Successful PracticalRelevant General Workplace ......People’s eyesight can vary greatly and older...
Transcript of Successful PracticalRelevant General Workplace ......People’s eyesight can vary greatly and older...
SuccessfulPractical
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General Workplace& Construction Site
Hazards and Controls
GC2 – Element 1
NCC1 – Element 2
SuccessfulPractical
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Stress
From
GC2 – Element 8
Did You Know That Stress …
Doubles our risk of heart attack; and
Increases our likelihood of developing
serious illnesses like cancer!
Stress is the reaction people have to
excessive pressures or other types of
demand placed upon them. It arises
when they worry that they can’t cope.
What is Stress?
Common Sources of Stress
Financial worries or concerns about job
security
Leaner workforces and greater workloads
Job burnout
Juggling demands of work and family
Caring for a sick loved one or aging parent
Troubled relationships
How Stress Affects Us at Work
Trouble meeting deadlines
Poor concentration
Difficulty making decisions
Easily irritated
Relationship problems with colleagues
Easily overwhelmed by minor stressors
Fatigue
More backaches, headaches, colds and flus
More sick days
Effects of Stress - 1
Physiological effects:
Increased heart rate
Increased sweating
Headache
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Aching neck and shoulders
Skin rashes
Lowered resistance to
infection
Behavioural effects:
Increased anxiety
Irritability
Increase alcohol intake
Increased smoking
Erratic sleep patterns
Poor concentration
Feeling of inability to cope
with everyday tasks
Effects of Stress - 2
Emotional signs of stress:
Mood swings/irritability
Cynicism
Anxiety, nervousness, apprehension
Loss of confidence
Lack of self-esteem
Lack of concentration
Lack of enthusiasm
Panic attacks
HSE’s 7 Workplace Stressors
The culture of the workplace including communication, if
there is a blame culture and working excessive hours
The demands of the job ~ is the work boring or repetitive, the
amount of training required and the amount of work.
The amount of control the employee has over their work.
Relationships at work can give rise to stress especially if
relationships are poor or involve bullying and harassment.
Change and fears about job security can lead to stress
Confusion about employee’s role & what their objectives are.
Lack of support from managers can increase the employee’s
stress levels, especially if the employee is trying to balance
the demands of work with domestic pressures
In order to identify factors which may cause stress at
work, managers may use any of the following methods
to determine if there is a problem:
Informal discussions between managers and staff
Regular team meetings (such as team-briefing
sessions)
Staff appraisal and / or supervision sessions
Return to work interviews
Sickness absence records
Performance measures e.g. performing below par
Exit interviews and staff turn-over rates
Identify if there is a Problem
No employee is immune from
work-related stress and no job is
stress-free:
Some individuals may be more
vulnerable at certain times as
they may have other stressors
which may or may not be work-
related.
Identify Who Could be Harmed and How
Employer’sStress Preventive Measures?
Take a positive attitude and become familiar with the causes
and controls related to stress issues.
Take employees’ concerns seriously
Develop an effective system of communication
Set out a simple policy on work-related stress
Ensure employees are given adequate and relevant training
Set realistic performance targets
Develop an effective employee appraisal system
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Violence & Abuse at Work
Causes of Workplace Violence/Abuse?
Possible injury from dissatisfied customers,
clients, claimants etc.
Verbal abuse.
Mental abuse.
Discrimination.
Harassment.
Bullying.
Who are at Risk?
Those giving a service
Those caring for others
Those in education
Staff involved in cash transactions
Those involved in delivery/collection activities
People controlling activities
People representing authority
Construction site managers/supervisors
Four Stage Management Process
Find out if you have a problem
Decide what action to take
Take action
Check what you have done
Repeat if there is still a problem
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Substance Misuse at Work
Drugs, Alcohol & Solvents Abuse
Use gives rise to
underperformance
Employees will compromise
their own H&S and that of
other people
Alcohol affects:
– Sensory perception
– Reaction time
Alcohol - How Long to Clear Your System
The generally accepted position is that the liver
breaks down alcohol in a healthy adult body at
around one unit per hour.
This can vary dependent on such things as what
has been eaten and when and how much exercise
has been undertaken.
A person consuming 6 pints of lager would probably
still have alcohol detectable in their bloodstream
after a period of 12 hours.
One unit of alcohol increases the chances of an
accident occurring by up to five times.
Prescription Drugs
As well as illegal drugs,
prescription drugs can also
produce unwanted side effects
Pain-killers and anti-histamines
can cause adverse affects
The affect of drugs mixed with
alcohol can be particularly
dangerous
Solvent Abuse
Inhaled solvent vapours are absorbed through the lungs and
rapidly reach the brain.
Breathing and heart rate slow down and repeated or deeper
inhalation leads to feelings similar to being drunk with loss of co-
ordination and disorientation.
In some cases users momentarily lose consciousness but will
normally come round quickly with no lasting damage.
Users report visual distortions and peculiarities similar to
hallucinations.
The effects are short lived and usually less than 45 minutes
without a repeat dose.
As the effects wear off users often feel tired and drowsy and may
experience a hangover.
Identifying the Problem
Absenteeism
Poor time-keeping
High accident level
Poor work performance
Mood swings
Misconduct
Theft, to feed personal
habits
Possible Control Measures
Education and training
Self-referral systems
Treatment and assistance
Drug screening programmes
Serious misconduct procedures
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Health, Safety and Welfarein the Workplace
Workplace Issues to Consider
Stability and solidity
– Appropriate to the nature of work
Maintenance
– Efficient state including cleaning
Ventilation
– Well ventilated with fresh or
purified air
Temperature
– Inside should be reasonable
Extremes of Temperature
Human body sensitive to small changes in external
temperature.
If the environment is hot the body sweats to promote heat
loss.
In a humid environment sweat evaporation is not effective and
the body overheats leading to heart strain/heat stroke.
In a cold environment the body shivers generating muscular
activity that in turn produces body heat.
At very low temperatures the body will lose heat too rapidly
and the extremities of the body will become very cold.
Cleanliness and waste
materials
– Kept sufficiently clean
– Waste not allowed to
accumulate except in
receptacles
Lighting
– Sufficient
– Natural where possible
– Emergency lighting where
required
Workplace Issues to Consider
Impact of Lighting Levels on Safety
People’s eyesight can vary greatly and older people
develop sight problems from the age of 40 to 50 years.
This can lead to deterioration in visual acuity and
increased likelihood of accidents
Some common problems:
– Incorrect perception or failure to perceive
– Stroboscopic effects / effects on attitudes
– Colour assessment / visual fatigue
– Disabling and discomfort from glare
– Tissue damage from light exposure (UV)
Workplace Issues to Consider
Room dimensions and space
– Sufficient floor area and height
Workstations and seating
– Suitable for any person likely to
work there
– Appropriate to the nature of work
– Enables a person to leave swiftly
in emergency
– Suitable seat and footrest (if
required)
Workplace Issues to Consider
Construction of floors and traffic
routes
– Suitable for purpose
– No holes or slope where a risk
– Adequate drainage
– Kept free from obstructions
– Suitable handrails on staircases
Workplace Issues to Consider
Falling objects
– Provision of suitable storage
facilities for materials etc;
– Racking to be installed and fixed
into place and signed with safe
working load;
– Legs of racking to be protected
from collision (e.g. in forklift
operations areas); and
– System of work should see
heavier items stored lower down.
Workplace Issues to Consider
Windows and translucent doors etc
– Be of safe material
– Protected from breakage
– Be opened safely
– Not expose a person to risk when open
– Be able to be cleaned safely
Organisation of traffic routes
– Allow safe circulation
– Suitable and sufficient
– Vehicles separated from doors
– Suitably signed
Workplace Issues to Consider
Doors and Gates
– Sliding doors not to come off tracks
– Upward opening doors not to fall back
– Powered doors not to injure people
– If opens both ways a clear view of each
side
Escalators and moving walkways
– Function safely
– Have safety devices
– Fitted with emergency stop controls
Workplace Issues to Consider
Sanitary Conveniences
– Readily accessible
– Adequately ventilated and
lit
– Kept clean and orderly
– Separate male and female
unless in a separate room
lockable from inside
– Sufficient in number
Workplace Issues to Consider
Washing facilities
– Includes showers if required
– In immediate vicinity of sanitary
conveniences
– Hot and cold or warm water
– Include soap and means of
drying
– Rooms adequately ventilated
and lit
– Separate male and female
Workplace Issues to Consider
Drinking water
– Adequate supply
– Readily accessible
– Conspicuously marked where necessary
– Provided with cups or from a fountain
Accommodation for clothing
– To be provided for clothing worn to work
but not at work
– For special clothing
Facilities for changing
– Where a person has to wear special
clothing
– For reasons of health or propriety
Workplace Issues to Consider
Facilities for rest and to eat meals
– Provide a room for meals where
required for safety
– Be equipped with
Adequate seating with backs
Sufficient number for the people
Adequate for the number of
disabled persons
– Facilities to be provided for
pregnant women or nursing
mothers if required
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Work at HeightHazards and Controls
What is ‘Work at Height’?
Work at height means:
– work in any place, including a place at or
below ground level;
– obtaining access to or egress from such a
place while at work, except by a staircase in
a permanent workplace,
where, if control measures are not
implemented, a person could fall a distance
liable to cause personal injury.
Example Work Activities
Maintenance/repair work on building roofs including access to plant rooms;
Repairing/replacing light fittings/bulbs etc;
Cleaning of high level areas;
Decoration of walls and ceilings;
Accessing storage racking to store/retrieve articles;
Accessing loft or mezzanine storage areas;
Climbing onto vehicles, use of tail lifts etc;
… and more?
Hazards with Working at Height
• Vertical distance;
• Collision with obstacles either
overhead or on floors;
• Fragile roofs;
• Deterioration of materials;
• Unprotected edges;
• Unstable/poorly maintained
access equipment;
• Weather conditions; and
• Falling objects/materials.
How to Avoid Work at Height?
Make the workplace a normal place of work:
– If a plant room is on the roof, the edge of the roof
should be protected by full height parapet wall and
accessed via a properly constructed staircase;
Carry out the work on the ground and then lift it into
position on completion:
– Assembling the trusses for a roof on the ground and
then lifting the completed assembly into place using
a crane.
Having high level light fittings fitted to a pulley system
that allows them to be lowered to be worked on.
Other suggestions?
Organisation and Planning
Ensure no work is done at height if it is safe and reasonably
practicable to do it other than at height
All work at height is properly planned and organised:
– Risk Assessment and Safe System of Work
Appropriately supervised
Plan for emergencies and rescue
Take account of weather conditions (increased risk)
Those involved are trained and competent
The place where working is safe
Equipment used is appropriately inspected
Risks from fragile surfaces and falling objects are properly
controlled and head protection provisioned.
When to Inspect Access Equipment?
After assembled and/or installed if safety
depends on how it is assembled and /or installed
As often as is necessary to ensure safety
As often as is necessary to detect and remedy
any deterioration
After any event likely to have affected its stability
or strength
Common Access Equipment
Ladders;
Stepladders;
Independent tied scaffolds;
Mobile tower scaffolds:
Mobile elevating work platforms
(MEWP’s);
Trestles and staging platforms; and
Leading edge protection systems.
Minimising Consequences of Falls
In addition to the prevention of falls, control
measures are also needed to minimise the
distance and consequences of a fall.
Methods that can be used include:
– Rigged safety netting below fragile roofs etc;
– Soft landing systems (air bags/bean bags);
– Crash decks rigged immediately below work area;
– Use of fall arrest harness systems; and
– Good house keeping so should someone fall they
land on a flat surface rather than hitting a obstacle
(head injuries are the main cause of fatalities).
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Ladders and Stepladders
Use of Ladders, Steps and Trestles
Used where the work at height
cannot be avoided or done
another way AND the risk
assessment shows that the risks
are low;
Appropriate steps have been
taken to mitigate the effects of a
fall should one occur
Employees are competent and
properly supervised
Where Ladder Use Would be Inappropriate?
When two hands are needed or where the work
area is large
Where the equipment or materials used are
large or awkward
Excessive height
Work of long duration
Where the ladder cannot be secured or made
stable
Where the ladder cannot be protected from
vehicles etc.
Adverse weather conditions
Ladders
• Ladders should be set on a
firm level base
• Ladders should be used
only for short duration work
• Ladders should be set at
the correct angle (75o - 1:4)
• Ladders should be tied at
the top and bottom (footed
as a last resort)
Requirements for Ladders
Access ladders to be long enough to provide a
hand hold when getting off at the top unless
other hand holds provided (1m or 5 rungs)
Interlocking or extension ladders to be
prevented from movement while in use
Mobile ladders to be prevented from moving
before being stepped on
User can maintain a safe handhold while
carrying a load
Step Ladders
Check treads, stiles, hinges
and restraining rope before use
Do not lean outwards or
sideways from the steps
always move them
Work facing the step ladder
Do not work higher than 2/3rds
up the stepladder
Before Use Checks
Damaged or worn stiles, particularly at head
and foot of ladder
Broken, missing, loose or worn rungs
Mud or grease on rungs
Rungs not supported solely by nails, screws
or spikes
Movement in rungs or stiles
Decayed timber, or the corrosion of fittings
Insecure tie wires
Warping, sagging or distortion
Other Considerations
6 metre + should be secured
in middle
Landing distances not to
exceed 9 metres
Access holes to be 500mm
wide max. otherwise should
be gated
Only 1 person to climb at a
time
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Trestles and Staging Systems
Trestles and Staging Systems
Pre-fabricated steel, aluminium
or wood supports of 500mm –
1m width
May be fixed height or
adjustable with sliding struts (pin
method)
They can only be used when
work cannot be carried out
using a safer method like
scaffold
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Mobile Elevated Work Platforms(MEWP’s)
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms
Ensure?
Operators are trained and
competent
MEWP is fully guarded
Used on firm level ground
Tyres inflated
Area cordoned off
Lighting if on public highway
Outriggers extended & chocked
Emergency plan in place
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms
Do not?
Operate close to OH cables
Allow MEWP to over hang
vehicle routes
Move MEWP with platform in
raised position unless designed
for the purpose
Over load platform
Over reach from platform
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System Scaffoldsand Mobile Towers
System Scaffold Specifications
Materials:– components free from defects e.g.
buckled/bent
Reaction to wind speed:– should be secured against possibility of
wind lift
Ties:– should be done in accordance with
manufacturers instructions
Sheeting of scaffold:– caution must be exercised; done in
accordance with manufacturers instructions
Platform width:– minimum for access usually 600 mm.
Mobile Tower Scaffolds
Widely used
Can be:
– Incorrectly erected and/or
– Misused
Often cause accidents e.g.
– Persons or materials falling
– Towers overturning or
collapsing
– ‘Surfing’
Mobile Tower Scaffolds
To be erected by trained competent
personnel or under the supervision
of the same;
Towers should be erected on firm
level ground;
Wheels turned outwards & locked
prior to access;
Access to working platform should
be by means of internal ladder;
Never access by climbing outside of
tower.
Mobile Tower Scaffolds
Never move tower with
personnel or material on it
Towers must only be moved
from base level
Never allow operators to pull
tower along whilst on it
Obstructions must be noted
prior to moving
Never use near OH power lines
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Tube and Fitting Scaffolds
Requirements for Scaffold
Top guard rail at least 950 mm
Intermediate guard rail – no gap greater than
470 mm
Toe-boards (minimum 150 mm), but shall be
suitable and sufficient to prevent the fall of any
person, or any material or object, from any
place of work
Scaffold Tagging
Provides an on-site
indication of whether
a scaffold is safe to
use or not
All site personnel
must understand how
the system works
Base Plates & Sole Boards
Sole boards must be used to
spread the weight of the
scaffold
Boards are used to provide a
firm surface on which to erect
the scaffold
Boards must run under at least
two standards at a time
Base plates must be used
under every standard
Component Parts of a Scaffold
Standards
Ledgers
Putlogs and transoms
Boarded lifts
Ledger bracing
Longitude (or façade) bracing
Scaffold ties:– B.A.R.T. (Box / Anchor / Reveal / Through)
Working platform boards
END OF
SCAFFOLD
Sole Board
Base Plates 150 x 150mm
Standard
Transom
Ledger
Ledger Brace
Facade Brace
Scaffolding Planks
(Deck area min of 600 mm wide)
Toe Board (Min 150 mm high)
Intermediate guard rail (Max gap of 470 mm)
Brick Guard
Guard Rail (Approx 950 mm high)
Through Tie
Reveal Tie
Large
Eye Bolt
with
ledger
through it
Eye Bolt
and Strap
Independent
Tied
Scaffold
Couplers at joints
Anchor Ties
Loading Platforms
Need to be designed
accounting for weight that
will be applied
Will often be separate
scaffold structure but tied to
both existing scaffold &
structure
Additional bracing &
sections required to provide
additional support
Loading Platforms
Warning signs displayed
to indicated SWL
Access restricted to area
below loading platform
for workers
Safety gate / barrier may
be required to protect
those working on
platform from falls
Scaffold Hoists
Substantial enclosure guard
required for moving parts of hoist
Gates provided at all access
landings normally interlocking
system
Hoist should be operated from
one position only
Operators should be competent &
trained
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Safe Working on Roofs and at Heightand Leading Edge Protection
Fall Risk Areas
During access to and from landing places
Openings, breaks, edges and joisting in a floor
Falling from flat roofs:
– From the edge of a completed roof
– From the leading edge where work is being carried out
– Through openings and gaps
– Through fragile materials
Falling from sloping roofs:
– Slipping down
– Falling into the structure during construction
– From gable ends during demolition
– Through fragile roofing materials, including roof-lights
Poor weather conditions
Control Measures
Safe working platform
Safety nets
Guard-rail at edge of roof (catch barrier) where working
platform not practicable
Safe stacking of materials on roof
Falling object protection
Use of roof ladders & the securing of ladders
Signage (especially with reference to fragile surfaces)
Permits to work
Use of mobile access platforms (MEWP’s etc)
Use of harnesses and running lines
Safe systems of work in gusty conditions (17 mph stop
lightweight material work, 23 mph general activities)
Fall-Arrest Systems and Harnesses
Formal thorough inspections of
harnesses, anchor points and running
lines.
Before use user checks:
– Connectors; damage, corrosion,
function
– Webbing; cuts, burns, chemical
damage
– Buckles; damage, distortion, corrosion
Practiced rescue procedures.
Suspension Trauma
Suspension Trauma – Orthostatic Intolerance:
– Unless the operative is rescued promptly using
established safe procedures, suspension trauma
caused by orthostatic intolerance could occur.
– Can result in serious or fatal injury as the brain,
kidneys and other organs are deprived of oxygen.
– Most users of fall protection equipment, as well as
rescue personnel and health and safety
professionals are unaware of the hazard of
suspension trauma.
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TransportHazards and Controls
GC2 – Element 2
NCC2 – Element 2
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Safe Movement of People in the Workplace
Movement of People Hazards
Slips, trips and falls:
- On the same level
- As a consequence of changing levels
Falls from height
Collisions:
- Being hit by something such as a moving vehicle
- Being hit by a falling object
- By striking a fixed object
Injury or damage caused by environmental conditions:
- Effects of heat, noise, dust or harmful substances in
the air.
Hazards to Pedestrians
Slips,Trips & Falls - Same Level
Slips, trips and falls account for most of accidents to
pedestrians.
Particularly slip and trip hazards on the same level.
– Caused by:
o Dusty, wet or greasy floors (often from spillages)
o Loose surfaces (including loose mats on slippery floors)
o Wet and/or icy weather conditions
o Unsuitable footwear or floor coverings or sloping floors.
– The main cause of trips are:
o Obstacles on the surface such as trailing leads, boxes etc.
o Obstructions such as low walls, low fixtures etc.
o Poor housekeeping
o Poor lighting levels.
Hazards to Pedestrians
Falls on Change of Level
Most likely to occur on:
– Steps
– Stairs
– Ladders
– Scaffolding
Often cause by:
– Not noticing the change of level on a step or on stairs
– Not working properly
– Ladders slipping
– Clothing being caught
– Poor lighting conditions etc.
General Preventative Measures for Pedestrian Hazards
Slip resistant surfaces; spillage control and drainage;
Adopting and marking designated walkways and
ensuring safe access and egress to all work areas;
Good housekeeping principles (clear walkways, routine
cleaning and cleaning of spillages etc.);
Use of fencing and guarding of high risk areas;
Consideration to environmental issues (e.g. lighting &
temperature), especially during maintenance activities.
Use of signs and personal protective equipment;
Ensuring workers are given information, instruction,
training and appropriate supervision;
Hazards to Pedestrians fromConstruction Activities on Highways
Removal of pedestrian pathways;
Redirection of pedestrians when pathways are closed;
Risks of slips, trips and falls from the construction
activities such as excavations work;
Accumulation of mud and debris on roads and
footpaths;
Exposure of members of public to noise, dust and
fumes from highway activities; and
Construction plant and equipment colliding with passing
pedestrians or public vehicles passing the works.
Controls to Protect Pedestrians fromConstruction Activities on Highways
Provision of suitable signage to warn the public
about the construction hazards they are
approaching;
Provision of suitable lighting to illuminate the
pedestrian routes adjacent to the work activities;
Barriers between pedestrian routes and the
construction works to prevent people and
vehicles from encroaching into the construction
activities; and
Provision of letter drops to local residents.
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Movement of Traffic
General Hazard Situations Associatedwith Vehicle Operations?
Vehicle movement (driving too fast e.g.
around bends and reversing;
Silent operation of machinery;
Poor visibility (around loads etc);
Overturning of vehicles;
Collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians
and fixed objects;
Loading/unloading (including overloading,
securing and sheeting) and unloading;
Coupling; and
Vehicle maintenance work.
General Hazard Situations Associatedwith Vehicle Operations
Poor environmental factors
(lighting, dust, noise etc.).
Ill-defined speed limits/speed
limits not enforced.
Poor/no maintenance checks of
vehicles.
Driven by untrained/unauthorised
personnel.
Poor training or lack of refresher
training.
Drive offs
Control Measures – Safe Site
Suitability of traffic routes (including site access and
egress);
Management of vehicle movements;
Environmental considerations (visibility, gradients,
changes of level, surface conditions);
Segregating of pedestrians and vehicles and measures
to be taken when segregation is not practicable;
Protective measures for people and structures (barriers,
marking signs, warnings of vehicle approach and
reversing); and
Site rules (including speed limits)
Control Measuresfor Vehicles & Drivers
Safe Vehicles:
Suitability of vehicles for activity;
Maintenance and repair of vehicles;
Visibility from vehicles/reversing aids; and
Driver protection (ROPS/FOPS) and restraint
systems
Safe Driver:
Selection and training of drivers;
Banksman (reversing assistant);
Management systems for assuring driver
competence including local codes of practice.
SuccessfulPractical
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Driving for Work
Introduction
The tragic human consequences of road traffic
crashes cannot be truly quantified.
It is estimated that 1/3rd of all road accidents
involves someone who is at work at the time.
Putting this another way, this means every
week, whilst at work:
– 20 employees die; and
– 250 employees are seriously injured
What Causes Crashes
Many incidents happen due to inattention and
distraction as well as failure to observe the
Highway Code.
The causes of crashes can be grouped into
three distinct categories:
– The vehicle ~ e.g. mechanical failure
– The journey ~ e.g. time of day, weather, traffic etc.
– The driver ~ attributable to 90% of crashes
We will look at each of these in turn, but first we
will look at employers legal responsibilities.
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Driving for Work
Evaluating
Risks
Evaluating the Risks
The Driver:
– Competency
– Training
– Fitness and health
The Vehicle:
– Suitability
– Condition
– Safety equipment
– Safety critical information
– Ergonomic considerations
The Journey
– Routes
– Distance
– Time
– Scheduling
– Weather conditions
The Driver – Training
Evaluating whether those that drive at work require
additional training other than at induction e.g.:
– high annual mileage drivers, poor accident
records or young drivers.
Checking drivers know how to carry out routine
safety checks e.g. lights, tyres, wheels, seat belts,
head restraints, anti-lock brakes (ABS) etc, and
what to do in the event of a breakdown.
Providing a handbook for drivers giving advice and
information on road safety.
The Driver – Training
Checking drivers fully aware of the height of their
vehicle, both laden and empty (estimated around
three to six major bridge strikes every day);
Periodically assessing training needs, including
refresher training, and budgeting for the training;
Making drivers aware of the dangers of stress and
fatigue;
Ensuring drivers know what to do if they start to feel
sleepy.
The Driver – Fitness & Health
Drivers of heavy lorries, for which there are legal
requirements for medical examination, should
have the appropriate medical certificate;
At-work drivers most at risk may need to undergo
regular medical;
Staff be reminded of the need to satisfy any
eyesight requirements set out in the relevant
legislation;
Staff should be told not drive, or undertake other
duties, while taking medication that might impair
their judgement (if in doubt they should seek the
view of their GP).
The Vehicle
Are vehicles must be fit for purpose.
Vehicles must be insured and if employees are allowed to use their out
vehicles they must also be insured for business use.
Vehicles must have a valid MOT certificate (most cars this means once
they are over 3 years old; other rules apply to some vehicles e.g. taxis).
Vehicles should be adequately maintained and should be subject to
planned/preventative maintenance carried out in accordance with
manufacturers recommendations.
Windscreens checked for chips and cracks and wipers inspected regularly
and replaced as necessary.
Vehicles must not overloaded and be capable of carrying goods securely
and safely.
Loads should be safely distributed in the vehicle important when
undertaking multi-drop operations.
The Journey
Routes should be planned thoroughly:
– Use of safer routes which are more appropriate for
the type of vehicle undertaking the journey;
– Route planning should take sufficient account of
overhead restrictions e.g. bridges and tunnels and
other hazards, such as level crossings, which may
present dangers for long vehicles.
Statistically, motorways are the safest roads to travel
on, however traffic congestion at busy times can cause
its own problems.
The Journey – Scheduling
Work schedules should be realistic:
– Sufficient account of periods when drivers are most
likely to feel sleepy:
Sleep-related accidents are most likely to occur
between 2 & 6 am and between 2 & 4 pm.
– Steps to be taken to stop employees from driving if
they feel sleepy:
If appropriate, checks of tachographs to ensure
drivers are not cutting corners;
– Avoidance of periods of peak traffic flow;
– Sufficient allowances for new trainee drivers.
The Journey – Weather
Consideration of adverse weather when planning journeys:
– Rescheduling of journeys to take account of adverse
weather conditions wherever possible;
– Ensuring vehicles properly equipped to operate in poor
weather conditions, e.g. are anti-lock brakes;
– Ensuring drivers understand the action to take to
reduce risk, e.g. drivers of high-sided vehicles knowing
to take extra care if driving in strong winds with a light
load;
– Ensuring drivers are not pressurised to complete
journeys where weather conditions are exceptionally
difficult.
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
MusculoskeletalHazards and Controls
GC2 – Element 3
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Work Related Upper Limb Disorders(WRULD’s)
Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD’s) are
musculoskeletal diseases relating to repetitive operations
relating to workplace activities such as:
– Keyboard operation, assembly of small components,
bricklaying and checkout operators.
The ill-health effects often arise owing to:
– Poorly designed tasks and workstations;
– Lack of consideration to the factors giving rise to ill-health
conditions:
Task (including repetitive, strenuous);
Environment (including lighting, glare);
Equipment (including user requirements, adjustability)
WRULD’s
Good ergonomic design of the workstation;
Matching the workplace to individual needs of workers:
– Designing workstations that can be adjusted to suit
the needs of the individuals using them;
Ensuring work patterns are organised such that
operatives have frequent breaks from their activities;
Limiting the amount of overtime operatives exposed to
repetitive work can undertake;
Ensuring good environmental conditions in the work
area (lighting, temperature, ventilation etc).
Control Measures
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Computer Workstations
DSE Health Hazards
Musculoskeletal problems.
– Tenosynovitis
– Other WRULD pains caused by poor posture
– Mitigated by application of ergonomic principles
Visual problems.
– Visual fatigue resulting in eye strain and/or sore eyes
– Headaches
Psychological problems.
– Generally stress related
– Maybe environmental causes
Noise, heat, humidity, lighting.
Display Screen EquipmentComputer Workstation
Management Considerations
Suitable and sufficient risk assessment of
workstation.
Workstation compliance with minimum laid down
specifications.
A plan of the work programme to ensure that there
are adequate breaks.
Provision of eye sight tests and, if required,
spectacles for users of DSE
Suitable programme of training and sufficient
information to all users.
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Manual HandlingHazards & Control
Types of Injurycaused by sudden awkward movements- twisting jerking, lifting loads beyond physical capability
Back injuries (spinal problems):– Acute and chronic long lasting, disc
trouble - accumulative
Sprains & strains:– muscles, tendons, joints, torn
ligaments, abdominal wall particularly vulnerable
Most common:– hands, feet suffer cuts & abrasions
Other - uncommon:– Hernias and bone breakage
This is a misleading term giving rise to the
belief that the disc is like an unstable packing
piece and can be pushed back into place.
A slipped disc is a bulge of the disc usually
caused by increased pressure (bending) or even
a split of the gristle layer allowing the nucleus
to protrude through.
Back Problems ~ “Slipped Disc”
Essential Guide to the SpinePictorial Picture
Neck (cervical)
Lumbar
Thoracic
Neck (cervical) = 7 vertebrae
Thoracic = 12 vertebrae
Lumbar = 5 vertebrae
3rd Lumbar Disc(see next slide diagram)
Muscle strain
Overuse syndrome
Ligament sprain
Over exertion - lifting too much weight
Incorrect lifting - bending the back!
Bad posture - slumping in soft chairs
Common Causes of Back Problems
Manual Handling – Definition?
Includes:
– Lifting
– Putting down
– Pushing
– Pulling
– Carrying
i.e. Moving any load by hand or bodily force
Consider the items you have to lift handle or
move, what does it include?
Employers Duties
Legal requirement
Avoid hazardous manual handling activities
Make suitable and sufficient assessment of
manual handling operations identified has having
an inherent risk
Develop and implement control measures to
reduce risk of injury
Provide employees undertaking manual handling
operations, indications of:
– The weight of each load
– The heaviest side of the load where the centre
of gravity is not positioned centrally etc.
Load. I. T. E.
Hazards:
Heavy
Bulky or unwieldy
Off-centre of gravity
Difficult to grasp
Unstable
Contents likely to shift
Intrinsically harmful:
– Sharp, hot or otherwise
potentially damaging
– External state of the
load, rough surfaces,
cold to touch etc.
Controls:
Break down loads
Make it easier to
grasp
Make it more stable
Make it less
damaging to hold
Team handling
Use of mechanical
aids
Training
Use of PPE
L. Individual. T. E.macho image-macho image-macho image-macho image-macho image
Hazards:
Unusual capability
– Height
– Strength
Gender
Pregnant
Age
Previous injury
Physical fitness /stamina
Lack of training
Lack of people
Controls:
Health screening
Return to work
interviews
Consultation
Team handling
Mechanical aids
Training
PPE
Supervision
The Task
• Holding loads away
from body
• Posture
• Twisting
• Stooping
• Reaching upwards
• Large vertical
movements
• Long travel distances
• Strenuous pushing and
pulling
• Unpredictable movement
of load
• Repetitive handling
• Insufficient rest or
recovery time
• Workrate imposed by the
process
The Task – Possible Control Measures
Use machinery
Improve the layout
Efficient use of the body
Improve work routine
Use of mechanical aids
Team handling
Use of PPE
L. I. T. Environment.
Hazards:
Constraints on posture
– Lack of space etc
Poor floors
– Slippery/uneven/unstable
Variations in level
– Steps / Steep Slopes etc.
Extremes of temperature
– Hot/cold/wind/ice/humid
Strong air movements
– Gusts of wind/ventilation
Poor lighting conditions
Controls:
Remove space constraints
Improve floor condition
Good housekeeping
Avoid outdoor manual
handling in poor weather
conditions
Maintain good environmental
conditions (heating /
ventilation / lighting etc.)
Other Factors
Is movement hindered by clothing or personal
protective equipment?
and people!!
High Stress
Poor Diet
Lack of exercise
Rushing – pressure of work
Showing off
Short cuts
Footwear:
Many injuries caused by poor footwear
Wear flat shoes
Avoid sandals / loose fitting shoes
Check for good condition
Other Factors
Kinetic Lifting
Summarised by:
• Plan the Route
• Assess the load
• Correct position of feet
• Keep knees flexible
• Straight back
• Correct grip arms close to body
• Lift smoothly keep head up
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Mechanical HandlingHazards & Control
What You Need to Know
The hazards, precautions and procedures
necessary to ensure safety in the use and
maintenance of:
– Fork-lift trucks
– Manually operated load moving equipment
(sack trolleys, pallet trucks, etc);
– Lifts & hoists
– Conveyors & chutes; and
– Cranes.
Forklift Trucks
Accidents:
– Overturning, due to high speed turns, ramp turns, driving
with raised load, uneven road surface (most fatalities);
– Overloading, unstable loads;
– Collisions with
Overhead obstructions
Racking systems (e.g. Wrexham warehouse);
Pedestrians, other vehicles.
Main causes:
– Lack of driver training
– Lack of maintenance (for safety purposes)
Horizontal instability:
– Tyre pressures
– Centre of gravity
– Live loads
– Turning with raised loads
– Turning at speed
– Driving across inclines
– Uneven ground
Forklift Trucks - Instability
Longitudinal instability:
– Parallel drops
– Over loading
– Braking at speed
– Inclines
– Undercutting loads
– Exceeding safe lift height
Forklift Trucks - Instability
Other hazards:
– Fire and explosion;
Battery re-charging, or;
Flammable atmosphere (e.g. paint factory);
– Exhaust gas/fumes in confined spaces;
– Hydraulic failure on lifting forks;
– Unauthorised use as a working platform.
Forklift Trucks
FLT’s Control Measures
Selection of equipment:
– Type of power source; battery/LPG/diesel
– Size and capacity
– Type of tyres; solid, pneumatic depending of surface
– Height/reach of mast
– Warning systems fitted
– Protective systems fitted; ROPS and/or FOPS
Operators:
– Selection e.g. physical/mental fitness and intelligence
– Training given specific to type of FLT
FLT’s Control Measures
Establishment of:
– Suitable traffic routes
– Parking areas
– Battery charging facilities if applicable
– Storage of LPG gas bottles if applicable
– Operational rules for fork lift trucks
– Procedures for security of keys when not in use
– Maintenance by competent personnel
– Well lit operational areas
– Segregation of vehicles and personnel
– Operator pre-use checklists
Operator Pre-Use Checks?
Safe Working Load (SWL) and size
Lights (including warning beacon)
Brakes
Horn
Seatbelt
Tyre pressures
Hydraulics (leaks)
Condition of mast for chains
Function of controls
Condition of windscreen etc (if applicable)
Pallet Trucks/Sack Barrows etc Hazards
Pallet trucks:
– Overloading & tipping
– Collision & loss of load
– Crushing operative
– Hydraulic lift failure
– Manual handling
Sack Barrows:
– Manual handling
– Loss of load
– Crush injuries
– Falling objects
– Mechanical failure
Lifts and Hoists
Hazards:
– Being trapped in a lift whilst being operated
– Mechanical failure
– Falls from height
– Because loads lifted to height (e.g. materials hoist on
construction site) the loads can fall onto people below if:
Unsecured
People are allowed under hoist while it is working.
Lifts and Hoists
Handbook definition:
– ‘incorporates a platform or cage and is restricted in its movement by guides.’
Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) – requirements include:
– Sound mechanical construction - strength & stability
– Interlocked doors or gates
– Marked with SWL
– Operated from 1 position
Conveyers and Chutes
Conveyor hazards:
– In-running nip between drive-rollers
and belt (quarry accidents during
cleaning at bottom roller);
– Entanglement;
With transmission machinery (chain &
sprocket drives);
Conveyor belt/slats.
Chute hazards:
– Materials spilling out of the chute
hitting people etc.
– Noise
– Collapse of chute
Definitions
Lifting Equipment
– Work equipment used for
lifting and lowering loads
including attachments used
to fix or support the
equipment (e.g. runway on
an overhead crane)
Lifting Accessory
– Equipment for attaching
loads to machinery for lifting
Lifting Equipment Examples
Cranes
Workplace passenger and goods lifts
Construction hoists
Dumb waiters
Scissor lifts
Vehicle tail lifts
Bath hoists
Telehandlers and industrial lift trucks
Vehicle lifts
Lifting Accessory Examples
Slings
Hooks
Shackles
Eyebolts
Ropes used for climbing or
work positioning
Cranes
Hazards:
– Mechanical failure / collapse
– Failure of lifting ropes, slings etc
– Uneven, unstable ground
– Overturning
– Overloading
– Collision with people
– Collision with fixed/stationery objects
– Unauthorised operation
– Swinging loads
Organisation of Lifting Operations
Every employer shall ensure
that every lifting operation
involving lifting equipment is:
– Properly planned by a
competent person
– Appropriately supervised
– Carried out in a safe
manner
Crane Operation
Outriggers to be extended sufficiently to ease
load on vehicle springs
Area of slew by crane jib to be kept clear at all
times
Crane not to be left with load suspended
Vehicle not to be driven with load suspended
Crane to be stowed safely away prior to
movement of vehicle
Planning the Lift
Person planning the lift should have
practical and theoretical knowledge
The plan will need to address the
– Risks identified by the risk
assessment
– Resources required
– Responsibilities
Plan to ensure that the equipment
remains safe
Where two or more items used
simultaneously for lifting a written plan
is required
Planning Continued
Degree of planning will vary
considerably
Depends on
– Type of lifting equipment
used
– Complexity of operation
Consideration needs to be
given to the load
– Weight
– Size
– Centre of gravity
Routine Lifting Operations
Planning usually a matter for the
people using the lifting equipment
– Slinger
– FLT operator
An initial plan may only be required
once but reviewed occasionally
– FLT in warehouse
– MEWP
– Vehicle tail lift
– Suspended cradle for window cleaning
Special Considerations
Carriage of Persons (Scissors Lift /
Cherry Picker):
– Must, SFARP, prevent a person
using it being crushed, trapped or
struck by or falling from the carrier
– Must have suitable devices to
prevent the risk of the carrier
falling
– Is such that a person trapped in
any carrier is not exposed to
danger and can be freed.
Thorough Examinationof Equipment & Accessories
Equipment (Prime Mover)
– 12 monthly thorough inspection
– 6 monthly thorough inspection if used for
lifting people
– Visual inspection before use
– Recorded every 7 days
Accessory (sling, strop etc.)
– 6 monthly inspection
– Visual inspection before use
Inspection of Lifting Accessories
Lifting Accessories such as:
– Chains
– Slings
These will not normally require an
inspection as long as they receive
a thorough examination
Will need a proper pre-use check
If Defects Are Found
The employer must be informed
immediately; and
Confirmed in the written report
If it involves an existing or imminent
risk of serious personal injury:
– RIDDOR reportable
– Employer must be informed
immediately
Examples of Rope Faults
Examples of Rope Faults
Other Faults
Textile slings?
– Damaged
– Cut
– Abraded
– Stretched
Chains?
– Deformed
– Stretched links
– Cracks
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Work EquipmentHazards and Controls
GC2 – Element 4
Scope of Work Equipment
The definition is extremely wide, it includes:
– Any machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or installation
for use at work (whether exclusively or not).
This covers:
– Single machines e.g. photocopiers & circular saws
– Hand tools e.g. hammers, screwdrivers, chisels & saws
– Power tools e.g. nails guns, grinders & electric
screwdrivers
– Vehicles where they are used within workplaces e.g. fork
lift trucks, cranes, excavators etc.
Suitability of Work Equipment
Employers to ensure that equipment must be suitable for
the work it is required to do.
Includes both day to day operation and maintenance.
Also very important to take into consideration any hazards
created by the location
Maintenance Operations and Inspection
Need to inspect and maintain equipment to ensure:
– Equipment is kept in an efficient state;
– In efficient working order; and
– In good repair.
(see next slide for example)
With Reference to a Car
Efficient state:
– having bodywork which is not corroded;
– no oil or water leaks;
– correct tyre pressures / tools available, such as a
wheel jack.
Efficient working:
– Lights / horn;
– windscreen wipers / brakes;
– the car’s stopping distance / steering.
In good repair:
– regular servicing;
– repairs carried out at the right time and to an
acceptable standard.
Specific Risks and Hazards
If work equipment presents specific risks i.e. cannot
be adequately controlled by hardware measures,
such as guards or protection devices etc:
– Only to be used by trained authorised operatives
Examples would include:
– Extremes of temperatures (hot/cold) such as liquid
nitrogen/dry ice
– Radiation (both ionizing and non-ionizing)
– Instability of equipment in use i.e. FLT’s & Cranes
Information and Training
Employers to provide
information, instruction and
training to employees using
work equipment
Degree of training relevant
to the degree of risk e.g.
screwdriver verses a lathe
Written instructions may be
required, available at point
of use.
Dangerous Parts (e.g. Rotating Gears)
Effective measures to:
– prevent access to
dangerous parts of
machinery; or
– stop their movement
before any part of a
person enters a
danger zone.
Temperature, High or Very Low
Protection from injuries such as
burns or frostbite which may be
caused by work equipment:
– Furnaces, splashing of molten
process materials, hotplates,
snow-making machine
– Liquid nitrogen tank
– Risk of contact with hot surfaces
In addition to these engineering
controls, personal protection may be
necessary.
Controls
Starting controls:
– Designed to prevent accidental starting by shrouding, a
locking facility either mechanical or by software protection.
Systems Controls:
– respond to input, generates output and signals as well as
feedback information.
Stopping controls:
– bring to a safe condition.
Emergency stop controls:
– to be provided at every control point
– to be easily reached and activated.
Controls Should Be
Visible
Suitable colours
Clearly marked with clear wording/legends
Shapes
Positioning
Isolation from Sources of Energy
All work equipment should be provided with suitable
means to safely isolate it from its source of energy.
– Electrical
– Mechanical via a drive shaft, belt drive
– Hydraulic
– Pneumatic, compressed air system
– Steam
Isolation means establishing a break in the energy supply
in a secure manner, so inadvertent reconnection is not
possible.
May be a requirement for lock-off isolation controls
Stability
Equipment should be stable in
its use e.g.:
– Limitations on the height of
a mobile tower scaffold
– Clamping or stabilising of
equipment which, as a
result of the motions
inherent in its operation
could ‘crawl’ or topple
– Use of stabilisers on mobile
cranes
Lighting
Wherever work equipment is used, there must be
suitable and sufficient lighting.
Where the task involves perception of detail, for
example using certain measuring devices, it may
be necessary to provide additional local lighting.
Markings and Warnings
Where necessary, all work
equipment should be clearly
marked to convey information
that is clear and concise:
– Maximum rotation speed of
an abrasive wheel
– Safe working load of a lifting
device
– Maximum operating pressure
of an air vessel
Mobile Work Equipment
Examples include scissor lifts,
cherry pickers, fork lift trucks etc.
Employer to ensure no employee
is carried unless it is suitable for
carrying persons and reduces risk
to their safety
Employers to ensure that where
there is a risk of mobile work
equipment rolling over fitted with
ROPS and from falling objects
then FOPS
Users Responsibilities
Adhere to proper procedures in respect of:
– general conduct in the workplace; and
– operation of the work equipment.
Using the machine only for the purpose for
which it was intended
Reporting defects/faults
Keeping records of operator checks and
visual inspections in the logs provided
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Hand-Held Tools
Hand-Held Tools
Covers all types of movable
equipment used in the workplace.
Hand tools – tools entirely
powered manually, including
anything from picks, shovels,
wrenches to hammers, chisels,
saws etc.
Portable power tools – tools that
have an external power source
such as electricity, compressed air
etc. including electric screwdrivers
and pneumatic drill etc.
Hand Tools - Hazards
Biggest hazard from operator error.
Other hazards include:
– Broken handles
– Poor quality uncomfortable handles
– Tools that slip causing stab wounds
– Poorly insulated tools in hot work
– Mushroomed headed tools (chisels)
– Splayed spanners that slip
– Use of pipes etc as extension handles
that slip
Hand Tools - Misuse
Other hazards of hand tools arise
from misuse, improper maintenance
or using defective equipment e.g.:
– Using a chisel as a screwdriver
– Using a hammer when its wooden
handle is loose, splintered or split
– Using the incorrect type of screwdriver.
Hand Tools – Suitability & Use
– Insulated tools for electricians
– Non-sparking tools in areas where flammable
atmospheres may exist
– Safety knives with enclosed blades
– Using the correct size spanner
– Using mallets on chisel heads etc.
– Appropriate training and information
– Correct maintenance
– Correct storage and cleanliness
– Regular checks and the withdrawal of defective tools
– Appropriate personal protective clothing.
Hand-Held Power Tools Hazards
Specific hazards include:
– Electrical problems
– Noise and vibration
– Manual handling problems
– Puncture wounds
– Entanglement in moving parts of machinery
– Emission of dust, splinters and fragments
– Cables causing a trip hazard
– Fuel spillage and risk of fire from flammable
vapours given off by liquid-fuel-powered tools.
Hand-Held Power ToolsMeans of Control
Safe use is based on training,
information and instruction to
ensure competent operatives and
the correct maintenance,
inspection and use of PPE.
Measures taken to control their
use are more extensive and
stringent than manually-powered
tools because of the greater risk
of injury.
Hand-Held Power ToolsMeans of Control
Measures that may have to be covered in employee
training to ensure safe use could include:
Correct operation
Use of both hands where necessary
Breaks to limit exposure of vibration
Adequate ventilation
Safe use of cartridge-operated tools
Addressing the risk of electrical shock etc.
Engineering controls to be used (switches, LEV
etc.)
Ensuring that all connections are properly clamped
Hand-Held Power ToolsProcedures for Defective Equipment
Defective and damaged equipment should
be taken out of use until repaired.
Inspection, tests and repairs to damaged
or defective equipment should be carried
out by a competent person experienced in
the work.
Inspections records should be kept for
the life of the equipment.
Operators should be instructed to check
equipment before use and never to use
damaged or defective equipment.
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Mechanical Machinery Hazards
Mechanical Hazards
Crushing:
– The body or part of the body is trapped between 2
moving parts or a moving part and a static object.
Shearing:
– Part of the body, commonly fingers, is trapped
between 2 parts of the machine, one of which is
moving over the other with some speed (the effect is
like a guillotine).
Cutting or severing:
– Where a sharp edged part of the machine comes in
contact with a person (e.g. the blade of a bandsaw).
Mechanical Hazards (continued)
Entanglement:
– Associated with a single rotating part of a machine,
that usually catches an item of clothing resulting in the
person being rapidly drawn to the machine.
Drawing In or Trapping:
– Part of the body is caught between two moving parts
and drawn into the machine such as between tow in-
running gears or between belts and pulley drives.
Impact:
– Where a powered part of the machine hits a person.
Mechanical Hazards (continued)
Stabbing or Puncture:
– Caused by some sharp part of a machine or
part of the process (flying swarf or broken tool)
penetrating the person.
Friction or Abrasion:
– Caused by coming into contact with a fast
moving surface.
High pressure fluid ejection:
– Caused by a failure of a high pressure
connection such as a hydraulic system leak.
Non-Mechanical Hazards
Access – slips, trips and falls etc.
Lifting and handling
Noise and vibration
Electricity
Temperature
Radiation
Fire and explosion
Biological
Suffocation
Pressure and vacuum
Inhalation of dust, fumes and mist
Hazardous materials and substances
Ergonomics
Principles of Machinery Guarding
Prevent contact with moving parts
Remove energy from moving parts
Use an alternative form of energy
Provide more reliable machinery
Adjustment and maintenance
Ergonomic principles
Training and work procedures
Machinery – Methods of Protection
PUWER specifies a hierarchy of
protective measures:
– Fixed guards
– Other types of guards
– Protection appliances such as jigs,
pushsticks, holders etc.
– The provision of information,
instruction, training and supervision.
4 Basic Types of Guards - What are these?
Fixed guards:
– Enclosing guards
– Distance guards
– Perimeter fence guard
Interlock guards:
– Links the opening of the
primary guard to the
operation of a second
safety device that either
stops the machine or
operates another guard.
Trip:
– Mechanical or
electronic triggering
– Trip bar guard
– Photo-electric guard
– Pressure pads
– Tripwires
Types of Guards - continued
User Adjustable:
– Requires manual adjustment to give protection
– Only to be used where conditions are suitable
– Examples of use include woodworking machinery,
milling machines, lathes, drills and grinders
Self-Adjusting:
– Fixed or movable guard, which, either in whole or in
part, adjusts itself to accommodate the passage of
material etc.
– Examples include:
Self-adjusting guard on a circular saw
Self-adjusting guard on a metal cutting saw
Other Safety Devices/Measures
Two-handed controls
Hold-to-run controls
Direct Current (DC) Braking
– Provides rapid braking on
electrical powered machines.
– Controlled DC is injected into
the motor to achieve a rapid
stop.
– The power is cut-off once the
motor has stopped
Other Safety Devices/Measures
Protective appliances
– Hand-held tools or hand-
controlled fixed devices to hold
or manipulate a work piece
Shielding – heat, radiation etc.
Personal protective equipment
– Last resort
– Only protects the user and not
other parties.
Examples of Work Equipment
• Office equipment (photocopier, shredder)
• Bench-top grinder
• Pedestal drill
• Cylinder mower
• Strimmer
• Chain-saw
• Compactor
• Checkout conveyor
• Cement mixer
• Circular saw.
Practice Question
Identify the issues that should be considered to
help to ensure that a new item of work equipment
is suitable for use. (4 points)
Identify measures that could be taken to ensure
that an item of work equipment remains in a
suitable condition. (4 points)
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Fire Safety
NCC1 – Element 7
NGC2 – Element 6
Accidental Fires
Account for 57% of all fires in the UK
They can be grouped into the following:
– Careless actions (26%)
– Misuse of equipment and appliances
(24%)
– Defective equipment (50%)
78% of these due to faulty appliances
and leads
Fire Procedures and Controls
Suitable/sufficient steps to be taken to prevent fire.
Emergency routes and exits
– must be provided and lead to a safe area.
Emergency procedures
– must be in place and tested.
Provision of suitable fire detection and fire fighting
equipment
Alarm systems
Signage
Information and training
Spread of Fire?
Direct burning
Radiation
Convection
Conduction
Hazards from & Spread of Fire?
Fire Hazards?
Flames and heat
Toxic/combustible
smoke and gases
Oxygen depletion
Structural failure of
buildings
The Fire Triangle
A fire requires:
Ignition/source of heat
– Any heat build up or a spark
can start a fire
Fuel
– All fires require some kind of
fuel, from petrol, material, fats
or chemicals
Oxygen
– Without oxygen a fire cannot be
sustained
Methods of Extinguishing Fire
Remove one element or more of fire
triangle, by:
– starving it of fuel;
– smothering it to exclude oxygen;
– cooling it to reduce temperature.
Fire-fighting revolves around these
principles
Classification of Fires - Summary
A - Free burning materials, paper, wood, cloth etc.
B - Flammable liquids, petrol, meths, solvents etc.
C - Flammable gases, methane, hydrogen etc.
D – Metals: potassium, aluminium, magnesium etc.
F – Deep fat fryer (catering)
Note:
– Electricity can be involved in any class of fire
Types of Fire Extinguisher(BS EN 3) Colour Coding
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Foam
Dry Powder
Wet chemical
Hose reels
Fire blankets
Automatic sprinklers
Carbon Dioxide systems
Drenchers
Other Fire Fighting Equipment
Responsible Person
In relation to a workplace
– the employer, if the workplace is to any extent under his
control
If the premises are not a workplace
– the person who has control of the premises in
connection with carrying on a trade or business
The owner
– where the person in control of the premises does not
have control in connection with the carrying on of a trade
or business
Responsible Person Duties
The responsible person must:
– Take such general fire precautions to ensure, so far as is
reasonably practicable, the safety of any of their
employees; and
– In relation to relevant persons (i.e. not in their employ)
take general fire precautions as may be reasonable to
ensure that the premises are safe
Any duty imposed on the responsible person shall be
imposed on every person who has to any extent control of
those premises so far as the requirements relate to matters
under his control
‘General’ Fire Precautions
In relation to premises, what ‘General Fire Precautions’ do
you think are covered in the new legislation?
– Reducing the risk of fire and spread of fire
– Means of escape from the premises
– Securing that at all material times a means of escape
– Fighting fires on the premises
– Means of detecting fires and giving warning in case of fire
– Instruction and training to employees
– Mitigate the effects of a fire
Above are as a result of carrying out a fire risk assessment
Responsible Person Duties
The responsible person must ensure that:
– The premises are, to the extent as is appropriate,
equipped with appropriate
Fire fighting equipment
Fire detectors
Alarms
– Any non-automatic fire fighting equipment is
Easily accessible
Simple to use
Has suitable signage
Safety Assistance
The responsible person must:
– Nominate competent persons to implement those
measures
– Ensure that the number of person are adequate
– Their training and equipment are adequate
A person is to be regarded as competent where he
has sufficient training and experience or knowledge
and other qualities to enable him to implement the
above measures
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Steps 1 & 2 of aFire Risk Assessment
Step 1 – Possible Sources of Ignition
• Faulty electrical equipment
• Sparks from abrasive work (angle grinders etc.)
• Hot processes (hot works)
• Naked flames (e.g. candles, gas fuelled equipment etc.)
• Cooking equipment
• Smokers material
• Heaters
• Light fittings
• Hot surfaces
• Obstructions to equipment ventilation
• Central heating boilers
• Flares, fireworks, pyrotechnics
• Arson
Step 1 – Possible Sources of Fuel
• Flammable liquids
• Flammable liquid based products such as paint, varnishes etc.
• Display stands
• Costumes, drapes and hangings, scenery, banners etc.
• Package foodstuffs
• Stationery, advertising material and decorations
• Litter and waste, particularly finely divided items such as shredded
paper
• Upholstery, soft furnishings, textiles etc.
• Plastic and rubber, such as video tapes, polyurethane foam filled
furniture and polystyrene-based display materials and rubber or
foam exercise mats
• Fireworks and pyrotechnics
Step 1 – Possible Sources of Oxygen
• Natural air flow through doors windows
and other openings
• Mechanical air handling systems
• Mechanical air conditioning systems
• Some chemicals (oxidising agents) can
provide a fire with additional oxygen to
fuel the fire
• Oxygen supplies from a cylinder
• Pyrotechnics (fireworks) that contain
oxidising materials and require great care.
Step 2 – Possible Groups of People
• Yourself
• Other Company employees
• Employees who work alone and/or in isolated areas
• Unaccompanied children
• People who are unfamiliar with the premises e.g. members of the
public
• People with disabilities
• People who may have some reason for not being able to leave the
premises quickly, e.g. people in a state of undress, elderly
customers, pregnant women or parents with children
• Sensory impaired due to alcohol, drugs or medication
• Other people in the immediate vicinity of the premises who are not
actually using it
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Step 3Evaluation of the Risk
Step 3 - Factors to be Considered?
1. Storage of combustible materials
2. Building features
3. Maintenance
4. Fire detection
5. Means of escape in case of fire
6. Provision of fire-fighting equipment
7. Maintenance of fire-fighting equipment
8. Staff training
Step 3 – Evaluate, Remove, Reduce and Protect from Risk
• How the fire could spread i.e. convection, conduction
and radiation
• The risk to people.
• Those on upper or lower level or long way from the
main exit route
• The likelihood of the fire occurring in space that
people have to pass by to escape.
• The spread of fire or smoke through the building:
• Routes such as shafts, ducts, ventilation systems,
poorly maintained or damaged walls, partitions and
ceilings.
Step 3 - Dangerous Substances
Where used responsible person must
ensure that risk to relevant persons is:
– Eliminated; or
– Reduced
so far as is reasonably practicable, with
suitable processes e.g.
– External storage areas
– No naked flame rules for
flammables
– Earthing of equipment to prevent
static discharge
– Intrinsically safe electrical systems
Prevention of FireIn Use Flammable Materials
In use quantities kept to a minimum, excess
quantities correctly stored
If large quantities used, consider piped systems
Container lids always replaced after use
Rags impregnated with product disposed of safely
(metal bins with lids)
Common electrical earth bonding in areas where
dispensing / charging containers with flammable
materials is carried out
Only trained and competent operatives to use
flammable materials.
Safe Storage
V I C E S Ventilation – provide plenty of fresh air to rapidly
disperse and vapours
Ignition – control ignition sources
Containment – use suitable containers and provide
spillage control
Exchange – consider whether a safer alternative
can be used to do the task
Separation – store away from process areas
(physical barrier, wall or partition where possible)
Step 3 - Emergency Routes and Exits
Must lead as directly as possible to a place of
safety
It must be possible for persons to evacuate the
premises as quickly and safely as possible
The number,distribution and dimensions of the
emergency exits must be adequate
Emergency doors must open in the direction of
the escape
Step 3 - Requirements for Escape
Basic requirements for staff & public there must be an
adequate means of escape to reach safe place
Routes and exits designated must be kept clear at all times
Emergency routes and exits shall lead directly as possible to a
place of safety
Emergency doors will open in the direction of escape or be
kept unlocked (no escape door can be secured)
Other doors, if possible, to be kept unfastened when building
is occupied
Fire doors should be checked for self closing (use of door
wedges is prohibited)
Routes suitably signed with emergency lighting if needed
Step 3 - Escape Times
Everyone in the building should be able to get to the
nearest place of safety in between 2 and 3 minutes
If there is only one means of escape, or where the risk of
fire is high, the escape time should only be 1 minute
Regardless of the nature of the building the means of
escape should be as short as possible
The reaction time of people before they begin a fire
evacuation should also be taken into account
All these points should be considered when carrying out
the Fire Risk Assessment
Fire Emergency Procedures
Have a means of detecting and warning
of fires
Have emergency procedures which are
displayed in prominent locations
Ensure everyone is aware of the
procedures
Nominate a fire coordinator
Display notices
Practice: drills, fire alarms at least
annually, for larger premises more often
Step 3 - Maintenance
The premises, equipment and facilities must be
subject to a system of maintenance
– Efficient state
– Efficient working order
– Good repair
The occupier of the premises must co-operate with
the responsible person
Fire Safety Plans
Fire plans should be produced and attached to the risk
assessment.
A copy of the fire plan should be posted in the workplace.
A single line plan of the area or floor should show:
Escape routes, numbers of exits, number of stairs, fire-resisting
doors, fire-resisting walls and partitions, places of safety etc.
Fire safety signs and notices including pictorial fire exit signs and fire
action notices.
The location of fire warning call points and sounders or rotary gongs.
The location of emergency lights.
The location and type of fire-fighting equipment.
Where you are!
Step 3 - Fire Types of Detection and Alarm Systems
Manual:
– People trigger the alarm system by activating a break-glass, operating a hand bell and/or by shouting ‘FIRE’
Automatic:
– Detectors placed carefully and sensitive to heat, smoke or combustion products (person activating a break-glass will also activate the system)
Audible warning, klaxon or bell:
– Can also be visual (flashing lights) for deaf, or vibrating pagers for deaf/blind.
Step 3 - Housekeeping
Good housekeeping will reduce the likelihood of a fire
Poor housekeeping not only affects the ease with which a
fire can occur, develop and spread, but can lead to:
– Blocked fire exits
– Obstructed escape routes
– Difficulty in accessing fire alarm call points, extinguishers
and hose reels
– Obstruction of vital signs and notices
– A reduction in the effectiveness of automatic fire
detectors and sprinklers.
Fire Safety Checks and Inspections
Fire safety checks and inspections should:
– Help prevent fires in the workplace
– Ensure escape routes are clear of obstructions
– Monitor fire safety standards
– Keep staff aware of fire safety issues
– Reinforce the role of employees, supervisors,
managers and fire marshals
The information required:
– The significant findings
– Measures which have or will be taken
– Any group of persons identified as being
particularly at risk
No new work activity involving a dangerous
substance may commence unless a risk
assessment has been made and the measures
required implemented
Step 4
Record, Inform, Instruct and Train
Step 4Provision of Information to Employees
The responsible person must provide
comprehensible and relevant information on:
– The risks to them identified by the risk
assessment
– The preventive and protective measures
– Any procedures
Before employing a child provide the parent with
the above information
Step 4 - Training
The training must:
– Include suitable and sufficient training on
appropriate precautions and actions
– Be repeated periodically where appropriate
– Be adapted to take account of changed risks
– Take place during working hours
Records of visits from Fire Officers
Records of maintenance and servicing of fire
equipment (alarms, appliances etc.)
Record of staff training
Record of fire drills
Record of fire alarm tests
Record of emergency lighting checks
Record of fire fighting appliance checks
Record of briefings on fire precautions and safety
Step 4 - Fire Records
Practicing Procedures
Do you have regular fire practices where you
work?
Are they unannounced?
Does everybody comply?
Are they realistic?
Do they occasionally involve the fire authority?
Do fire procedures get reviewed if necessary?
Step 5 - Reviewing Risk Assessment
Assessments must be reviewed regularly by the
responsible person and particularly if
– Reason to suspect no longer valid
– Significant change to the matters to which it
relates
Responsible person must not employ young
persons unless he has made or reviewed the
assessment in relation to the risks to young
persons
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Physical and Psychological Health Hazards and Controls
NCC1 – Element 8
NGC2 – Element 7
SuccessfulPractical
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Vibration Hazards and Controls
Causes of HAVS
HAVS:
– Caused by holding or working with tools that
vibrate at a frequency of between 2 to 1500
Hertz (Hz)
– Most hazardous range is 5 to 20 Hz
Some examples of tools causing vibration include:
Chainsaws
Angle-grinders
Pneumatic drills
Woodworking machinery
Compressor guns
Concrete vibro thickeners
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
Vascular Component:
– Vibration white
finger
– Episodes of finger
blanching
– Typically cold
induced attacks
Vibration White Finger
Circulation of the blood disorder:
Usually set off by the cold
Early indications - the fingertips rapidly becoming
pale and loss of feeling
Attacks can produce numbness and ‘pins and
needles’
White phase followed by intense red flush
(sometimes preceded by bluish phase) signalling
return of blood
The above accompanied by uncomfortable
throbbing
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
Neurological component:
– Numbness
– Tingling
– Reduced sense of
touch and temperature
Main cause of disability in
advanced cases
Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
Musculoskeletal component:
– Pain
– Weak grip
– Painful wrist
(carpal tunnel syndrome)
Whole of Body VibrationSyndrome (WBV)
WBV is the vibrating or jolting of the whole body
through the surface that is supporting the body,
such as a machine seat or floor.
WBV often occurs through from driving or operating
some types of construction plant or vehicles, had
the potential to cause back injury or make an
existing condition more painful.
Mobile machine operators and drivers (especially
those who work off-road) are at increased risk from
back pain.
WBV Syndrome
Most work WBV is unlikely on its own to cause back
pain.
Those most likely to experience high vibration
exposure are regular operators and drivers of off-
road machinery:
– Construction, mining and quarrying machines e.g.
scrapers, bulldozers and building site dumpers;
– Tractors and other agricultural and forestry
machines, particularly turning hay, primary
cultivation and mowing.
Risk of Injury
The risk of vibration-related injury (HAVS and WBVS) depends on
– The amount of vibration
– The length of time the equipment was used
– The conditions of use
– The posture of the operative
– The temperature at which the work is carried out
Duties of Employers
Assess vibration risks to health and
safety
Eliminate vibration risk at source, or
reduce to the lowest level reasonably
practicable
Provide information and training for
employees on vibration risks and
control measures
If any legislative limit value is
exceeded stop work and identify the
reasons.
Traffic Lights System
Some tool suppliers and
hirers use a colour system:
– Green: use up to 8 hours
– Amber: use up to 2 hours
– Red: refer to supervisor
as its use needs to be
risk assessed.
Control Measures for HAVS/WBVS
Selection of equipment that has been designed to
either eliminate or reduce exposure of vibration to
operatives (well designed cabs/seats & tool grips);
Assessing the risks using the manufacturers /
suppliers vibration figures and estimated exposure
times (HAVS calculator on HSE website);
Remoting the operative from the machine, such as
putting a road breaker on the end of a mini-digger;
Ensuring work equipment is maintained to keep it in
good working order to prevent machine vibration
increasing over time;
Control Measures for HAVS/WBV
Ensuring work bits are honed and kept sharp so that the tool
does the job and not the operating applying their weight
onto the tool and thus increasing vibration exposure.
Ensuring that operatives are trained in the correct selection
of tools and posture of use, tense muscles will suffer more
damage;
Reducing the time operatives are expose to the vibration
and employing job rotation; and
Ensuring operatives keep warm and dry, the blood supply is
the body’s protection system and promoting good blood flow
will reduce the likelihood of suffering vibration health issues.
Parts that Contribute to Vibration
Worn bearings;
Dirty fans (unbalancing);
Misaligned shafts;
Unbalanced rotating parts;
Loose bolts;
Damaged gear teeth;
Blunt cutting tools and blades;
Worn suspension components;
Incorrect tyre pressures;
Damaged seats; and
Damaged tyres/tracks.
Information, Instruction and Trainingfor Operators
Correct selection of equipment
Correct operation of equipment
(important with some vibration
reduced designs)
How to recognise and report
symptoms of HAVS / WBVS
How to minimise risk (exercising
finger, breaks from exposure, not
smoking etc)
Health Surveillance
A risk exists with vibration even after all control
measures have been implemented and therefore
a programme of health surveillance is often
required.
Vibration health surveillance would be done as a
part of an overall health surveillance programme
for employees and would include:
– Grip test;
– Dexterity tests; and
– Sense of touch and feeling tests.
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Noise
Noise – Definition and Hazards
What is noise?
– Unpleasant or unwanted sound
What are the possible noise hazards?
– Annoying and irritating
– Affects concentration
– Lowers efficiency
– Increases fatigue and accident
proneness
– Failure to hear warnings
– Can result in
Temporary/permanent hearing loss
Temporary/permanent tinnitus.
Noise
Different sounds are heard different ways
The pitch is how we hear the sound
– High pitched sound has high frequencies and
sounds shrill and piercing
– Low pitched sound has low frequencies and
sounds like a low rumble
Noise
The intensity of the sound is determined by the
amount of energy of the sound wave
The sound power level is the total energy of the
wave that is measured in decibels
Important when measuring noise in the working
environment
Noise
Sound intensity is measured in Bels (B) however
the Bel is very large so it is quoted to the power of
ten to give a decibels (dB) which can be more easily
used and measured
The scale is logarithmic:
– An increase of 3dB doubles the sound intensity
– A decrease of 3dB halves the sound intensity
Nature of Noise
Noise can be:
– Continual or periodic noise; or
– Sudden, loud, short bursts of noise
Frequency weighting of the ear (200Hz to 20KHz)
indicated by term dB (A)
Peak noise measurement indicated by dB (C)
Hearing levels of human ear 0 to 140 dB (A) which
is the threshold where noise becomes painful
Biology of the Ear
Sound waves
collected by the Pinna
Enter the ear canal
Cause eardrum to
vibrate
Vibration passed
along ossicular chain
Pressure doubled as it
enters the Cochlea
The Cochlea
A complex organ
Has numerous fine hair-like cells which respond to different frequencies
The response is to fire up neurons which interpret the impulses as sound
Cochlea Hair Cells
Damaged Cochlea Hair Cells
Before damage After damage
Country Exposure Values
Countries will often have lower and upper
exposure action values for noise, when
employers are required to implement
various control measures.
Additionally there may be a limit value for
the exposure of noise taking into account
any hearing protection provided.
These limits will often be require for dB(A)
and dB(C) measurements.
Rule of Thumb for Levels of Noise
“If noise is intrusive and
normal conversation is
possible”, then the likely
level is 80dB(A)
If you have to shout to
talk to someone 2 metres
away then the level is
likely to be at 85dB(A)
mark
Employer’s Duties
If at or above any set lower exposure action level,
employer will need to:
– Carry out suitable and sufficient assessment of risk
to employees:
Observe work practices
Use manufacturers supplied information
If necessary arrange for noise levels to be
measured
– Generally reduce the risk SFARP
– Ear protection to those who request it
– Train in the use and maintenance
Employer’s Duties
If at or above any upper exposure
action level, employers should:
– Use methods to reduce noise level
other than by the use of PPE
Engineering controls
– Enforce the use of equipment
– Set up hearing protection zones,
suitably marked.
Noise Controls
Engineering controls
enclosure
silencers
lagging
damping
screens
absorption treatment
isolation
– Reduce exposure time
– Personal protection
– Check exposure away from work
Enclosure
One of the best systems
for noise reduction
Gives 10 – 30 dB(A)
attenuation
Need to consider
– Adequate ventilation
– Access for maintenance
– Access for production
Silencers
Suppresses noise when air, gas or steam flows
through a pipe or duct or are exhausted to
atmosphere
– Absorptive ~ sound absorbed by a material
– Reactive ~ noise reflected by change in shape
Lagging
Used on pipes carrying hot
steam or fluids as thermal
lagging:
– Achieve 10 – 20 dB(A)
attenuation
– Only effective above 500Hz
– No contact between the
outer layer and pipe wall
Damping
Where large panels radiate noise
– Proprietary damping pads
– Fit stiffening ribs
– Use double skin construction
Acoustic Screens
Effective in reducing direct
field component
– Up to 15 dB(A)
– Maximum benefit at high
frequencies
– Effectiveness reduces with
distance from screen
Absorption Treatment
Where high degree of reflection
Wall and ceiling treatment
Functional absorbers at ceiling height
Noise Baffles
Industrial Sound Baffles, Wall
Panels, and Ceiling Absorbers:
– used to reduce the
reverberation time, lower
ambient noise levels, and
improve communication in a
variety of applications
– Ambient noise reduction to
10dB
Other Controls
Reduce exposure time
Personal protection
Check exposure away from work
Various types
Making Hearing Protection Effective
Should reduce exposure to below 85 dB and
reduce peak noise exposure to below 137 dB
Not overprotect
Reduce noise level to no less than 70 dB
Be comfortable
Be properly used
Worn at the right time
Be readily available
Be properly maintained, good condition and
undamaged
Noise - Hearing Protection
Must be suitable for the respective frequencies
Must be ergonomically sound
Hygiene to be observed
Should have BS/EN mark
Must be worn 100% of the time
Noise - Hearing Protection Limitations
Cheaper ear defenders can give 8 to 15 dB(A) attenuation at
low frequencies and 35 to 45 dB(A) at high frequencies.
More expensive give 20 to 25 dB(A) attenuation at low
frequencies up to 45 dB(A) at high frequencies.
No ear defenders will give attenuation of more than 45 dB(A):
– noise leaks through bone conductance, imperfect seals etc.
Protection reduced by various factors:
– Long hair, thick spectacle frames or jewellery
– Wearing helmets or face shields can prevent correct fitting
– Ear plugs not being properly inserted into the ear
Noise - Hearing Protection Limitations
Important to remember:
Removing the protection for only 15
minutes in an 8 hour shift can lose the
wearer up to 80% or more of the protection.
Health Surveillance:
– Owing to these limitations it may be necessary
to implement a programme of health
surveillance as a means of ensuring control
measures are working and if necessary to
revise them before permanent serious harm
occurs.
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Radiation
Introduction to Radiation
Ionising radiation:
Causes the production of electrically charged
particles, called ions, in the materials that it
strikes.
It can be man-made such as in medical X-Ray
devices, or occur naturally as with Radon Gas.
Introduction to Radiation
Non-Ionising radiation:
This type of radiation is electromagnetic and can be
divided into distinct types:
o Optical radiation which has the potential to cause
photochemical effects (such as ultra-violet induced
sunburn), and
o Electromagnet fields that are produced as a result of
the movement of electrical charges caused by the
flow of electrical current.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ionising
If an atom does not have an equal
number of electrons and protons the
atom has a negative or positive charge.
This is now ionised
Ionising Radiation
The human body absorbs radiation
Ionising radiation causes the
production of ions, such as when it
strikes cells of a human body
The production of ions in the human
body changes cell DNA leads to
abnormal cell growth
Types of Ionising Radiation
Alpha particles
– Short ranges in dense materials, just
penetrate skin
Beta particles
– Fast moving, smaller particles with a
longer range
Gamma rays
– Excess energy emitted from a
degenerating nucleus. Great
penetrating power and range
Ionising Radiation
Type Distance Stopped
Alpha 5 cm Paper/Skin
Beta 1-2 metres Perspex/Metal
Gamma
X-Rays100 metres
Thick lead/
concrete
Ionising Radiation - Dose Received
Depends on:
– Strength of source (activity)
– Distance from
– Barriers around
– Exposure time
Use protection, distance and limit time
Controls for Ionising Radiation
Elimination of exposure by:
– Restriction of its use
– Shielded enclosures around sources
– Written procedures
Limit exposure times
Identification
Information, instruction and training
Monitoring and health checks
Good hygiene
Disposable PPE
Ionising RadiationWhere are they found?
Industry
– Isotopes
– X-rays
– Non-destructive testing
– Communications equipment
– Laboratory work
– Nuclear power
– Smoke detectors
Ionising Radiation Health Surveillance
Ionising radiation is an invisible hazard which has
chronic ill-health effects.
A risk exists even after all control measures have
been implemented and therefore a programme of
health surveillance is often require.
Health surveillance is primarily achieve by the use
of dosimeters which measure the amount of
ionising radiation a wearer has been exposed to.
Measurement is achieved by sending of the
dosimeter to a laboratory for analysis with results
being returned to the employer.
Ionising Radiation Competent Persons
Radiation Protection Advisor (RPA):
– Helps ensure the radiation employer complies
with the legislative requirements (IRR99 in UK),
and the development of local rules and
procedures.
Radiation Protection Supervisors (RPS)
– Usually a employee in a line management
position closely involved in the work being done,
allowing them to exercise sufficient supervisory
authority over the implementation and operation
of control measures.
Non-Ionising Radiation - Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet
– From the sun
Causes sunburn, skin cancer and blindness
These are thermal and photochemical effects
– Industrial equipment e.g. welding arcs
Causes cataracts to the eye
– Tanning tables / sunbeds
Non-Ionising Radiation - Lasers
Lasers types:
– Low level e.g Bar code equipment
– High level e.g Industrial cutting gear
Radiation converted into heat
Laser beam is concentrated radiation
PPE recommended e.g. goggles & absorbing
materials
Non-Ionising Radiation – Infra-red
Infra-red
– Caused by heat sources
such as furnace or lasers
Easily converted into heat
Causes skin burning and loss
of body fluids
Eyes can be damaged
causing cataracts
Non-Ionising Radiation – RF
Radio Frequency (RF)
– Emitted by microwave transmitters including
ovens and radar
The wave passes through the body and heat is
produce
Body reacts by sweating, blood flow to cool through
evaporation, convection and radiation of heat
Controls for Non-Ionising Radiation
Ultraviolet
– Shielding and partitions
– Sun creams
– Goggles
Infra-red
– Clothing
– Re-hydration
RF and Microwave
– Shielding
– Explosives, flammables etc kept away
Practice NEBOSH Question
Identify two types of non-ionising radiation,
giving an occupational source of each.
(2 points)
Outline the health effects associated with
exposure to non-ionising radiation.
(6 points)
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Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Control
NCC1 – Element 8
NGC2 – Element 7
Forms of Chemical Agent
Chemical substances and preparations exist in a
variety of physical states.
Different forms of the same substance may present
different Hazards.
The three basic physical states of a substance are:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Forms of Chemical AgentUseful Terms
For practical purposes, useful terms are:
– Dusts - small particles of solid, suspended in air.
They tend to settle under gravity and accumulate on
surfaces.
– Fumes – are small fine particulate solids, created by
condensation from a vapour.
– Gases – substance at a temperature above its boiling
point. It is a formless chemical occupying the area in
which it is enclosed.
– Mists – consist of finely suspended droplets of liquid
similar to vapours formed by condensation from a gas
or the atomising of a liquid from aerosols.
Forms of Chemical AgentUseful Terms continued
– Vapours – the gaseous form of a liquid below or
close to their boiling point.
– Liquids – form in which many of the chemicals
supplied and used in a workplace come in. They can
vary from the relatively harmless to highly toxic and
corrosive acids and alkalis.
– Aerosols – fine suspension of solid particles or
droplets in a carrier gas.
Others could include:
– Grit
– Fibre
Classification of Hazardous Substances
Physico-Chemical Toxicological Ecological
Explosive
Oxidising
Extremely flammable
Highly flammable
Flammable
Very toxic
Toxic
Harmful
Corrosive
Irritant
Sensitising
Carcinogenic
Mutagenic
Toxic for reproduction
Toxic or harmful to
aquatic organisms
Long-term effects such
as persistence
Toxic to non-aquatic
environment
Dangerous to the ozone
layer
Irritant (Sensitizing or Allergic)
Irritant:
– A non-corrosive substance that
may cause inflammation of the
skin or mucous membrane
Sensitising:
– Elicit a hyper-sensitization so
that further exposure produces
adverse effects (allergic
reaction)
Corrosive and Harmful
Corrosive
– Will destroy living tissue.
Harmful
– Substances which if swallowed,
inhaled or penetrates skin, may pose
limited health risks.
– Occasionally, substances labeled
harmful may also be categorized as
irritant.
Toxic (Very Toxic)
Substance which impedes or prevents the
function of one or more organs within the
body.
A toxic substance is, therefore, a poisonous
one.
The degree of harm depends on its harmful
properties, route and speed of entry.
Examples include: lead, mercury,
pesticides and carbon monoxide.
Carcinogen
Substances that are known or suspected
of inducing cancer
Cancer is the abnormal development of
body cells
Examples of carcinogenic substances
include:
– Asbestos
– Hard wood dust
– Creosote
– Some mineral oils
Biological Health Hazards
Biological hazards mainly relate to illness contracted from
exposure to micro-organisms. Examples include:
– Fungi (including moulds):
a plant lacking in chlorophyll and reproducing by
spores, can be considered as very small organisms
– dry rot / mould in showers / stale food
– Blue-Green Algae:
formed under certain environmental conditions (e.g.
long period of warm weather followed by rain and
more warm still conditions). The algal blooms formed
can be toxic to humans.
Biological Health Hazards ~ 1
– Bacteria:
Microscopic single-celled organisms
Often agents of fermentation and putrification.
Bacterium is a large group of such organisms.
Examples include:
– Legionella:
Airborne bacterium present (given certain
conditions) in cooling towers, water systems
and air-conditioning systems.
Produces a form of pneumonia that affects the
lungs and can be fatal.
Biological Health Hazards ~ 2
Bacteria examples continued:
– Animal bacterial infections that can be transmitted to
humans (Zoonoses) e.g.
Leptospirosis or Weil’s disease – transmitted
through coming into contact with rats or cattle urine.
Tetanus (lock-jaw) - enters the body through cuts,
wounds, splinters, vegetation, contaminated soil and
animal faeces
Anthrax - virulent bacterial infection from infected
animal skins/carcases
Brucellosis – from cattle or pigs
Biological Health Hazards ~ 3
– Virus (minute non-cellular organism). Examples include:
Hepatitis B:
– A disease of the liver common amongst medical staff
and refuse disposal operatives
– Contracted by coming into contact with blood, excreta
or discarded syringes.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus):
– Passed by passing of infected body fluids into the
blood of another person and can cause AIDS.
– Easily destroyed outside the body, not easily
transmitted and requires direct contact.
Other Health Hazards ~ 1
Organic solvents:
– White spirit, i-butanol, dichloromethane, toluene, xylene
and styrene
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Isocyanates:
– used to make adhesives, synthetic rubber, polyurethane
paints and lacquers
Lead
Asbestos
Other Health Hazards ~ 2
Ammonia - colourless gas with distinctive odour
Chlorine - greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell
Silica - when inhaled as a dust and can cause numerous chest
and respiratory tract diseases
Cement dust and wet cement - can cause both dermatitis and
burns, irritates the nose and throat.
Wood dust, can result in:
– Skin disorders
– Obstruction in the nose and rhinitis/asthma
– Nasal and throat cancers
– Wheezing, coughing and breathlessness
– Stomach disorders
– Soreness, watering and conjunctivitis in the eyes.
Respiratory System
Comprises the lungs and associated organs
Air is breathed in passes through the
windpipe (trachea) which branches into the
two lungs
Within each lung, air enters into fine tubes
called bronchioli.
The bronchioli lead to some 300,000
terminal sacs called alveoli.
At the alveoli oxygen is diffused into the
bloodstream and carbon dioxide is effused
from the blood stream.
Possible Damage to theRespiratory System
Soluble dust in the inhaled air can be absorbed into the
bloodstream.
Insoluble dust/fibres may remain permanently, possibly
leading to chronic illness.
– Asbestos fibres
Acute respiratory system effects:
– Bronchitis (inflammation of the mucous membranes)
– Asthma.
Chronic effects can include:
– Fibrosis (excess fibrous tissue)
– Cancer.
Respiratory Defence System
The nose can trap large particles before
entering the trachea.
The respiratory tract dust can trigger
reactions causing sneezing/coughing.
Ciliary escalator trap:
– Fine hairs trap smaller insoluble dust
particles in the trachea.
– With the aid of mucus, the dust is
passed from one hair to the next higher
one to bring it to the back of the throat.
The Cardiovascular System
The three basic cardiovascular system elements:
– Red Cells
To transport oxygen to vital organs, tissues and the
brain and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
– White Cells
Attack foreign organisms and build up defence
system.
– Platelets
To aid healing of damaged tissue and prevent
excessive bleeding by clotting.
Cardiovascular Systemand Hazardous Substances
Benzene:
– Can affect bone marrow reducing
the number of blood cells produced.
Carbon monoxide:
– Prevents red cells from absorbing
sufficient oxygen and can result in
unconsciousness and possibly
death.
The Liver
The liver:
– Removes toxins from the blood
– Maintains the levels of blood sugars
– Produces protein for the blood plasma
Substances hazardous to the liver:
– Can result in the liver being too active or inactive –
xylene is known to have this affect.
– Can lead to the enlargement of the liver such as
cirrhosis caused by alcohol.
– Can cause liver cancer e.g. vinyl chloride.
The Kidneys
The kidneys:
– Filter waste products from the blood as urine
– Regulate blood pressure and liquid volume in the
body
– Produces hormones for making red blood cells
The operation of the kidneys and their possible failure
can be caused by:
– Heavy metals (e.g. cadmium and lead)
– Organic solvents (e.g. glycol ethers as used in
screen printing)
The Skin
Holds the body together.
Is the first line of defense against infection.
It regulates body temperature.
It is a sensing mechanism.
Provides an emergency food store (fat).
It helps conserve water.
It consists of 2 layers:
– The epidermis (outer layer)
– The dermis (inner layer)
The Skin and Industrial Disease
The most common is non-
infective dermatitis:
– Begins with mild irritation and
develops into blisters
– It can be caused by various
chemicals, solvents and
mineral oils
– Risk of occurring increases
with the presence of abrasions
and cuts to the skin
UK Safety Regulations CoveringChemical and Biological Hazards
The Control Of Substances Hazardous to
Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) (as
amended)
Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002
Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012
COSHH - Employers Responsibilities
Avoid use of hazardous substances
Carry out a risk assessment
Prevent exposure of employees
If not reasonably practicable to prevent, adequately
control exposure:
– Substitute substance/process for non-hazardous
– Engineering controls (e.g. ventilation, organisational etc.)
– Last resort, providing suitable PPE
Ensure controls are implemented and maintained
Monitor exposure
Health surveillance
Provide information, training & supervision
COSHH – Responsibility Employees
Cooperate with their employer
Make full and proper use of
control measures, including PPE
Report and defects
Attend, where appropriate,
medical examinations in the
employers time and at employers
expense
Assessor Competence
Understand Regs
Ability to systematically gather relevant
information:
– Observe and understand process
– Obtain information about substance
– Ask questions in workplace
– Make informed ‘What If’ judgments
Specify steps and control measures
Understand own limitations
Ability to make valid conclusions and
communicate findings
Information
Manufacturers instructions
– M.S.D.S. 16 items
– EH 40
Marking on containers
– COSHH & CHIP Regs (Schedule 1)
Route of entry into the body
– Some considered higher risk than others
Place of work
– Inside, outside
Use of the substance
– Physical form
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) – 16 Items
1. Identification of the substance
2. Composition/information on the ingredients
3. Hazard Identification
4. First Aid Measures
5. Fire Fighting Measures
6. Accidental Release Measures
7. Handling and Storage
8. Control measures / Personal Protective Equipment
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal information
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information
COSHH (EH 40 Guidance Note)
Reproduces the statutory list of
Workplace Exposure Level’s
(WEL) these are levels that
workers should not exceed by
inhalation.
Labelling of Containers
European Union Hazardous Substances Labelling System
Toxic Very Toxic Harmful Irritant
Flammable Highly/Extremely Flammable
Explosive Harmful to the Environment
Oxidising Corrosive
Routes of Entry to the Human Body
Inhalation
Skin absorption
Ingestion
Through the eyes
Pressure injection
Health Risk Survey Techniques
Air quality measurement:
– Stain Tube Detectors
– Passive sampling
– Sampling pumps and heads
– Direct reading instruments
Qualitative monitoring:
– Smoke tubes
– Dust observation lamp
Environmental MonitoringAir Measuring Techniques
Grab sampling
– Stain tubes
– Air drawn over a
chemical indicator
– Unable to accurately
measure personal
exposure
– Influenced by human
error, other chemicals in
the air, small air volume
Glass Tube
Prefilter
Crystals
Indicator scale
Environmental MonitoringAir Measuring Techniques
Long Term Sampling
– Air samples took over
several hours
– Gives an average
concentration
– Personal samples taken
by attaching monitor to
worker or static placed in
workplace
– Same problems as before
Environmental MonitoringAir Measuring Techniques
Other types
– Charcoal tube samplers
Contaminant absorbed into
charcoal which is sent to
laboratory for accurate
tests
– Dust sampling
Dust sucked onto filter
membrane by pump and
analysed
Measure to Prevent or ControlControl Exposure
Elimination
Substitution
Total or partial enclosure of the process
Local exhaust ventilation
Dilute of general ventilation
Reduce number of employees exposed to a minimum
Reduce time exposed
Housekeeping
Training
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Welfare (including first aid)
Medical records
Health surveillance
Basic Types of Ventilation
Two types used in industrial settings:
– Local exhaust ventilation
Captures contaminates at or
very near the source and
exhausts them outside
– Dilution (or general dilution)
ventilation
Reduces the concentration
of the contaminant by mixing
the contaminated air with
clean, uncontaminated air
Purpose of Ventilation Systems
Four reasons for ventilations systems
– Provide a continuous supply of fresh outside air
– Maintain temperature and humidity at comfortable levels
– Reduce potential fire or explosion hazards
– Remove or dilute airborne contaminants
Industrial Ventilation Systems
A mechanical system in a building that
brings in "fresh" outdoor air and
removes the "contaminated" indoor air.
Used to control exposure to airborne
contaminants
– Fumes / Dusts / Vapours
Provides a healthy and safe
environment
Can be by natural means
– Opening a window
Can be by mechanical means
– Fans and blowers
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Removes air containing contaminants
Contaminant to be suitably disposed of
Needs good design e.g. sufficient power
Consider requirements for maintenance
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Controls air contaminants by trapping them at or near the source
More effective way of controlling highly toxic contaminants before they reach the workers' breathing zones
Preferred method of control where
– Increased heating costs from ventilation in cold weather are a concern
– Emission sources are near the workers' breathing zones
– Large amounts of dusts or fumes are generated
– Air contaminants pose serious health risk
– Emission sources are few in number
Main Parts of LEV
An "air intake" area
such as a hood or an
enclosure
Ducts to move air from
one area to another
Air cleaning device(s)
Fan(s) to bring in
outside air and
exhaust the indoor
contaminated air
LEV System Air Cleaning Device
Captures and removes contaminants
Various types of device are used
depending on whether the
contaminant is a dust, fume, mist, gas
or vapours.
The main types are
fabric filters
charcoal filters
cyclones
electrostatic precipitators
scrubbers.
Limitations of LEV Systems
Systems deteriorate over the years because
of to contaminant build-up within the system,
especially filters
Require ongoing maintenance
Regular and routine testing is needed to
identify problems early and implement
corrective measures
Only qualified persons should make
modifications to a ventilation system to make
sure the system continues to work effectively
– Unauthorised expansion to system
reduces efficiency
Maintenance of LEV
Inspection of ventilation systems involves regular
checks of: Hoods / Filters / Belts / Air-cleaners
Periodic tests of system performance should
include:
– Measurement of air velocities at key locations
such as hoods and ducts
– Smoke tubes or air current tubes may be
used to visually check air flow.
– More sophisticated devices continuously
measure the amount of air flow velocity
(anemometer) and the negative air pressure
in ducts.
Main Features of Dilution Ventilation
Supplies and exhausts large amounts of
air to and from an area or building
It usually involves large exhaust fans
placed in the walls or roof of a room or
building
Controls pollutants generated at a worksite
by ventilating the entire workplace
Distributes pollutants, to some degree,
throughout the entire worksite
Could therefore affect persons who are far
from the source of contamination
When Dilution is Useful
The amounts of pollutants generated
are not very high
Their toxicity is relatively moderate
Workers do not carry out their tasks in
the immediate vicinity of the source of
contamination
Unusual to recommend it for the
control of exposure to chemicals
except solvent which have very low
toxicity and high permitted exposure
levels
Limitations of Dilution Ventilation
Does not completely remove
contaminants
Cannot be used for highly toxic
chemicals
Is not effective for dusts or metal
fumes or large amounts of gases
or vapours
Requires large amounts of
makeup air to be heated or cooled
Is not effective for handling surges
of gases or vapours or irregular
emissions
Supervisory or People Controls
Good supervisory controls will encompass:
– Systems of work
– Established arrangements and procedures
– Effective communication and training
Additional controls for hazardous substances:
– Reduce time exposed
– Reduce number of workers exposed
– Prohibit eating, drinking and smoking in work areas
– Strictly enforce special rules e.g. wearing of PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
The principle requirements of these regulations are:
PPE must be suitable for the wearer and the task.
When multiple items of PPE are used it must be compatible and effective.
A risk assessment to determine the need and suitability of the proposed PPE must be carried out.
A suitable maintenance programme must be established for PPE
Suitable accommodation and storage must be provided for PPE when not in use.
Information, instruction and training must be given to the user
There must be supervision of the use of PPE by employees
There must be a reporting system for defects.
Health Surveillance
Detects the start of ill-health problems
Collects data on ill-health occurrences
Gives an indication of effectiveness of control measures
Required when there appears to be a reasonable chance
of ill-health effects occurring.
Country legislation may also require health surveillance on
certain substances.
Health surveillance includes the requirement for medicals
at intervals not exceeding 12 months.
Records of health surveillance to be kept for 40 years.
Personal Hygiene
Personal hygiene precautions for workers
exposed to hazardous substances should
include:
– The importance of washing their hands
thoroughly before eating, drinking or smoking.
– Be vaccinated against biological hazards if
required.
– Ensure contaminated clothing and overalls are
removed and cleaned on a regular basis.
Practice 8 pt Question
a. Health care workers, paramedics and first
aiders could be exposed to blood-borne
viruses.
Identify other possible workplace
circumstances where a worker could be
exposed to blood-borne viruses. 2 pts
b. Outline precautions that will help reduce the
risk from exposure to blood-borne viruses.
6 pts
Practice 20 pt Question
Construction workers can be regularly exposed to
airborne dusts, fumes and vapours, many of which are
assigned a workplace exposure limit (WEL). Monitoring
should be carried out to check the levels to which
employees are exposed.
a. Give the meaning of the term ‘WEL’. 4 pts
b. Identify types of monitoring equipment that could be
used to check levels of dusts, fumes and vapours to
which employees are exposed. 4 pts
c. Other than monitoring, outline control measures that
could be used to reduce exposure to dusts, fumes and
vapours. 12 pts
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Asbestos
Why is Asbestos so Dangerous?
Asbestos fibres are tiny needle-like in shape.
It is not the chemical composition of the fibres
but their shape/size that cause health problems.
Fibres most likely to damage health can be less
than one thousandth of a millimetre in diameter.
All asbestos is dangerous to health, but blue and
brown are the most hazardous and have been
banned in the UK for many years.
White asbestos only banned in the UK in 1999.
One of 3 open-pit Asbestos mines in Canada which was one the world's largest
exporters of asbestos, second only to Russia. Canada now tightly limits its
domestic use.
Since 2003 exports have reduced significantly owing to a drop in demand.
Exports are primarily to third world countries in Africa and Asia. There, looser
regulations allowed for it to be mixed in with cement, used in insulation or
turned into anti-fire walls
Asbestos Related Diseases
Asbestosis
– Fibres lodge in lungs & cause inflammation that heals leaving scars
and lungs losing ability to deliver oxygen to the blood.
Mesothelioma
– Cancer of the lining of the lung, the lining of the abdomen or of the
heart – can take 20-50 years to develop.
Lung cancer
– Exposure to asbestos increases the risk of lung cancer.
Diffuse Pleural Thickening
– Some asbestos fibres inhaled into the lungs may work their way to
the pleura causing it to thicken leading to breathing difficulties.
Pleural Plaques
– This is the least serious form of asbestos induced disease. ‘Plaques’
are scars in the lining of the lung.
Control of Asbestos
Controllers of non-domestic
premises should:
– Locate asbestos
– Record location
ACM Register
– Assess risks of potential exposure
– Develop management plan to
control exposure
– Implement plan
– Monitor and review
Current European Legislation
Prohibits the use of asbestos in
construction
– Duty to manage
Management Survey
– 2 Stages
Demolition/Renovation
Survey
The problem of removal remains
and it can be difficult to identify
Management Survey – Stage 1
Location & assessment survey or Presumptive
survey
To locate the presence & extent of ACMs and
assess their condition
Defers the need for sampling & analysis
A surveyor should have strong evidence to
support a reasoned argument for presuming a
material does not contain asbestos
Management Survey – Stage 2
Standard Sampling & Assessment survey
Same as type 1 except that samples are taken
from each type of suspect ACM and analysed
An assessment is made of all materials confirmed
to contain asbestos
UKAS accreditation to ISO17025 for analysis
Renovation/Demolition Survey
Full access sampling and
identification
Carried out prior to:
– demolition
– major refurbishment
HSE licensed contractor
UKAS accreditation to ISO17025
for analysis
Air monitoring
– WEL of 0.1 fibres per millilitre of air (f/ml)
averaged over 4 hours
– Above this limit, an asbestos licence will be
required
Unlicensed work – 2 cats
– Notifiable (highly friable)
April 2015 these workers – health
surveillance
– Non-notifiable
Low or non-friability
CAR UK Unlicensed Work
Medical surveillance
Decontamination facilities
– PPE and personal clothing
– Asbestos sludge from showers
Packaging sealing and marking
of waste
Disposal (limited number of land
fill sites)
CAR UK Licensed Work
Chrysotile White Asbestossilicate minerals with naturally occurring flexible fibre
Soft curly appearance,
Flexible with high tensile strength
Susceptible to low level chemical attack
Was the most common form used
Common usage:
– Asbestos cement corrugated sheets
– Asbestos cloth
– Asbestos rope and yarn
– Asbestos flooring tiles
Amosite (Grunerite) Brown Asbestossilicate minerals with naturally occurring flexible fibre
Straight bundles of flexible fibres
Needle like
Easily split
Moderate tensile strength
Resistant to acids
Common usage:
– Asbestos insulating board
– Sprayed asbestos coatings
– Asbestos insulation
Crocidolite Blue Asbestossilicate minerals with naturally occurring flexible fibre
Straight flexible and elastic
Very high tensile strength
Resistant to chemical attack
Very high thermal stability
Common usage:
– Asbestos cement 1950-1969
– Asbestos mill board and paper
– Asbestos mastics, sealers and putties
Practice 8 pt Question
Asbestos can be found in various
insulating and fire resistant materials.
a. Identify the different types of asbestos.
3 pts
b. Outline the duty to manage asbestos in
non-domestic premises.
5 pts
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Lead At Work
Health Problems
Lead can enter the body by inhalation,
absorption or ingestion
It builds up steadily and clears very slowly
It causes:
– Anaemia
– Fatigue
– Damage to the central nervous system
– Long term kidney damage
– Affects the unborn child
Work Producing Exposure Above Significant Levels
High temperature lead work (above
500 degrees C)
Demolition work involving old lead or
lead painted structures
Disc abrasion of lead surfaces and
cutting lead with abrasive wheels
Spray painting with lead based paint
Work in petrol tanks
Work Producing Exposure Below Significant Levels
Low temperature work such as ordinary
plumbing and soldering
Handling clean sheets or pipes of lead
Brush painting with lead based paint
The Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002
Risk Assessment and prevention or control
Restrictions on eating, drinking and smoking
Air monitoring and medical surveillance
Information, instruction and training
Arrangements to deal with accidents,
incidents and emergencies
Schedule 1:
– covers activities in which the employment
of young persons and women of
reproduction capacity is prohibited
Practice Question
Identify the issues that should be considered to
help to ensure that a new item of work equipment
is suitable for use. (4 points)
Identify measures that could be taken to ensure
that an item of work equipment remains in a
suitable condition. (4 points)
Practice Question
a) Identify health risks associated with exposure to
legionella bacteria. (2 points)
b) Outline circumstances that could cause
legionella bacteria to be present in a water
system. (2 points)
Identify ways in which persons can be exposed
to legionella bacteria. (4 points)
Practice Question
As part of a cleaning process, solvent is to be
sprayed onto components before being painted.
– During the spraying process identify the forms
the solvent could take. (2 points)
– Outline control measures that could be taken to
reduce the risk of exposure to the solvent.
(6 points)
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Electrical Safety
NCC1 – Element 6
GC2 – Element 5
What is Electricity?
A source of Energy
Essential to modern life
Extremely Dangerous
– Cannot be seen
– Cannot be smelt
Electric Current
A flow of electrons:
– measured in Amperes (Amps) symbol A or I
i.e. 13A fuse
Certain materials ‘conduct’ better than others
Conductors (soft metals):
– Metals such as copper, silver, gold and aluminium.
– Loose electrons in abundance so charge can be transferred easily.
– Copper very common on cost basis
Voltage or Potential Difference
Charge on an object
Measured with respect to earth in volts (V)
Water Analogy:
– Horizontal pipe – water does not flow
– Raise one end – water flows out
– A pressure difference exists
– Raising pipe created a pressure difference
– Raising electric charge has same effect only electric
current will flow
– Amount of current that flows dependant on conductor
more water could flow in a bigger pipe
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors conduct
electricity
Metals conduct
Insulators don’t
Wood, plastic, air, oil
and rigid glass do not
conduct electricity
(most of the time)
Resistance
Back to the water pipe again!
– A larger diameter pipe allows more water to flow than
a smaller one
– If a small diameter section of pipe is inserted into the
large pipe the flow of water is restricted
Small diameter wires (conductors) allow less
electricity to flow than bigger diameter wires
The ease by which a material conducts electricity
is known as resistance
Resistance is measured in ‘Ohms’ () Symbol R
Relationships
Electric Current – Amperes (Amps) Symbol A or I
Potential Difference – Voltage (Volts) Symbol V
Electrical Resistance – Ohms () Symbol R
V
I R
Relationship know as Ohms Law
Where:
V = I * R
I = V / R
R = V / I
Sources of Power
Battery & Solar Panels (direct current – d.c.)
Mains Supply (alternating current – a.c.)
Portable Generators (alternating current – a.c.)
UK Electrical Supply System:
Electricity supplied to factories, offices and homes at
230 volts
Large factories at 11,000 volts or above
Supply has alternating current (a.c.)
Alternates at (frequency) of 50 cycles per second
(50 Hertz or Hz)
Power
When current flows energy is transmitted and
usually consumed by a load
– Examples – heaters, lights, motion e.g. motors
Such devices must consume electricity because
we have to pay for it!
Power = Volts X Amps (work done)
Measured in Watts (W)
Example – 2300 Watt electric kettle
– Also referred to as 2.3 kilowatt (KW)
Power Relationships
W
V I
There is a relationship for power Watts (W) using Voltage (V) and Current (I):
Where:
W = V * I
V = W / I
I = W / V
Electrical Circuits
Consist of:
– Power Source
– Connecting cables
– Switches and isolators
– Electrical equipment e.g.:
Motors
Lights
Computing equipment
Cash registers
Battery chargers
Heaters
Etc ….
Electrical Hazards
Fires– Over heating/Arcing/Sparking
Arcs– Generated during faults
– Very high temperatures can cause burns
Explosions– Flammable substances give off vapours
– Electrical sparks ignite
Burns– Surface or deep tissue
Electric shock– Muscular Contraction, Asphyxia
– Respiratory Arrest, Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular Fibrillation
Factors are Current / Time & Physiological
Structure of body
Can occur at 30mA (0.03 A)
Causes heart to ‘flutter’
Heart muscle cannot open / close properly
Hence, heart does not pump
Lack of oxygen to brain - DEATH
Effect of Electricity on Human Body
Electric Shock - Treatment
Isolate supply immediately – Dial 999
If you cannot isolate DO NOT attempt to touch casualty
Physically remove victim using non-conducting implements
(e.g. wooden chair, wooden/plastic broom)
If breathing place in recovery position
Check for pulse/breathing, give artificial respiration if
necessary
Treat burns by covering with sterile dry dressing
If victim regains consciousness, treat for shock
Remain with the person until medical aid arrives
Electrical Circuits - Earthing
Very important for safety!
Prevents conducting parts of
equipment (i.e. metal frames or
lids), which do not normally
conduct electricity from
becoming live during faults.
No bonding
Person can receive an electric
shock if equipment becomes
faulty
Equipment Bonded Together
All equipment bonded
together
No potential difference
(voltage) between live
casing and handrail
If the case becomes live,
the fuse should blow
Called equi-potential
bonding
Fuses and RCD’s
Fuses:
Essential for safety, will cut off supply at a certain current level
i.e. 13A, 5A, 3A mains supply fuse
Fuse has a ‘fuseable’ wire element which heats up when
current flows
Excessive current = excessive heat & wire melts preventing
current flow
RCD’s:
Residual current device
Compares current in Live & Neutral if different and above a
certain value supply switched off
Double Insulation
Many items of portable
equipment are Double Insulated
This is where an extra layer of
insulating material are applied
over live conductors to prevent
exposure of conductors
Can mean that an earth
conductor is not required – risk
reduced by additional insulation.
Safe Values of Voltage
55 Volts a.c. systems have not caused anybody
to be electrocuted
Often referred to as a 110V CTE (centre-tapped
earth) supply yellow coloured equipment
Less than 120 Volts d.c. considered to be safe
Work on Electrical Equipment
Always ISOLATE supply:
– Switch OFF
Creates an air gap
– Lock OFF to prevent
inadvertent switching ON
– Always test conductors
before touching
Permit to work may be required
for higher voltage or complex
installations
Practice Question
Outline FOUR ways of protecting against electric
shock when using hand-held portable electrical
appliances that will be connected to a UK mains
(230v) electrical supply. (8 points)
Underground Services
– Safe System of work
Check with the supply company that it is safe
to commence work
Obtain advise on location and ownership
Check plans for routes, depth and voltage
Use location devices and mark the route
Hand digging should be used when nearing
the line
Excavators and power tools should not be
used within 0.5m of the indicated line
Support exposed cables and protect
Overhead Services
Electricity cables present the
obvious risk of electrocution
All cables should be identified
before work starts
Mobile plant & equipment near
overhead cables will increase
the level of risk
Equipment could become live
and also become a conductor
for an electrical current
Overhead Services
Controls measures:
Reposition out of area
Isolate the power
Use cable covers
If not practicable prevent
contact by:
– Use barriers set at a
safe distance from the
overhead services
Overhead Services
- Use barriers set at a safe
distance from the overhead
services
- “Rule of thumb”
- 6 metre minimum
- Wooden pole 9 metres
- Metal pylon 15 metres
- Goal post max 10 metres wide
- Level ground
- Prevent equipment operation
Visual Inspections of Portable Electrical Equipment
Mains cable for damage to insulation?
Bare wires visible (REPAIRED by a competent
person)?
Is the cable too long/too short (trip hazard)?
In date PAT label attached to the equipment?
Outer case of the equipment undamaged or
loose and are all the screws in place?
Any overheating or burn marks on the
equipment, sockets, cable or plug?
Trip devices (RCD’s) working effectively (press
the ‘test’ button)
Maintenance ofPortable Electrical Equipment
Any strategy for the inspection of portable
electrical equipment should consider:
– A means of identifying the equipment
– The number and type of appliances to be tested
– The competence of those doing the testing
– The legal requirements for portable appliance testing
(PAT)
– Test equipment selection and re-calibration
– A recording, monitoring and review system
– Any training requirements to carry out the test
programme.
Frequency of Testing Portable Electrical Equipment
Should be based on risk assessment:
Usage
Type
Operation
Environment etc
Frequently used equipment may need
more regular testing
Guidance:
HSE HS(G) 107 ‘Maintaining
portable and transportable electrical
equipment’
HSG 107
Systems - all electrical systems must be constructed
and maintained at all times to prevent danger.
Equipment to be safe:
Work activities, including operation, use and
maintenance shall be carried out so as not to give rise
to danger.
Electricity at Work Safety Requirements
Environments (access, lighting, space etc.),
Insulation,
Capability,
Earthing,
Connections,
Fusing,
Isolation,
Making dead,
Live working,
Working Space,
Competence.
Practice NEBOSH Question
Whilst using a portable electric grinder to cut a
support beam at height, the operator accidently
makes direct contact with the supply cable.
(a) Identify FOUR possible outcomes associated
with this action. (4 pts)
(b) Identify FOUR protective devices/systems that
could minimise the risk to the operator in these
circumstances. (4 pts)
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Temporary Works
Building, Maintenance and Renovation
The client should ensure that any such work is
undertaken in such a manner as to protect the health
and safety of both operatives undertaking the work and
the clients own employees.
Clients should therefore ensure contractors are
competent to undertake any such works.
Contractors work could impact on the clients fire and
emergency procedures and this must be taken into
account before any works commence.
The safest method usually adopted is to completely
separate the contractors activities from those of the
client.
Demolition or Dismantling
Must not be carried out unless the arrangements for
ensuring that it is carried out in a safe manner have be
recorded, in writing, first.
Must be planned and carried out as safely as possible,
under the supervision of a competent person (e.g.
structural engineer)
Demolishing buildings & structures remains high risk work
Client to ensure reasonable information provided
Would probably require an invasive asbestos survey
and information about buried services
A comprehensive method statement cover all aspects of
health and safety would be required.
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Excavations
GC2 – Element 1
NCC1 – Element 11
Excavation Hazards
Materials stored to close
Foundations of adjacent buildings being undermined
The edge of excavation not clearly marked
Absence of barriers or lighting
Inadequate access & egress
Absence of crossing points
None or inadequate stop blocks
Traffic routes to close to excavation
Contaminated land
Buried services
Accumulation of gases
Collapse
The soil that makes up the sides of an excavation cannot
always be relied upon to support their own weight leading to
the possibility of collapse. The risk can increase if:
– The soil structure is loose
– The soil is waterlogged
– Materials are stored too close
– Heavy equipment is too close
– Machinery/Vehicle vibrations
– Inadequate shoring up
– Weather conditions are poor
– Surcharge (adjacent structures)
Collapse of Adjacent Structures
Problems can arise when excavation work is carried
out within close proximity of existing buildings or
structures resulting in:
- Foundations becoming undermined
- Settling damage
- Structural collapse
Consideration & controls measures are required to
ensure foundations are not disturbed or undermined
Water ingress hazards
Flooding:
– Heavy rainfall
– Breaking into drains
– Digging below the natural water
table
Deep excavations:
– access and egress not easy when
mud and water is combined
Excavation supports can be
undermined
Contaminated ground
Excavations may uncover materials with the
potential to be hazardous to health
– Old steel works may contain arsenic & cyanide
– Farms; buried animal carcases or pesticides
– Vermin may mean the presence of leptospirosis
Toxic / Asphyxiating Atmospheres
Excavations can be subject to toxic,
asphyxiating or explosive
atmospheres
Chalk/limestone deposits mixed with
acidic water can release:
– Carbon dioxide
Other gases such as:
– Methane gas (rotting vegetation)
– Hydrogen sulphide (sewers)
– Carbon monoxide (vehicle exhaust)
Toxic / Asphyxiating Atmospheres
Excavations should be treated with
the same caution applied to confined
spaces
Suitable assessment should be
carried out prior to works to identify
risk from:
– toxic gas
– oxygen deficiency
– fire
– explosion
Possible Control Measures
gas monitoring equipment
atmosphere testing prior to entry
suitable ventilation equipment
rescue procedures
rescue equipment
training of employees
information for employees
Buried Services
What are they?
Electricity
Gas
Water
Sewer
Telecoms
Pipelines
Identification of Services
A national agreement now exists for identifying
buried services:
– Black: Electricity
– Red: Electricity – High Voltage
– Blue: Water
– Yellow: Gas
– Grey: Telecommunications
– Green: Cable television
Emergency Procedures
If you suspect a gas leak, damaged cable or
damaged water pipe:
– Evacuate everyone from the immediate area
– Do not attempt repairs
– Inform site management immediately
– Ban smoking, naked flames and other sources
of ignition within 5 metres of any gas leak
– Assist relevant utility providers, Police or Fire
Services as requested
– Remember, if in doubt - ASK
Avoiding Danger Before Starting
Provide project induction
Ensure a method statement briefing is given
A permit to dig has been issued and authorised
Correct drawings have been obtained
CAT scan of area by competent operators
Mark the positions of buried services using marker spray,
warning notices and/or stakes (non-conductive)
Hand dig trial holes to confirm the depth and position of
buried services
Continue to scan as you dig
Detection of Buried Services
Hum detection:
– Energised cables will produce
a magnetic field
Radio Frequency
– Telecoms cables will emit a
radio frequency of the signal
being carried
Transmitter and Receiver
A signal is induced onto the
line via a couple and then
detected by a receiver
When You Start Work
Check that cables requiring breaking-out from concrete are
dead
Watch out for signs of services as you progress
– Repeat checks with the pipe & cable locator
Report any damage to a cable, pipe or pipe coating
When digging with a mechanical excavator near buried
services, use a scraper, not bucket teeth
Do not used exposed services as a convenient step or
foothold
Do not handle or attempt to alter the position of an exposed
service
Controls for Plant near Excavations
exclusion zones
use of barriers
warning signs
lighting
competent operators
adequate supervision
good visibility for operators
Excavation Shoring – Factors to Consider
The nature of the subsoil
– dried out soil may require sheeting
Life of the excavation
– trench box may give ready made access if only required
for short duration
Work being done
– trench box for shoring where pipe joints made
Flooding from ground water & heavy rain
– close shoring required
Excavation depth
– battering instead of shoring for shallow excavations
Open sheeting
Handrail
Trench sheetWedge
1.0m Max.
with toe-in
Close sheeting
Trench Box
Means of Access
Ladders are the usual means of
access & egress to excavations
They must be correctly secured,
in good condition & inspected at
regular intervals
Ladders should extend 1 metre
above ground level
For emergency egress ladders
should be place at intervals of
15 metres as laid down in ACoP
Crossing Points
Crossing points should only be
allowed at predetermined points
Crossing points should be capable
of taking the maximum load class of
vehicles on site
Should be provided with guard rails
& toe boards
Sufficient crossing points should be
provided
Other means of crossing the
excavation should be discouraged
Barriers, Lighting & Signs
Where there is a danger that a
person may fall any distance liable
to cause injury, edge protection
must be provided
Guard rail requirements are as for
working platforms
Excavations should be covered
when unattended
Stop blocks must be used that are
suitable to size of vehicle or
equipment
Inspection Requirements
Inspections of excavations
must be carried out as laid
down in CDM 2007 Part 4:
– At the start of each shift
before work begins
– After an event likely to have
affected the strength or
stability of the excavation
– After any accidental fall of
rock, earth or other material
Written report must be made
before the end of shift and
delivered to the person requiring
the reports within 24 hours;
Reports to be kept to end of
project; and
At least last 3 months there
afterwards.
Available for inspection by HSE
Reports of Inspections (Schedule 3 of ACoP):
Inspection Requirements
Practice NEBOSH Question
The water main supplying a school is to be repaired. The work will be
carried out in a 1.5 metre deep excavation, which will be supported in
order to control the risk to the safety of employees working in the
excavation.
(a) Identify the statutory inspection requirements of the supported
excavation that must be carried out by the competent person. (3 pts)
(b) Identify the information that should be recorded in the excavation
inspection report. (5 pts)
(c) Other than the provision of supports for the excavation, outline
additional precautions to be taken during the repair work in order to
reduce the risk of injury to the employees and others who may be
affected by the work. (12 pts)
SuccessfulPractical
Relevant
Confined Spaces
Confined Spaces
Definition ?
a place which is substantially,
though not always entirely,
enclosed; and
a place where there is a
reasonably foreseeable risk of
serious injury from hazardous
substances or conditions
Typical confined spacesfound in construction work?
Chamber – cellar, tunnel
Tank – storage tanks
Silo – used for storing crops
Pit – excavation or trench
Pipe – carry liquid or gas
Sewer – used to carry waste
Flue – exhaust chimney
Well – deep water source
Confined Space - Hazards
Hazards inherent in the space
Hazard introduced into the space due to
work process
5 categories of hazard:
– Toxic gases and vapours
– Explosive atmospheres
– Oxygen deficiency
– Suffocation
– Restricted working space
Confined Space - Hazards
Some confined spaces are naturally dangerous
because:
– Gases build up in sewers, manholes & pits connected to
them
– Gases seeping into them from contaminated land
– Rust inside tanks which eats up the oxygen
– Liquids or slurries which fill the space or release gases
when disturbed
– Chemical reaction of ground water on chalk & limestone
producing carbon dioxide
Oxygen Deficiency Hazards
21% Oxygen in air is normal
17% brings on the starts of ill
effects
6 to10% brings on breathing
difficulties and death can follow
quite quickly
– Welding
– Consumption by people
Consumption by oxidation
Toxic Gases/Vapour Hazards
Hydrogen sulphide
– usually from sewage
Carbon Monoxide
– from internal combustion
engines
Carbon Dioxide
– from fermentation
Fumes and vapours
– from chemicals
Confined Space - Hazards
Explosion or Fire hazards
– Petrol & LPG vapours 2%+
– Methane & Hydrogen
sulphide 4%+
– Solvents 2%+
– Oxygen enrichment 23%+
Suffocation Hazards
– Drowning
– Buried in free flowing solids
Confined Space – Other Hazards
Excessive temperature
Falls
Machinery
Noise
Poor lighting
Physical discomfort
Confined Space Monitoring of Safe System of Work
The following must be adequately monitored:
The SSoW
The use of the permit to work
The atmosphere using sampling equipment
Work using communication equipment
The PPE used should be monitored to
ensure adequate maintenance
Confined SpaceEmergency Arrangements
May need to cover:
Rescue & resuscitation equipment
Arrangements with hospitals
Raising the alarm an rescue procedures
Safety of rescuers
Fire fighting procedures
Control of plant & equipment
First aid arrangements
Arrangements with emergency services
Worker wearing full
breathing apparatus and
harness with lanyard
connected to a winch to
enable emergency rescue
to take place without the
need for others to enter the
space
First Aid - Influencing Factors
Type of work or operations being carried out;
Lone workers or scattered isolated locations;
If there are special or unusual hazards;
If shift work is being undertaken;
The maximum number of people on site;
Remoteness to emergency services;
Cover for holidays and sickness;
Presence of workplace trainees;
The history of accidents on site;
The types of people who may need to be treated;
Current 1st aid provision (e.g. shared site); etc.