Succeeding with Technology Chapter 3
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Transcript of Succeeding with Technology Chapter 3
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Please discontinue use of cell phoneand turn off the ringer.
Software from Conception to Installation and Beyond
System Software Application Software Smart Software: Artificial Intelligence
Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain
Chapter 3
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Trends There is a shift from a hardware view of
computing to software & services
"Ten years out, in terms of actual hardware costs you can almost think of hardware as being free -- I'm not saying it will be absolutely free -- but in terms of the power of the servers, the power of the network will not be a limiting factor," Gates said, referring to networked computers and advances in the speed of the Internet.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Trends Software has become more expensive than hardware
for several reasons:Technology has resulted in reduced hardware costs.Software requires more time to develop.Developers’ salaries have increased.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Key Terms System software Application software Programming language Web service Copyright Software license
Software from Conception to Installation and Beyond
Single-user license Open-source software Creative Commons license Shareware Software bugs & patches
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Two Types of Software
• controls the hardware• runs the computer system• operating system• disk management tools
System Software
• provides services for people• programs written to perform
tasks• word processor,
spreadsheets and database
Application Software
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
How Software Works Software consists of a
number of files, at least one of which is “executable”
Executable File: stores computer instructions in binary machine language
http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/
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Programming Languages A programming language is the primary tool of
computer programmers, providing English-like commands for writing software that is translated into the detailed step-by-step instructions executed by the processor.
Syntax: a set of rules that describe how programming statements and commands should be written.
Syntax: a set of rules that describe how programming statements and commands should be written.
A Programming Statement in C++
cout << "\nPlease Enter The Password:";
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Programming Languages
The evolution of programming languages can be thought of in terms of generations of languages.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Evolution of Programming Languages Although programming languages have
evolved beyond four generations, most software is developed using variations of third-level languages.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Visual Programming Visual programming uses a
graphical or “visual” interface for software development combined with programming language text-based commands.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Integrated Development Environment Software today is
created using an integrated development environment.
An IDE combines all the tools required for software engineering into one package.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Object-oriented Programming Object-oriented programming
languages are based on the creation and interaction of reusable programming objects.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Web Service Web service is a software system that
automates tasks by controlling communication between computers over the Internet.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Application Programming Interface The use of an API opens up a system or device
so that others besides the manufacturer can develop software to run on the system or device.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Software Copyrights and Licenses
Copyright: defines exclusive rights legally granted to the owner.
Software License: Defines permissions, rights, and restrictions provided to the person who purchases a copy of the software. Single User/Multi-
userMost PC software will not allow the user to install the software without first clicking “I acceptthe terms in the License Agreement.”
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Freeware Freeware is software that is made available to the public
for free. Reasons include:build customer interest and name recognitionwish to make a valuable donation to societyothers believe that all software should be free
(www.fsf.org)
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Open Source Open-source software
evolves from the combined contribution of its users.
The Free Software Directory (http://directory.fsf.org) lists over 5000 software titles in 22 categories licensed under the GPL.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Creative Commons License Creative Commons license is designed to
allow the creators of intellectual property to specify the terms of the license in order to grant certain freedoms to users, while still providing the owner with some control of the property and the ability to profit from the distribution of the work.
(http://creativecommons.org).
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Off-the-shelf Software
Off-the-shelf software is mass-produced software designed for use by the general public.
SharewareMarketed under a
"try before you buy" philosophy
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Subscription Model With a software subscription
you pay an annual fee for as long as you wish to use the software.
This model is ideal for software such as virus protection that requires continuous updates.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Rich Internet Applications Rich Internet
applications are delivered using a Web interface.
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Rich Internet Applications Examples
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Custom-designed software
Custom Designed software, either in-house developed or contracted, is software designed to solve a unique and specific problem.
Companies will sometimes market their custom software to others in the industry.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Installing Software Software for personal computers
typically comes on CDs or is downloaded as a compressed file.
1234
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
System Software Key Terms
Operating system Command-based
user interface Graphical User
Interface Boot process Multitasking
Device driver Utility programs Microsoft Windows Mac OS Linux
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
The Operating System The software that controls the computer’s use
of its hardware. Acts as an interface between application
software and hardware.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Operating System Functions Operating systems are designed to support a variety of
computer platforms and uses, such as the following:
Single computer Single User
•personal computer (desktop, notebook, or smart phone) that supports one user at a time
Single computer Multiple Users
•larger mainframe or server computers that can accommodate hundreds or thousands of people
Multiple computers •large computer network with thousands of computers attached around the world or a home network with several computers
Special-purpose computers
•embedded systems that control sophisticated military aircraft, the space shuttle, some home appliances, and a variety of other special-purpose computers
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
User Interface-Command-based
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
User Interface-Graphical User Interface
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Multi-Tasking
Multitasking is the ability of the OS to run several programs or tasks at the same time.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Device Driver Any device that
connects to a computer includes associated software called the device driver that must be installed in order for the operating system to recognize and communicate with the device.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Managing Files
Windows users make use of a program named Documents to manage their files, while Mac users use Finder.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Utility Programs (the other system software)
Programs designed to assist the machine in running smoothly, securely, and efficiently: Virus Detection Spam and Pop-up blockers Adware & Spyware protection Defragmentation Windows Cleaners
Programs that assist us in maintaining and manipulating system resources: File Compression (WinZip) File and Disk Management &
Backup CD/DVD Burners
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Key Terms Word Processing Spreadsheet Software Optimization Presentation Software Database management Personal Information management Software Suites
Application Software
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Productivity Software Word Processing: Document
production Spreadsheet: Numeric
analysis software often used for carrying out “what if” scenarios.
Database: For managing and querying data records
Presentation: For developing supportive visual aides to accompany a presentation.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Personal Information Management PIM software helps
individuals store useful information, such as to-do lists, appointment calendars, and contact lists. In addition, information in a PIM can be linked.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Software Suite A software suite is a collection of application
software packages sold together.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Additional Applications Software
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Applications Software for Businesses and Organizations Application software
can be used to process routine transactions, provide information to help people make better decisions, and perform a number of specialized functions to handle unique but important tasks.
Call center employees use order entry software to access product information and place orders.
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Software for Information, Decision Support, & Specialized Purposes
Physicians also use software to make better decisions.
Sophisticated software is now being used to increase the cure rate.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Key Terms Artificial Intelligence Turing Test Conventional AI Computational Intelligence Expert System Neural Network Fuzzy Logic Genetic Algorithm
Smart Software: AI
Robotics Computer vision Natural language processing Speech recognition Intelligent Agent Virtual reality
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Artificial Intelligence AI refers to the science and engineering of
creating computer systems that simulate human thought and behavior.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Turing Test
“A human judge engages in a natural language conversation with two other parties, one human, the other a machine; if the judge cannot reliably tell which is which, then the machine is said to pass the test.”
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence
Computational Intelligence
Neural Networks
Fuzzy Systems
Evolutionary Computation
Conventional AI
Expert Systems
Case-based Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Behavior-based AI
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Conventional Intelligence Relies on the
programmer to instill the software with logical functionality to solve problems.
Artificial Intelligence
Conventional AI
Expert Systems
Case-based Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Behavior-based AI
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Expert Systems Expert systems
are created with the assistance of a human expert who provides subject-specific knowledge.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Case-based Reasoning AI software maintains a library of problem
cases and solutions when confronted by a new problem
adjusts and applies a relevant previous solution to the new problem.
Retrieve Reuse Revise Retain
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Bayesian network Is a graphical model that represents a set of
variables and their relationships and dependencies.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Behavior-based Is a methodology that
simulates intelligence by combining many semiautonomous modules. Each module has a
specific activity for which it is responsible.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Computational Intelligence Sets up a system
whereby the software can develop intelligence through an iterative process.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Neural Network A neural network simulates
the functioning of the neurons in a human brain in software.
A neural network is loaded with a random program, and the output is measured against a desired output, which positively or negatively affects the pathways between neurons.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy logic is derived from
fuzzy set theory, which deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than precise.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Genetic Algorithm A genetic algorithm is a form of evolutionary
computation that is used to solve large, complex problems where a number of algorithms or models change and evolve until the best one emerges.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
AI Applications Robotics Computer Vision Natural Language
ProcessingSpeech Recognition
Handwriting Recognition Face Recognition Intelligent Agents Artificial Creativity
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Virtual Reality Virtual reality is often
linked to artificial intelligence because it leans on AI technologies.
Immersive virtual reality refers to a simulation in which the user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed > Software Solutions for Personal and Professional Gain >
Chapter 3 Questions?