Sudan
description
Transcript of Sudan
Sudan
Map Link: Geographic Zones of Africa:
<http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/03/dezeen_Africa-is-an-extraordinary-opportunity-at-the-moment-David-Adjaye_04.jpg>
610 First revelation to Muhammad
c. 615 Some Muslims flee to Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
Late 7th/early 8th c. Muslims take N. Africa
8th c. First Muslim records of W. Africa
Map Link: Africa in 1453:
<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/africa_ad1453.jpg>
Role of trade
“Silent trade”?
Muslims buying gold, slaves, ivory, indigoleather, beeswax. Selling horses, dates,wheat, dried grapes, nuts, textiles,copper and silver goods
Role of trade
African rulers controlling trade
Rulers in W. Sudan finding it useful toconvert to Islam
Mansa Musa of Mali (r. c. 1307-36)
Great Mosque of Jenné (bt. 13th c., rebuilt 1907)
Sankoré Mosque, Timbuktu (bt. 15th c., rebuilt 16th c., 18th c., 19th c.)
In E. Sudan
Trade also playing prominent role
Role of immigration of Arabs and others
Harar, Ethiopia, as intellectual centre
Conversion of rulers in Western Sudan, morewidely in Eastern Sudan
Impact of local religions on African Islam
Ibn Battuta (1304-btw. 1368 and 1377)
Late 16th c./early 17th c. Fragmentationof Sudanese states
Weakening of Islam in cities
Strengthening of Islam in rural areas
Map Link: Africa in 1648:
<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/africa_ad1648.jpg>
1725 Fula/Fulani/Fulbe rebellion/jihad
1750 Fula take control of Futa Jalon
Map Link: Africa in 1789:
<http://www.timemaps.com/store/timemaps/2012/4/africa_ad1789.jpg>
Slave trade
Prisoners of war, criminals
Muslim states as new market
Portuguese in 15th c., other Europeanpowers in 16th c.
Slave trade
17th c. Establishment of plantations inAmericas
By 1750: c. 70,000 slaves taken every yearto Americas
Slave trade
Depopulation in parts of Africa
Muslim slaves
African slaves as workforce to replacenative Americans, essential toEuropean economies
Muhammad ibn Battuta (b. Tangier 1304,d. Morocco btw. 1368 and 1377)
Shams al-Din Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammadibn ‘Abd Allah al-Tanji
Trained as qadi, then in 1325 set out toperform hajj and find teachers. By timereturned to Morocco in 1349 hadcovered over 60,000 miles and donehajj three times
Muhammad ibn Battuta (b. Tangier 1304,d. Morocco btw. 1368 and 1377)
Travelled through most of Muslim world.Met Ottoman sultan Orhan (r. 1326-62),Il-Khan Abu Sa‘id (r. 1316-35) andUzbeg, Khan of Golden Horde (r. 1313-41)Served sultan of Delhi for 7 years as qadi,and spent several months in Maldives insame role. Visit to China may have beenadded to his travelogue (rihla) by his editor
Later visited Mali and Granada