Supported and endorsed by: Sud de France Master-Level Webinar Program.
Sud de France Master- Level Webinar Program
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Transcript of Sud de France Master- Level Webinar Program
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Supported and endorsed by:
Sud de France Master-LevelWebinar Program
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Webinar 3:Grapes and Winemaking
The Players in the Game
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Look at the major and some minor grape varieties of the regionA resume of the types of wine and winemaking techniques used.Understand the wine quality designations of the region
Learning Objectives
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AOC VDN OC IGP Sparkling
White varieties
M = Minervois blanc
BourboulencCarignan blancChardonnayChasanCheninColombardClairetteGrenache blancGrenache grisMacabeuMalvoisie du RoussillonMarsanneMauzacMuscat à petits grainsMuscat d’AlexandriePicquepoul blancRoussanneSauvignonSémillonTerretUgni blancVermentinoViognier
M
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Red and Rosé varieties
C = CabardèsM = MalepèreL = LimouxCR = Crémant
Cabernet francCabernet-SauvignonCarignan noirMarselanCinsaultCotGrenache noirGrenache grisLladoner PelutMerlotMourvèdrePetit VerdotPinot noirPortanSyrah
AOC VDN OC IGP
C – M C – M
C – M – L
C – M - L
L – CR
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56 varieties allowed for IGP Pays d’Oc
Primary grapes
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56 varieties allowed for IGP Pays d’Oc
Secondary grapes
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White Grape Varieties
Main Local Varieties :
– Piquepoul Blanc– Grenache Blanc– Grenache Gris– Bourboulenc– Muscats– Macabeu– Roussanne– Marsanne– Clairette– Mauzac
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White Grape Varieties
Important Local varieties
– Grenache Gris– Bourboulenc– Macabeu– Mauzac– Clairette– Vermentino (Rolle)
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White Grape Varieties
International Varieties
– Chardonnay– Sauvignon Blanc– Viognier
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White Grape Varieties
Out of favour
– Chasan– Terret– Ugni Blanc
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White Grape Varieties
Surprises
– Gewurztraminer– Riesling– Sylvaner– Altesse– Pinot Blanc
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Red Grape Varieties
Main Local Varieties
– Grenache Noir– Carignan– Syrah– Mourvèdre– Cinsault
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Red Grape Varieties
International Varieties
– Cabernet Sauvignon– Cabernet Franc– Merlot– Cot (Malbec)– Pinot Noir
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Red Grape Varieties
Out of favor
– Alicante Bouschet– Portan– Marselan– Chenanson
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Red Grape Varieties
Surprises
– Carmenère– Mondeuse– Négrette– Nielluccio– Petit Verdot– Tempranillo
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Gobelet /Bush vineTraditional method. Used for old varieties esp Grenache and Carignan
TrellisingModern vineyards planted on posts and wires.Irrigation.
Viticulture
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Vinification, maturation and characteristics
Traditional maceration after crushing
Carbonic maceration (Ex: Carignan )Flash-Détente process, Thermovinification
Microbullage (micro-oxygenation)Mandatory malo-lactic fermentation Maturation:
- AOC: an average of 2 years in vat or in wood - VDPOC (Wines of Pays d ’Oc): from 6 months to 2 years
(barrels, chips)
Dry red wines (*different types of vinification)
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Vinification, maturation and characteristics
Vinification obtained by bleeding after a few hours of maceration
Vinification obtained by direct pressing
Possible malo-lactic fermentation
Maturation : “Age-able” wine (which is sometimes vinified and aged in oak barrels)
Dry Rosé wines
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Vinification, maturation and characteristics
Mostly made from direct pressing; some maceration
Vinification at controlled temperatures
Some vinification in barrels
Possible malo-lactic fermentation
Stored in cellar:• Most of them should be drunk young (2 years)• Wines aged in oak barrels: longer-lived
Dry white wines
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Vinification of Vins Doux Naturels (VDN)
1285: Arnaud de Vilanova
During fermentation, a 96% vol. neutral grape alcohol is added, in the amount of 5% to 10 % of the volume of the must in order to halt the yeast action
Some VDN are made by mutage “sur grains“; others by mutage in the liquid phase
Mutage
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Vinification of Vins Doux Naturels (VDN)
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Vinification of Vins Doux Naturels (VDN)
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Vinification and maturation of VDNs
Red, Tuilé– Vinification either through:
• Mutage on must, long maceration in alcohol
• Mutage after pressing of must derived from traditional maceration
– Maturation of Red VDN Tuilé VDN
White, Ambré– Vinification either through:
• Maceration for a few hours• Direct pressing• Mutage sur marc (Muscat)
or on must (liquid phase)– Maturation of White VDN Ambré VDN
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Vinification of sparkling wines
Whole grape pressing
Juice selection and complete fermentation in temperature-controlled vats.
Just before bottling, a liqueur de tirage (mixture of yeasts and sugar) is added so that a second fermentation will take place in the bottle, thus enabling bubble formation; the yeasts convert the sugar into alcohol and fine bubbles. This second in-bottle fermentation lasts several months (at least 9 months for the Blanquette de Limoux and 12 for the Crémant de Limoux).
The daily remuage (riddling) in the pupitres allows the sediment deposit formed in the bottle to move into the neck. The neck of the bottle is then frozen in order to expel the deposit.
Before the final corking, a liqueur d’expédition (sugar dosage) is added which gives each cuvée its dry or semi-dry character.
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Vins de pays d’Oc Vendanges Surmûries
Naturally sweet wines, resulting from the vinification of
an over-ripe harvest without alcohol ‘mutage’
The over-ripeness of the grapes can be obtained via:• concentration on the vine or through ‘passerillage’• noble rot
Natural sugar content in the must: minimum 252 g/L
Analytical norms as per the approved Appellation rules : • Minimum (4.5%) 45 g/l residual sugar in the finished wine
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France’s Organic Vineyards
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France’s Organic Vineyards
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EU rules for Organic
New EU rules from 2012 vintage
‘Organic wine” applies to winemaking as well as viticulture
Banned substances eg Sorbic Acid
Lower levels of SO2
No reciprocal agreement for US
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Wine Quality designations
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Wine Quality designations
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Languedoc-Roussillon AOCs
– Languedoc+ 15 designations
– CorbièresCorbières Boutenac
– MinervoisMinervois La Livinière
– Saint ChinianSaint Chinian RoquebrunSaint Chinian Berlou
– Faugères– Limoux (Still & sparkling AOCs)– Malepère– Cabardès– Clairette du Languedoc– Muscat de Frontignan, de Lunel, de
Mireval et de Saint Jean de Minervois (VDN)
– Côtes du Roussillon• Côtes du Roussillon Les Aspres
– Côtes du Roussillon Villages• Côtes du Roussillon Villages
Caramany• Côtes du Roussillon Villages Latour
de France• Côtes du Roussillon Villages
Lesquerde• Côtes du Roussillon Villages
Tautavel– Collioure– Muscat de Rivesaltes (VDN)– Rivesaltes (VDN) – Maury (VDN) and Sec – Banyuls & Banyuls Grand
Cru (VDN)
AOC LANGUEDOC AOC ROUSSILLON