly ye jly `|dd~ nhsdlhlbyli nb QKS" Kq e` bez$ SSA nq kaynpld~aeerinbkynbj znyg GEIq e` pkrne|q srei|ayneb ilskryhlbyq ye hkyag ygl a|qyehlrq ilhkbi"
NNN Akql Qy|i~
1"; Sreodlh Qykylhlby
Heynpkyli o~ ygl jrezyg sreqslayq nb Nreb & Qylld Nbi|qyr~$ hkb~ o|qnblqq jnkbyq krl sdkbbnbj ye qly|syglnr nb(ge|ql nbyljrkyli qylld srei|ayneb `kandnynlq$ yg|q hkfnbj qylld kq k gnjgd~ aehslynynplaehheinyn}li srei|ay" Jenbj o~ ygl qyrkylj~ e` KHD ye olaehl k gnjg {|kdny~$ dezlqy aeqy qylld
srei|alr$ ALE e` KHD zkbyq ye deef nbye ygl krlkq e` nhsreplhlby nb pkrne|q srei|ayneb sdkbyq `erlbgkbanbj yglnr rlqslaynpl ~nldiq kbi kdqe deef nbye ygl sre`nykondny~ e` pkrne|q jrkilq olnbj srei|ali o~Aeqynbj ilskryhlby$ kdebj znyg nilbyn`nakyneb e` arnynakd a|qyehlrq o~ SSA ye nbarlkql ygl o|qnblqqyrkbqkaynebq"
1"? Eomlaynpl
Ye rlsery ygl eslrkynebkd kqslayq e` srei|ayneb ge|qlq `reh ygl `nbkbankd slrqslaynpl" Ye adkqqn`~ ygl qylld srei|ayq kbi a|qyehlrq nbye [|kbyny~(Aebyrno|yneb hkyrnalq" Ye `erh|dkyl k sndey Dnblkr Srejrkhhnbj heild `er esynhn}nbj srei|ay(hnw e` @KI sdkby kbi
yrkal ygl aeqynbj e` k skryna|dkr qylld jrkil `reh _eddnbj Hndd ye ygky e` srei|ayneb ge|qlq"
1"1 Qaesl
Qaesl e` ygl qy|i~ nq dnhnyli ye yglsrei|ayneb aeqy ilykndq kpkndkodl `er Hkrag ;;" Hkwnh|h akskanynlq kbi l``nanlbanlq krl dnhnyli o~ ygl aerrlqsebinbj skrkhlylrq i|rnbj ygl
hebyg e` kagnlpnbj olqy lplr srei|ayneb ped|hlq kagnlpli yndd ikyl"
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;:
NP Sremlay Ildnplrkodlq
Kbkd~}nbj hkmer aeqy irnplrq e` I_N Sdkby kbi `erh|dkynbj aeqynbj rldkynebqgnsq" Kbkd~}nbj hkmer aeqy irnplrq e` Qnbylr Sdkby kbi erh|dkynbj aeqynbj rldkynebqgnsq" Qy|i~nbj Aefl(Eplb sdkby kbi q|jjlqynbj seqqnodl ylagbedejnakd |s jrkikynebq" Adkqqn`~nbj a|qyehlrq kbi jrkilq nbye [|kbyny~(Aebyrno|yneb hkyrnalq kbi nilbyn`~nbj pkd|l
kiinbj a|qyehlrq$ jrkilq"
Okaf yrkanbj Srei|ay Aeqynbj `reh ygl _eddnbj Hndd sdkby ye ygl okqna srei|ayneb ge|qlq" Esynhn}nbj ygl Srei|ay(hnw e` @KI sdkby `er hnbnhn}nbj srei|ayneb aeqy"
9"; Akql Heildnbj
9"? Qed|yneb @rkhlzerf
Sremlay nq lwla|yli nb `e|r sgkqlq" I|rnbj sgkql(;$ ygl aeqynbj q~qylh nq |bilrqyeei kbi kbkd~}li okqlieb ygl ikyk kpkndkodl nb ygl aeqynbj qgllyq e` nbinpni|kd sdkbyq `er Hkrag ;; kbi k okaf yrkanbj l{|kynebnq ilqnjbli ye aebblay kdnjb lbi srei|ay aeqynbj znyg ygl inrlayneb e` hkylrnkd `dez" Nb sgkql(?$ k dnpl`nldi qy|i~ nq slr`erhli ye gkpl k gkbiq(eb lwslrnlbal e` srei|ayneb sdkbyq zerfnbj kbi kdqe nbylrkayliznyg aerrlqsebinbj GEIq ye fbez yglnr slralsyneb koe|y sdkbyq slr`erhkbal kdebj znyg sremlaylilwslaykynebq nb akql e` nhsdlhlbynbj srealqq agkbjlq$ kbi ygl dnhnynbj akskany~ aebqyrknbyq" Nb sgkql(1$srei|ayneb sdkbbnbj kbi hkrflynbj `rkhlzerf nq |bilrqyeei `reh ygl SSA ilskryhlby kbi qkdlq ikykrldkyli ye ygl jrkilq kbi a|qyehlrq i|rnbj @^?3;3 nq aeddlayli `er `|ryglr adkqqn`nakyneb kbkd~qnq" @nbkdd~$nb sgkql(9 dnblkr srejrkhhnbj hlygei nq `erh|dkyli `er srei|ay(hnw esynhn}kyneb nb @KI sdkby"
P Sgkql(;= Srei|ay Aeqynbj Q~qylh
Qylld nq ebl e` ygl yrkinynebkd y~slq e` hkb|`kay|rnbj nbi|qyr~$ zgnag |q|kdd~ srei|alq |bn`erh qly e`srei|ayq eb k aebynb|e|q okqnq" Qe$ aehseqnyneb e` srei|ayq srei|ali nb k skryna|dkr akhsknjbrlhknbq ygl qkhl" Srealqq Aeqynbj nq kiesyli ye kaae|by `er ygl khe|by e` rlqe|ralq aebq|hli nb kskryna|dkr srealqq kdebj znyg eplrglki nba|rrli nb ygl `erh e` ldlayrnany~ & `|ld aebq|hsyneb$ilsrlankyneb e` `nwli kqqlyq$ kbi ygl aebplrqneb aeqyq nbad|il ygl aeqy e` dkoer$ `d|wlq$ qyerlq & eyglraebq|hkodlq"
Kq ygl odlbi e` _kz(hkylrnkd kbi `d|wlq |qli aebyknb aehseblbyq srea|rli `reh pkrne|q q|ssd~qe|ralq kbi pkrne|q qylld jrkilq krl olnbj srei|ali o~ ygl kiinyneb e` kdde~q ye ygl okqna gey(hlykd
agkrjl nb I_N$ kdd ygl aeqyq nba|rrli zndd ol kaae|byli eb kb kplrkjl okqnq `er kb~ skryna|dkr hebygokqli eb ygl srei|ayneb ikyk eoyknbli `reh nbinpni|kd sdkbyq eb k iknd~ okqnq"
Kddeakyneb e` eplrglkiq nq iebl kaaerinbj ye ygl sreseryneb e` {|kbyny~ srei|ali `reh in``lrlbysdkbyq n` ygl e|ys|y e` k sdkby nq olnbj inqyrno|yli ye eyglr yze er herl sdkbyq" Ygl `nwli aeqyq e`nbinpni|kd sdkbyq zndd ol a|h|dkyli kq ygl hkylrnkdq hepl kareqq ygl pkd|l agknb `reh rkz(hkylrnkdqykjl ye Qsebjl(Nreb%Snj(Nreb%Qlhn(`nbnqgli @lrre Kdde~%Onddly er Odeeh%_eddli Srei|ayqykjl6 yglqlaeqyq zndd ol yrlkyli kq aksynpl aebq|hsyneb aeqyq kq ygl~ krl aebq|hli znygnb ygl sdkby eslrkynebq"
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;7
Ilsrlankyneb e` `nwli kqqlyq nq kaae|byli |qnbj Zrnyylb(Iezb(Pkd|l hlygei kbi kiili znyg Nbylrlqyskni eb Zerfnbj Aksnykd$ Debj(Ylrh Dekbq$ kbi o|ijlyli kddeakyneb e` Qkdkrnlq ye akda|dkyl ygl`nbkbankd aeqy" 'Skry e` Eplrglki Aeqy.
Ygl `eddeznbj lwkhsdl nq |qli ye ilqarnol Srei|ay Aeqynbj ky KHD=
Q|sseql ygl srei|ay srei|ali nq= ;yeb e` k _eddli Srei|ay(KHD e` jrkil 93A_9O
Ny zndd ol k srei|ay aehnbj e|y e` QHQ ye ygl _eddnbj Hndd kbi yglb zndd ol reddli"
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
;>
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
?3
Aeqy Aehseblby Eb Hkrag 1;qy @er Hkrag *;;
KDDE^Q YEYKD 22222 ?90
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
?;
Aeqy Aehseblby Aeqy SHY
_kz(Hkylrnkd ?;73:"91039
Aebplrqneb Aeqy=
Sezlr ;97:;7
Qyerlq & aebq|hkodlq ?03
Aebyrkayer Aeqy(Pkrnkodl 133
Qkdkr~ >>"331:3>?:
Yeykd Aeqy ??011"?0009
_laeplrkodl =
Aefl'3(?3. ??97":>97:?
Aekd Ykr "9;
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
??
Aeqy Aehseblby Aeqy SHY
N_EB E_L @NBL YEYKD ;1:7"93?>3?
YEYKD AEFL @NBLQ 1?7"31;901?
_ly|rb Qnbylr$ Hndd Qakdlq 9>
SEZL_ ;0: Qykbikri Ilpn kyn eb 3"?;"333 Hnbnh|h ;"99
Hkwnh|h 011"333 Hkwnh|h :01"333 Hkwnh|h ?"13;7;7
0"9 I_N Sdkby srealqq rldkyli akda|dkynebq `er Hkrag ;;
_kyglr ygkb olnbj qykondn}li$ slr yeb Aekdaebq|hsyneb nq `eddeznbj k dnblkr nbarlkqnbjyrlbi$ zgnag nq ebl hkmer `kayer `erkaaldlrkynbj ygl Yeykd Aeqy e` Qsebjl Nrebsrei|ayneb kq ygl hebyg lbi kssrekaglq"
Qyrebj bljkynpl aerrldkyneb olyzllb Srei|ayneb e` D|hsq & FZG Aebq|hsyneb slr yeb " Herlnq ygl srei|ayneb e` D|hsq6 dlqq zndd ol ygl aebq|hsyneb e` FZG" @er lplr~ ;, nbarlkql nb yglsrei|ayneb e` d|hsq$ yglrl zndd ol 9;, rli|ayneb nb ygl aebq|hsyneb e` FZG
@d|ay|kynebq kq ilsnayli o~ oldez snay|rl blliq ye ol rli|ali qe ygky ygl srealqq pkrnkynebq akbol qy|inli nb k okyylr zk~ `er `nbinbj zk~q ye rli|al ygl aeqy"
@nj|rl >= I_N Aekd Aebq|hsyneb kbkd~qnq
@nj|rl ;3= FZG Aebq|hsyneb slr yeb e` I_N srei|ayneb
@nj|rl ;;= _kz(Hkylrnkd srnal heplhlby e` I_N
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
?:
0"< Eoqlrpkynebq `reh ygl qy|i~ e` @KI Sdkby=
Ygl eomlaynpl nq ye ilylrhnbl zgnag fnbi e` nbs|yq ye ol srei|ali `er srei|anbj ygl kdde~q qe ygky ygleplrkdd aeqy e` srei|ayneb nq hnbnhn}li"
Ygl sreodlh gkq ollb `erh|dkyli nb HQ(Lwald qsrlkiqglly kbi nq qedpli |qnbj ygl Qedplr Kii(nb e`HQ(Lwald$ ygl qylsq e` lwla|yneb krl hlbynebli oldez=
Ygl aebqyrknbyq zlrl rldkyli ye ygky e` Hb%@l rkyne kbi Yeykd Hb {|kbyny~ srei|ali"
1"< 48 Hb, % @l, 48 1"
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
?7
Ygl `nbkd rlq|dyq eoyknbli `er ygl aehonbkyneb e` nbs|y {|kbynynlq `er hnbnhn}nbj ygl srei|ayneb aeqynq kq `eddezq=
Kq ny akb ol adlkrd~ nb`lrrli `reh ygl koepl rlq|dyq ygky ygl qedplr nq q|jjlqynbj bey ye |ql yglhkylrnkdq H? & H9 kq nbs|yq zgndl |ql ygl hlbynebli {|kbynynlq e` H; & H9 ye rlkag jekd"
PNN Sgkql(1= A|qyehlr Adkqqn`nakyneb
0; aehskbnlq lkrb blkrd~ :3, ye ygl yeykd rlplb|l e` KHD" Yglql 0; aehskbnlq aebyrno|yl herl ygkb3"9, nbinpni|kdd~ ye ygl KHDq rlplb|l" Yglql 0; aehskbnlq krl akyljern}li kq K srnerny~ a|qyehlrq"Qnhndkrd~ ?37 aehskbnlq aebyrno|yli ye ?1"0>:9:> 3
Yeykd Aeqy 9339:">>;0
Hb%@l _kyne 1"3
INP^KBQG QYLLD SPY DYI ;"
PLB\Q _EDDNBJ HNDDQ SPY" DYI ;"
GNHKD N_EB KBI QYLLD SPY" DYI" ;"
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
13
:"?"? K Akyljer~ Onddly A|qyehlrq=
Yglql krl ygl akyljer~ K a|qyehlrq zge sk~ herl ygkb _q 13333%( slr yeb `er onddlyq" Yglql a|qyehlrq
qge|di ol ykrjlyli `er nbarlkqnbj ygl rlplb|l e` ygl aehskb~"
:"1 _eddli Srei|ayq=
Yglql krl ygl heqy nhserykby srei|ay akyljer~ e` KHD kq ygnq akyljer~ aebyrno|ylq gnjglqy ye ygl yeykdrlplb|l" Yglrl k yeykd e` 1;3 a|qyehlrq kbi aebplrqneb kjlbyq `er ygl reddli srei|ayq e` KHD" Yglrl krlk yeykd e` 13 a|qyehlrq zge aebyrno|yl blkrd~ :3, ye ygl yeykd nbaehl `reh reddli srei|ayq kbi yglql 13a|qyehlrq aebyrno|yl herl ygkb 3":
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
1;
:"1"? K Akyljer~ _eddli Srei|ay A|qyehlrq=
Ygl srnal e` ygl reddli srei|ayq pkrnlq `reh _q 00333%( ye _q ?1333%( ilslbinbj eb ygl jrkil {|kdny~"Jnplb oldez nq ygl dnqy e` ygl a|qyehlrq e` akyljer~ K kbi zge o|~ gnjg {|kdny~ reddli srei|ayq"
N` ygl aebyrno|yneb e` ygl akyljer~ K a|qyehlrq nbarlkqlq o~ ;, yglb ygl yeykd rlplb|l `reh ygky srei|ayy~sl nbarlkqlq o~ 3":,"
:"9 Snj Nreb=
Ygnq nq ygl ar|il `erh e` Nreb kbi ygl srnalq krl ilanili kaaerinbj ye hkrfly yrlbi n"l" ygl aeqy e` Nrebkareqq ygl ae|byr~" Ygl Snj Nreb {|kbyny~ qedi nq >, e` ygl yeykd {|kbyny~ e` qylldq qedi o~ KHD kbi nyjlblrkylq
PNQGKD LBJNBLL_Q 3"7?
GNBI\QYKB HEYE_Q DYI" 3">1
QE\YGL_B QYLLDQ & @E_JNBJQ 3"7>
KKINBKYG KQQEANKYLQ ;"33
GNH YLFBE @E_JL DYI" ;"7:
Bkhl e` ygl aehskb~ , aebyrno|yneb
QG_LL HLYKDNFQ DNHNYLI" ;3"3?
QAKB QYLLDQ DYI" >"11SKZKBMK^ QSEBJLN_EB DYI 7"9?
LSNA KDDE^ QYLLD SPY" DYI" :"71
BLLYLQG \I^EJ" 9":>
_E\_FLDK QYLLD AE_SE_KYNEB 1">9
LQQK_ QYLLD DYI ?"::
QHA SEZL_ JLBL_KYNEB DYI ?"
H\F\BI DYI" K%A FKDK^KBN QYLLDQ DYI ;">
QKYPNF LBYL_S_NQL DYI ;"0;
EAD N_EB KBI QYLLD DNHNYLI ?":
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
19
Aefl Eplb= Qldlaynpl Ar|qgnbj akb ol iebl ye gkpl k olyylr aebyred e` Aekd qn}l$ gehejlblny~$H;3 nbilw nhsreplq `reh ;"< ye ? eplr k okql e` ;?" 'okqli eb sbl|hkyna adkqqn`nlr. Zkylr{|lbagnbj rli|alq Aefl {|kdny~ '3"10(3"9? JAkd" E` glky nq deqy slr yeb e` Aefl$ sedd|yneb.$Esseqnyl ye koepl kbi l``laynpl ebl nq ir~ aeednbj nb kb nblry kyheqsglrl"
I_N Sdkby= Qyrebj bljkynpl aerrldkyneb olyzllb Srei|ayneb e` D|hsq & FZG Aebq|hsyneb slryeb" Herl nq ygl srei|ayneb e` D|hsq6 dlqq zndd ol ygl aebq|hsyneb e` FZG" @er lplr~ ;,nbarlkql nb ygl srei|ayneb e` d|hsq$ yglrl zndd ol 9;, rli|ayneb nb ygl aebq|hsyneb e` FZG
HO@ Sdkby=Kq ygl Qdkj Ped|hl nbarlkqlq$ ygl GO ylhslrky|rl nb HO@ rli|alq$ zgnag nb y|rbrli|alq ygl srei|aynpny~ e` odkqy `|rbkal"
Qnbylr Sdkby= Ny akb ol nb`lrrli `reh ygl koepl l{|kyneb ygky `er k skryna|dkr rkbjl e` @A, nb yglaefl `nblq |qli nb Qnbylr srei|ayneb$ ygl khe|by e` Aefl Nbs|y zndd pkr~ nb sreseryneb znyg yglKd?E1,"
Ny akb ol nb`lrrli ygky ygl nbarlkql e` Kd?E1, nb ygl aehseqnyneb e` Qnbylr zndd dlki ye kbnbarlkql nb ygl Qdkj Ped|hl aehnbj e|y e` HO@"
@KI Sdkby= Ie bey |ql ygl hkylrnkdq H? & H9 kq nbs|yq zgndl |ql ygl hlbynebli {|kbynynlq e`H; & H9 ye rlkag ygl jekd e` hnbnhn}nbj nbs|y(hnw aeqy e` @KI sdkby$ q|omlay ye ygl aebqyrknbyqe`1"< 48 Hb, % @l, 48 1"
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Kig|bnf Hlykdnfq DnhnyliSrei|ayneb Aeqy Hkbkjlhlby kbi HNQ @erh|dkyneb
1