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Suffrage Wins in the Senate This article was published in The New York Times on Thursday, June 5, 1919.

WASHINGTON, June 4 – People have been fighting for the women’s suffrage movement for a long time. Today, they had a big win! The Senate added the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. The suffrage supporters needed two-thirds of Senators to vote for them. The House of Representatives passed the amendment two weeks ago. Now, the last step is for three-fourths of the states to ratify, or approve, the amendment. Here is the amendment: "Article I, Section 1. - Citizens of the United States have the right to vote no matter what their gender is. "Section 2. – Congress has the power to enforce this amendment.”

Tonight, leaders of the National Woman’s Party said they are going to start pushing to get the amendment approved quickly. They want women to have the right to vote in the next Presidential election. They will need three-fourths of states to ratify the amendment. Special meetings of state Legislatures will need to be set up. Normally, these Legislatures would not meet until after the Presidential election in 1920.

"The last part of the fight is to get the amendment approved so women can vote in the

Presidential election in 1920," said Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt. “We are sure this will happen. Many people are supporting us. We want this struggle to be over. Some people have tried to stop us, but we just focus on the future!” Hope for Ratification

Suffrage leaders are sure that the amendment will be ratified quickly. Many states already allow women to vote in elections. There are 14 more states that are in session right now or will meet soon to talk about voting rights.

The fight for suffrage started back during the American Revolution. During the Revolution,

women wanted to be included in the Government. Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams, ”There will be another revolution if women are not included in this government." After the Revolution, women worked hard for suffrage. They held meetings and wrote petitions. From 1848 to the start of the Civil War, people tried to change state laws to include women. Susan B. Anthony led this movement.

In 1872, Miss Anthony tried to vote at the polls. She was arrested. She refused to pay her fine

but was never put in jail. In 1875, Miss Anthony proposed the amendment that was voted on today. In 1878, the amendment was brought to the Senate. It has been voted on in the Senate five times, including today. It has been voted on three times in the House. On May 21, 1919, it finally passed the House. The Outcome

The 19th Amendment passed in 1920 because of the contributions women made during World War I. The amendment allowed women to vote. Before it passed, women did not have a “voice” in their government. This amendment helped the nation become more of a democratic government. The amendment allowed elections to represent more people.

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ROARING 20’s & THE GREAT DEPRESSION



WASHINGTON, June 4 – People have been fighting for the women’s suffrage movement for a long time. Today, they had a big win! The Senate added the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. The suffrage supporters needed two-thirds of Senators to vote for them. The House of Representatives passed the amendment two weeks ago. Now, the last step is for three-fourths of the states to ratify, or approve, the amendment. Here is the amendment: "Article I, Section 1. - Citizens of the United States have the right to vote no matter what their gender is. "Section 2. – Congress has the power to enforce this amendment.”

Tonight, leaders of the National Woman’s Party said they are going to start pushing to get the amendment approved quickly. They want women to have the right to vote in the next Presidential election. They will need three-fourths of states to ratify the amendment. Special meetings of state Legislatures will need to be set up. Normally, these Legislatures would not meet until after the Presidential election in 1920.

"The last part of the fight is to get the amendment approved so women can vote in the

Presidential election in 1920," said Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt. “We are sure this will happen. Many people are supporting us. We want this struggle to be over. Some people have tried to stop us, but we just focus on the future!” Hope for Ratification

Suffrage leaders are sure that the amendment will be ratified quickly. Many states already allow women to vote in elections. There are 14 more states that are in session right now or will meet soon to talk about voting rights.

The fight for suffrage started back during the American Revolution. During the Revolution, women

wanted to be included in the Government. Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams, ”There will be another revolution if women are not included in this government." After the Revolution, women worked hard for suffrage. They held meetings and

Today's win for suffrage ends a fight that started back during the American Revolution. During the Revolution, women wanted to be included in the Government. Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams, "If women are not represented in this new government there will be another revolution." From the time of the Revolution, women worked hard for suffrage by holding meetings and writing petitions. From 1848 to the time of the Civil War, people kept trying to change state laws to include women. Susan B. Anthony was the leader of the movement.

In 1872, Miss Anthony tried to vote at the polls, was arrested, and wouldn’t pay her fine, but never got put in jail. In 1875, Miss Anthony wrote the proposed amendment, the same one that was voted on today. In 1878, the amendment was brought up in the Senate. It has been voted on in the Senate five times, including today. It has been voted on three times in the House. On May 21, 1919, it finally passed the House. The Outcome

The 19th Amendment passed in 1920 after the government recognized the contributions of women during World War I. It removed gender restrictions for voting by allowing women to vote. Previously, women rarely had a “voice” in their government. This was a big step to a more democratic government for the United States because more people were represented after the passing of the 19th Amendment.

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WASHINGTON, June 4 - After a long fight, supporters of women’s suffrage won a major victory in the Senate today when that body adopted the Susan Anthony amendment to the Constitution. The suffrage supporters had two more than the necessary two-thirds vote of Senators present.

The amendment, which two weeks earlier had been passed by the House, now goes to the

States for ratification. The States will vote to ratify, or approve, the following terms: "Article I, Section 1. - The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. "Section 2. - Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the provisions of this article.”

Leaders of the National Woman's Party announced tonight that they would at once start upon a campaign to gain ratification of the amendment by the necessary three-fourths of the States so that women might have the right to vote in the next Presidential election. To achieve this ratification, special sessions of state Legislatures will need to be called. Otherwise, these Legislatures would not normally meet until after the Presidential election in 1920. Miss Alice Paul, Chairman of the Woman’s Party, predicted that the campaign for ratification would succeed and that women would be allowed to vote for the next President.

The Senate vote came after four hours of debate, and the opposition finally gave up the effort as lost. "The last stage of the fight is to obtain ratification of the amendment so women may vote in

the Presidential election in 1920," said Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt. “We are confident this will be achieved. The friends of woman suffrage in both parties have carried out their word. In the result we can turn our backs upon the end of a long and difficult struggle, needlessly made more difficult by the stubbornness of a few at the expense of the many. ’Focus on the future', is the attitude as we turn towards the struggle for ratification by the States.” Hope for Ratification

Suffrage leaders say quick ratification is certain in 28 states in which women now have full or Presidential suffrage. There are 14 states that are in session right now or will meet soon.

Today's victory for suffrage ends a fight that dates back to the American Revolution. Women

voted under several of the Colonial Governments. During the Revolution, women demanded to be included in the Government. Abigail Adams wrote her husband, John Adams, "If women are not represented in this new government there will be another revolution." From the time of the Revolution, women worked hard for suffrage by holding meetings and writing petitions.

In 1848, a woman's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, N. Y., arranged by Lucretia Mott

and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. This was the first big suffrage demonstration. From 1848 until the time of the Civil War, efforts were made to have State laws changed to include women. Susan B. Anthony became leader of the movement.

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Suffrage Wins in the Senate For five years after the Civil War, suffragists tried to change the Fourteenth and Fifteenth

Amendments to allow women to vote. In 1872, Miss Anthony tried to vote at the polls, was arrested, and refused to pay her fine, but was never jailed. In 1875, Miss Anthony wrote the proposed Federal amendment, the same one that was voted on today. In 1878, the amendment was introduced in the Senate. It has been voted on in the Senate five times, including today. In 1878, the vote was 16 yes’s to 34 no’s; in 1914, it failed by 11 votes; in 1918, it failed by two votes; and on Feb. 10, 1919, it failed by one vote. It has been voted on three times in the House. It failed there in 1915 by 78 votes. In 1918, it failed to pass the House by just one vote. On May 21, 1919, it finally passed the House with 14 votes more than the necessary two-thirds. The Outcome

The 19th Amendment, passed in 1920 after the government recognized the contributions of women during World War I, removed gender restrictions on voting. This amendment effectively allowed women to vote. Previously, women rarely had a “voice” in their government. This was a big step to a more democratic government for the United States because more people were represented after the passing of the 19th Amendment.

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Stock Market Crash of 1929 The Stock Market Crash of 1929 happened on October 29, 1929. It was called “Black

Tuesday” and would later become known as the worst stock market crash in U.S. history. It marked the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression. Setting the Stage for the Crash

The 1920s had been a time of wealth after WWI. Many Americans moved to cities to find jobs in the fast growing industries. Because of all the moving, the agriculture industry was left behind. This was one of the many causes of the Great Depression. A “mini” crash happened in March of 1929. But, one rich banker put $25 million in the market to keep it going. His money only helped for a short time. Black Week

The crash began on October 24, 1929, known as “Black Thursday.” On this day, the market lost 11% of what it was worth. The market kept dropping on “Black Monday” when it fell 13% and “Black Tuesday” when it lost 11%. People sold 16 million shares of stock that day. People saw the stocks becoming worth less money, so they wanted to sell. They did not want to lose all of their money. No one wanted to buy any stocks, so prices kept dropping. Lower stock prices meant there was less money to go around, less money led to less spending, and less spending really hurt the economy. Downward Spiral

Many causes led to the crash. People had the wrong idea that the wonderful economic growth of the 1920s would continue into the 1930s. Because of this, people invested a lot of money in the stock market. Many investors to took out loans just to invest in the stock market. This made the crash of 1929 even worse because people were losing money that wasn’t even theirs to begin with! End of Prosperity

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 brought the ‘Roaring Twenties’ to a stop. The crash was not the only reason for the Great Depression, but it was the first sign that a depression was coming. A great deal of money was lost during the crash. Less wealth meant less spending, which ultimately drove the American economy into the ground. Bank failures, no jobs, and no food all followed the stock market crash. The stock market did not fully recover until November 1954, almost 25 years later.

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Stock Market Crash of 1929 The Stock Market Crash of 1929 happened on “Black Tuesday” – October 29. It would

later become known as the worst stock market crash in U.S. history. It marked the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression. Setting the Stage for the Crash

This economic crash ended the ‘Roaring Twenties’ – a time of wealth after WWI. Many Americans moved to cities hoping for a better future in the fast growing industries. Because of all the moving, the agriculture industry was left behind. This was one of the many causes of the Depression. A “mini” crash happened in March of 1929, but one rich banker gave a lot of money ($25 million) to keep the market going – and this helped for a short time. Black Week

However, people became less confident as the year went on and the stock market became less stable. The crash began on October 24, 1929, known as “Black Thursday.” On this day, the market lost 11% of what it was worth. This continued on “Black Monday” when the market lost 13% and “Black Tuesday” when the market lost 11% of what it was worth. People sold 16 million shares of stock that day. People saw the stocks becoming worth less money, so they wanted to sell and try to get what was left of their money. Everyone wanted to sell their stocks and no one wanted to buy any, so stock prices kept dropping. Lower stock prices meant there was less money to go around, less money led to less spending, and less spending really hurt all parts of the economy. Downward Spiral

The crash was mostly a result of the incorrect idea that stock prices, industrial production, and business expansion would continue to grow. People thought that the amazing economic growth that took place during the 1920s would continue in the 1930s. Because of this, people invested a lot of money in the stock market. Many investors in the late 1920s to took out loans just to invest in the stock market. This made the crash of 1929 even worse because people were losing money that wasn’t even theirs to begin with. End of Prosperity

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 brought the wealth of the ‘Roaring Twenties’ to a stop. The crash was not the only reason for the Great Depression. However, many economists and politicians think the crash was the first sign of economic depression due to the large amount of wealth that was lost as a result of the crash. Less wealth resulted in less spending, which ultimately drove the American economy into the ground. Bank failures, high numbers of unemployment, and lack of food all followed the stock market crash. The stock market did not fully recover its value until November 1954, almost 25 years later.

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Stock Market Crash of 1929 The Stock Market Crash of 1929 took place on “Black Tuesday” – October 29. It would later

become known as the most devastating stock market crash in U.S. history, and it marked the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression. Setting the Stage for the Crash

This economic crash brought the ‘Roaring Twenties’ – a time of wealth and excess due to post-WW1 optimism – to an immediate halt. Many Americans moved to cities in hopes of attaining a more prosperous future in the rapidly growing industrial sector. Because of mass migration to cities, the agricultural sector was neglected – this is one of the supposed causes of the Depression. A “mini” crash occurred in March of 1929, but one wealthy banker pledged a large amount of money ($25 million) to keep the market afloat, which temporarily stabilized the market. Black Week

However, optimism began to wane and the market became increasingly unstable as the year wore on. The crash suddenly began on October 24, 1929 , known as “Black Thursday,” when the market lost 11% of its value. This trend continued on “Black Monday” and “Black Tuesday” the following week, when the market lost 13% and 11%, respectively, of its value at the opening of trade on each of those days. The massive volume of stocks sold on ‘Black Tuesday’ (16 million shares) was a record number that was not broken for 40 years. People saw stocks decreasing in value and wanted their money out of the market as quickly as possible. Everyone wanted to sell their stocks and no one wanted to buy, so stock prices dropped dramatically. Lower stock prices equated to less wealth, less wealth led to less spending, and less spending led to a downward spiraling economy. Downward Spiral

The crash was largely a result of over-speculation that stock prices, industrial production, and business expansion would continue to grow. People thought that the record economic growth that took place during the 1920s was guaranteed to continue in the 1930s and, therefore, invested heavily in the stock market. It was not uncommon for investors in the late 1920s to take out loans for the sole purpose of investing in the stock market. This made the crash of 1929 even more devastating because people were losing money that wasn’t even theirs to begin with. Pressure on wheat prices from Italy and France created an initial level of uncertainty in the stock market and, once the market began to turn down, panic drove it down farther and farther. End of Prosperity

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 brought the prosperity of the ‘Roaring Twenties’ to an abrupt close. Although it is not the sole reason for the Great Depression, many economists and

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politicians alike consider the crash to be the first signal of economic depression due to the vast amount of wealth that was lost as a result of the crash. Less wealth resulted in less consumer spending, which ultimately drove the American economy into the ground. Bank failures, mass unemployment, and food shortages all followed the stock market crash. It wasn’t until November 1954, almost 25 years later, that the closing price of the stock market reached the peak closing price of the market in 1929.


The Dust Bowl What Is It?

During the 1930s, strong dust storms took over the Great Plains region of the United States. This time period is called the Dust Bowl. These storms ruined millions of acres of farmland. The storms did the most damage in Texas and Oklahoma. Farms in Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico were also destroyed. The Dust Bowl began in 1931. It lasted for about eight years. This wild weather came during the time of the Great Depression. It added to the struggles Americans were already facing. Easy Target for the Wind

There were two main causes of the dust storms during the Dust Bowl. There was a drought in the area. A drought is a period of no rainfall. Farmers also had not been taking care of their land. They had been deeply plowing the ground for many years. This helped them get crops easily when there was enough rain. However, when the drought hit in the early 1930s, the soil on top of the ground was swept away by the strong winds. More and more dust storms hit as the drought continued. The land became more and more over-plowed. Wild Weather Runs Them Off

The dust storms were serious! People could not see more than one meter in front of them. Kids wore dust masks to school. Easy things like breathing, walking to school, and eating became hard. There was so much dust in the air. Things in the central United States were so bad that many families left the area. Most of them moved out west to California. The economy in the West was no better than in the Plains region because of the Great Depression. Many migrants, people who moved away from home, hoped to escape the tough times of the Dust Bowl. Sadly, they found tough times in California as well. Shelterbelt Project

President Franklin Roosevelt started the Shelterbelt Project in 1937 to help with the damage caused by the Dust Bowl. This project helped get a lot of trees planted in the central part of the United States. The trees helped slow wind erosion, meaning slow the wind down from wearing away the top layer of soil. President Roosevelt hoped the trees would save the farmland that was ruined by dust storms. Finally, the Dust Bowl came to an end in 1939. Lots of rainfall helped restore the soil. At this time, the country also started to make its way out of the Great Depression with the start of WWII.

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The Dust Bowl is the name used for the time during the 1930s when strong dust storms took over the Great Plains region of the United States. These storms ruined millions of acres of farmland. The storms damaged Texas and Oklahoma the worst. Farms in Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico were also destroyed. The Dust Bowl began in 1931 and lasted for about eight years. This wild weather came during the time of the Great Depression. It increased the struggles Americans were already experiencing. Easy Target for the Wind

There were two main causes of the dust storms during the Dust Bowl. There was a drought in the area, meaning no rainfall. Farmers also had not been taking care of their land. They had been deeply plowing the ground for many years. This helped them get crops easily when there was enough rainfall. However, when drought hit in the early 1930s, the soil on top of the ground got swept away by the strong winds. Dust storms became more common as the drought continued. The land became more and more over-plowed. Wild Weather Runs Them Off

The storms were so crazy that people couldn’t see more than one meter in front of them. Kids wore dust masks to school. Easy things like breathing, walking to school, and eating became hard because there was so much dust in the air. Things in the central U.S. were so bad that more than 10,000 families left the area. Most of them moved out west to California. Because of the Great Depression, the economy in the West was no better than in the Plains region. Many migrants, people who moved away from home, hoped to escape the tough times of the Dust Bowl. Sadly, they found tough times in California. Shelterbelt Project

To help with the damage caused by the Dust Bowl, President Franklin Roosevelt started the Shelterbelt Project in 1937. This project helped get a lot of trees planted in the central part of the United States. The trees were meant to slow wind erosion, meaning slow the wind down from wearing away the top layer of soil. President Roosevelt hoped the trees would save the farmland that was ruined by dust storms. Finally, the Dust Bowl came to an end in 1939 when lots of rainfall helped restore the soil. At this time, the country also started to make its way out of the Great Depression with the start of WWII.

Word Count: 395




The Dust Bowl is the name used for the time during the 1930s when strong dust storms took over the Great Plains region of the United States, ruining millions of acres of farmland. Texas and Oklahoma were the states that got the worst of the storms. Farms in Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico were also destroyed. The Dust Bowl began in 1931 and lasted for about eight years. This wild weather coincided with the Great Depression. It increased the struggles Americans were already experiencing. Easy Target for the Wind

The dust storms during the Dust Bowl came from really bad period of drought (lack of rainfall) and bad farming techniques. Farmers had been deeply plowing the ground for many years. This helped them get many crops when there was enough rainfall. However, when drought hit in the early 1930s, the loose layer of topsoil that covered most of the farmland in the region (because of the farming techniques used) got swept away by the strong winds. Dust storms became more common as the drought continued. The land got more and more over-plowed. Wild Weather Runs Them Off

The storms were so crazy that people couldn’t see farther than one meter in front of them. Kids wore dust masks to school because easy things like breathing, walking to school, and eating became hard because there was so much dust in the air. Things in the central U.S. were so bad that more than 10,000 families left the region. Most of them moved out west to California. The economy in the West was no better than in the Plains region due to the Great Depression. Many migrants (people who moved away from home), were hoping to escape the tough times of the Dust Bowl, also found tough times in California. Shelterbelt Project

To help with the damage of the Dust Bowl, President Franklin Roosevelt started the Shelterbelt Project in 1937. This project helped get a ton of trees planted throughout the Central part of the United States. The trees were meant to slow wind erosion (when the wind would wear away the top layer of soil) and save the farmland that was ruined by dust storms. Finally, the Dust Bowl came to a stop in 1939 when lots of rainfall helped restore the soil. At this time, the country also started to make its way out of the Great Depression with the start of WWII.

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The New Deal Between March of 1933 and June of 1944, President Franklin Roosevelt made more

than thirty speeches. These speeches were called “Fireside Chats.” They gave comfort to the Americans who listened to the President on the radio. These chats made him one of the most popular presidents. Below is a part of one of his “Fireside Chats.” In the speech, Roosevelt talks about his New Deal. He mostly talks about the part of his plan focused on “relief” for the needy. The other two R’s of his plan are focused on economic recovery and financial reform. Fireside Chat: “Outlining the New Deal” – May 7, 1933

I am using the radio to tell you about how we will fix the banking crisis. I want to give you my report, tell you about what we have been doing, and what we are planning to do.

Two months ago, we had big problems. The economy was dying because people

stopped buying and selling goods and services. We needed to stop the foreclosures. Banks, railroads and insurance companies were closing down. This was really hard on land owners, homeowners, and all working people. There were less and less jobs around.

Congress needed to take emergency action to help. First, we are giving jobs to

250,000 of our country’s unemployed people. We will give most of the jobs to young men who have families to take care of. We are sending them into forestry and flood prevention work.

This is a big task for the government. It means feeding, clothing, and caring for twice as

many men as we have in the regular army. By starting this civilian conservation corps, we are fixing two problems at once.

We are making our land better, and we are creating more jobs. One of the best parts of this work is that hardly any machines are needed. Homeowners will benefit from the program because it slows down the troubles of debt that millions of our people are dealing with.

All of the countries in the world have had a hard time like we have had in this time of

great depression. We can all help each other if we all take action. We must each promise to give our very best to help. The leaders of the U.S. government thank you. During the depression you have been patient. You have let us do what we need to do and you have given us the thumbs up. We are doing every single thing we can to help.

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financial

Permanent programs to protect against another

economic disaster

Reform for the needy Immediate action

taken to help needy

Relief

economic

Temporary programs to restart consumer demand

Recovery


The New Deal Between March of 1933 and June of 1944, President Franklin Roosevelt made more

than thirty speeches. These speeches were called “Fireside Chats” because they gave comfort to Americans who listened to the President over the radio. Because of these chats, he became one of the most popular presidents. Below is a part of one of his fireside chats. In the speech, Roosevelt talks about his New Deal and the part of his plan focused on “relief” for the needy. The other two R’s of his plan are focused on economic recovery and financial reform. Fireside Chat: “Outlining the New Deal” – May 7, 1933

I am using the radio to tell you about the banking crisis and how we will fix it. I come to give you my report and to tell you about what we have been doing and what we are planning to do.

Two months ago, we had big problems. The economy was dying because people stopped buying and selling goods and services. We could let the foreclosures keep happening and stop the flow of money. Banks, railroads and insurance companies would close down. This would be really hard on land owners, homeowners, and all working people because there would be even less jobs to go around.

The members of Congress knew they couldn’t let things happen like normal. Congress needed to take emergency action to help. First, we are giving the opportunity of employment to 250,000 of our country’s unemployed people. We will give most of the jobs to young men with families to take care of. We are sending them into forestry and flood prevention work.

This is a big job for the government because it means feeding, clothing and caring for nearly twice as many men as we have in the regular army itself. By starting this civilian conservation corps, we are fixing two problems at once. We are making our land better, and we are providing more jobs. One of the best parts of this work is that it is hands-on and hardly any machines are needed. Home owners of the nation benefit from the program because it eases the troubles of debt that millions of our people are dealing with. All the countries in the world have had a hard time like we have in this time of great depression. We can all help each other if we all take action. We must each promise to give our very best to help. The leaders of the U.S. government thank you.

During the depression you have been patient. You have let us do what we need to do and you have given us the thumbs up. We are doing every single thing we can to help.

Word Count: 452


financial


economic disaster


taken to help needy

Relief

economic


Recovery


The New Deal Between March of 1933 and June of 1944, President Roosevelt made over thirty speeches directly into

the homes of the American public through the radio. These speeches became known as “Fireside Chats” because they gave comfort and restored confidence in the minds of Americans. These chats also gave the President a way of communicating to the people that limited the exposure of his polio, a disease that partially paralyzed his legs. Through these chats, he became one of the most well-loved presidents in history. Some people even compare him to Abraham Lincoln. In this small piece taken from one of his fireside chats, Roosevelt talks about his New Deal and the part of his plan focused on “relief” for the needy. The other two R’s of his plan include economic recovery and financial reform. Fireside Chat: “Outlining the New Deal” – May 7, 1933

On a Sunday night a week after my Inauguration, I use the radio to tell you about the banking crisis and the measures we were taking to fix it. I come to give you my report and to tell you about what we have been doing and what we are planning to do.

Two months ago, we were facing serious problems. The economy was dying because trade and commerce (the buying and selling of goods and services) had dropped to dangerously low levels. One option: Let the foreclosures continue and the money go into hiding. This would force bankruptcy of banks, railroads and insurance companies. The result of this would have been a hardship on all land and homeowners and suffering for all working people because unemployment would have increased.

The members of Congress realized that the methods of letting things go as they do in normal times needs to be replaced in times of emergency by methods that were fitting for the serious and important needs of the moment. First, we are giving the opportunity of employment to 250,000 of the unemployed, especially the young men who have families depending on them. We are sending them into forestry and flood prevention work.

This is a big task for the government because it means feeding, clothing and caring for nearly twice as many men as we have in the regular army itself. By creating this civilian conservation corps, we are killing two birds with one stone. We are increasing the value of our natural resources and we are fixing one of the biggest problems facing our citizens. This great group of men have started their work on a voluntary basis, and no military training is involved. One of the great values of this work is the fact that it is hands-on and requires very little machinery. Next, the Congress is about to pass several acts or bills that will greatly help the mortgage distress among the farmers and the home owners of the nation by easing the troubles of debt that millions of our people are dealing with.

All of the world’s nations have suffered like we have in this time of great depression. They have all reached the conclusion that we can all help each other if we all take action. With this in mind, we have all met and discussed our common problems. We have each pledged ourselves to give our very best to achieve this. To you, the people of this country, all of us, the Members of the Congress and the members of this Administration, owe much gratitude. Throughout the depression you have been patient. You have granted us the power to do what we need to do and you have encouraged us with approval. Every bit of strength and every resource we have has been devoted to this cause. We believe that a smart and sensible start has been made. In the spirit of everyone feeling confident and supportive of each other, we now go forward.

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financial


economic disaster


taken to help needy

Relief

economic


Recovery


The Harlem Renaissance The Great Migration

African Americans have moved around since the end of the Civil War. During Westward Expansion, many of them became ranchers, homesteaders, or exodusters. Several different pull factors led many of them to move. Pull factors are reasons that cause a person to move to a new place.

The biggest move of all was called “The Great Migration.” Around 5 million African Americans moved from the South to the North between 1900 and 1960. One pull factor was the amount of jobs available. The factories needed workers. Many white males had left their jobs to fight in World War I. One newspaper, The Chicago Defender, tried to get African Americans to move north. The paper wrote that the North had less racism than the South.

”The Great Migration changed our lives. It changed the music that we listen to. It changed the politics of our country. It changed the way cities look and feel,” said Isabel Wilkerson in an interview with National Public Radio. ”African-Americans started suburban areas and ghettos. These areas are still around today. The South was forced to change, too. They lost a lot of their workers during the Great Migration.” A New Kind of Renaissance

The European Renaissance took place between the 14th and 17th centuries. It was a time when people became very interested in the arts. Many African American artists moved to the North to create and share their art between 1918 and 1937. This time period was called the “Harlem Renaissance.” More and more African Americans moved north. They joined together in urban cities. Two of these cities were Harlem in New York and Chicago in Illinois. Jazz players came from New Orleans in Louisiana. Blues singers flooded in from the Delta. Writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars all used art to share their political ideas. Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington were famous artists from this time period. This movement led to stronger African American pride. It pushed for more rights for African Americans. Alain Locke said “African Americans are taking their first chance to express themselves.”

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African Americans have moved around since Reconstruction started after the Civil War. They moved about the country during the time of Westward Expansion. Many of them became ranchers, homesteaders, or exodusters. There were several different pull factors that led so many people to move. Pull factors are reasons that encourage a person to move to a new place.

The biggest movement of all was called “The Great Migration.” Between 1900 and

1960, around 5 million African Americans moved from the rural South to urban areas in the North. The large number of job openings in Northern factories was one pull factor. The factories needed workers to replace the white males that had left to fight in World War I. One newspaper, The Chicago Defender, tried to get African Americans to move north. The paper described the North as a place with less racism than the South.

”The Great Migration impacted almost every part of our lives. It changed the music

that we listen to and the politics of our country. It even changed the way cities look and feel,” said Isabel Wilkerson in an interview with National Public Radio. ”Suburbs and ghettos were created where the African-Americans moved. These areas are still around today. And the South was forced to change. They lost a large part of their workforce during the Great Migration.” A New Kind of Renaissance

The European Renaissance took place between the 14th and 17th centuries. It was a time when people became very interested in the arts. Many African American artists moved to the North to create and share their art between 1918 and 1937. This time period was called the “Harlem Renaissance.” More and more African Americans moved north and joined together in urban cities, such as Harlem in New York or Chicago in Illinois. Jazz players came from New Orleans in Louisiana and Blues singers flooded in from the Delta. Writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars all used art to share their political ideas. This created more African American pride. It pushed for more rights for African Americans. In his book, The New Negro, Alain Locke said, ”African Americans are taking their first chance to express themselves.” Several famous artists from this time period that took the chance to express themselves include Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington.

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African Americans have moved constantly since Reconstruction began after the Civil War. They moved around the country during the time of Westward Expansion as many became ranchers, homesteaders, or exodusters. There were several different pull factors that led so many people to move. Pull factors are reasons that encourage a person to move to a new place.

The biggest migration movement of all was “The Great Migration”, as nicknamed by historians. Between 1900 and 1960, around 5 million African Americans migrated from the rural South to urban areas, mostly in the North. One pull factor of the North was the large number of job openings in factories. White males that had mostly made up the work force were overseas fighting in World War I. One newspaper, The Chicago Defender, famously tried to get African Americans to move north. The paper described the North as a land of freedom with less racism than the South.

“The Great Migration had such an impact on almost every part of our lives — from the music that we listen to the politics of our country to the ways the cities even look and feel, even today,” said Isabel Wilkerson in an interview with National Public Radio. "The suburbanization and the ghettos that were created as a result of the limits of where African-Americans could live in the North are still around today. And the South was forced to change, mostly because they were losing such a large part of their workforce through the Great Migration.” A New Kind of Renaissance

Between the 14th and 17th centuries, Europe experienced the Renaissance period, a time of rebirth of the arts or a cultural awakening. The word renaissance is French, and it means rebirth. Because such a large number of African American artists moved to the North to create and share their art between 1918 and 1937, this time period was called the “Harlem Renaissance.” It was a time of renaissance for African Americans! More and more African Americans moved north and joined together in urban cities, such as Harlem in New York or

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Chicago in Illinois. Jazz players came from New Orleans in Louisiana and Blues singers flooded in from the Delta. Writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars all used art to share their political goals. This created more African American pride and demanded greater civil rights. In his book, The New Negro, Alain Locke said about the Harlem Renaissance, "Negro life is grabbing onto its f i rst chances for group expression and independence.” Several famous artists from this time period who grabbed onto the chance for expression include Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington.

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