Subsistence vs. Commercial Farming (LDC ‘s) vs. ...
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Subsistence vs. Commercial Farming (LDC ‘s) vs. (MDC’s)
• Differ in five ways:1. Purpose2. Percentage of farmers3. Machinery4. Farm size5. Farms and other industries
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Purpose
• Subsistence: – People produce food for their own consumption– Some surplus may be sold, but not the primary
purpose• Commercial:
– Grow crops and raise animals for sale off the farm– Agricultural products are sold to food processing
companies
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Percentage of Farmers
• LDC’s:– More than one half of the workers are engaged
directly in farming
• MDC’s:– Less than one tenth of the workers are engaged
directly in farming
In the U.S. and Canada only 2%
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Labor Force in Agriculture, 2005
Fig. 10-3: A large proportion of workers in most LDCs are in agriculture, while only a small percentage of workers in MDCs are engaged in agriculture.
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Machinery• LDC’s:
– Mostly rely on hand tools and animal power– Lack effective transportation systems– Lack technology
• MDC’s:– Tractors, combines, pickers, and planters have replaced most manual
labor– Railroads, highways, and trucks get crops to markets without spoiling– Biological research produce higher crop yields and healthier animals– Electronics provide precise data
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Combines on Wheat in Kansas
Combines can reap, thresh, and clean crops like wheat in a single operation.
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Farm Size
• LDC’s:– Very small
• MDC’s:– Very large (444acre avg. in U.S.)– Most are family owned and operated
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Tractors, per cropland
Fig. 10-4: Tractors per 1000 hectares of cropland. Use of machinery is extensive in most MDC agriculture, but it is much less common in LDCs.
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Farms and other industries
• LDC’s:– Very isolated
• MDC’s:– Tied closely to other businesses– Not isolated they are integrated into a large food-
production industry– 20% of U.S. labor work in food production and
agribusiness services
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11 Main Agricultural Regions
• 5 Regions important in LDC’s• 6 Regions important in MDC’s• Derwent Whittlesey points out a correlation
between agriculture and climate• Cultural preferences can explain some
agricultural differences in areas of similar climate
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World Agriculture Regions
Fig. 10-5b: Locations of the major types of subsistence and commercial agriculture.
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Agriculture in Less Developed Countries
Characteristics of subsistence regions
Produce for own consumptionLarge percentage of workforce
engaged in agricultureFew mechanical aidsVery small parcels of landIsolated from economy
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Rice Harvesting, Indonesia
Wet rice is often harvested by hand in Asia.
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Agriculture in Less Developed Countries
Most people in the world are subsistence farmers.*Less developed=More farmers*
Types of subsistence agriculture:
• Shifting cultivation• Pastoral nomadism• Intensive subsistence agriculture• Plantation farming
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Labor Force in Agriculture, 2005
Fig. 10-3: A large proportion of workers in most LDCs are in agriculture, while only a small percentage of workers in MDCs are engaged in agriculture.
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Shifting Cultivation
• NOT Shifting “Agriculture”
• Two distinguishing characteristics
*Slash-and-burn agriculture
*Only grow on cleared land for 2-3 years
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Shifting Cultivation in Guatemala
Dense vegetation has been cut and is being burned to open land for farming.
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Shifting Cultivation CycleCut down big trees As they fall they take Undergrowth isleaving economically down the smaller cleared by macheteuseful ones trees or long knife
Debris is burned Rain washes ashes Fields are preparedunder carefully into the soil by handcontrolled conditions
Crops grown for Field is left fallow New patch of land3yrs or less for many years is selected
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World Agriculture Regions
What are some consequences of Shifting Cultivation? Hint: think of the geography in the three major areas it is prevalent.
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Types of Crops
S.E. Asia: Upland Rice
South America: Maize and Manioc
Africa: Millet and Sorghum
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What do their fields look like?
For the Kayopo tribe of Brazil they are arranged in concentric circles. Why?
One swidden will have a variety of intermingled crops
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Who owns the land?
• The village as a whole• Each family is allocated a patch of land• One quarter of the worlds land area is
occupied by shifting cultivation • But only 5% of the worlds people engage in it
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The Future of Shifting Cultivation• Half of the earth’s tropical rain forests have been destroyed.• Being replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and cultivation of
cash crops.• Its critics view it as a preliminary step in economic
development• Its defenders consider it the most environmentally sound
approach• If eliminated it could upset the traditional diversity of
cultures in the tropics• This type is shrinking but will not disappear quickly
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Pastoral Nomadism
• Based on the herding of domesticated animals• Dependent on animals rather than crops for
survival.• The animals provide:
– Milk– Clothing– Tents
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Pastoral Nomadic Diet
• What was noticeably missing from the list of things the animals provide?
• They rarely slaughter the animals.• Their diet is still primarily grains.
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What?
• If they depend on animals rather than crops for survival…but don’t eat the animals…
• What gives??? • They get their grains in different ways:
– Some trade animal products for grain– Some have part of their group stay put– Some hire workers to grow it– Some plant, wander around, then return to harvest– Some stay in one place long enough to grow and
then move on
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Animals, Animals, Animals
• The animals are chosen because of cultural or physical characteristics– Middle East: Dromedary Camel, Sheep, Goats– Central Asia: Bactrian Camels, Horses
• A typical nomadic family would need:– 25-60 Sheep/Goats– 10-25 Camels
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Pastoral Nomads in Iran
Qashqai nomads using paved roads to move their animals near Shiraz, Iran.
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Nomads DO NOT wander aimlessly
• They have a strong sense of territory• They have precise migration patterns based on
knowledge:– The areas physical characteristics– Cultural characteristics– Most likely water sources– Political stability– Some practice transhumance
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The Future of Pastoral Nomadism
• Declining form of agriculture• No longer play an important role in
transportation and communications• In the future it will be increasingly confined to
areas that cannot be irrigated or lack raw materials
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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
• Intensive implies that farmers must work harder to subsist on a parcel of land
• Found in densely populated E.,S., and S.E. Asia• Two types:
– Intensive Subsistence, Wet Rice Dominant– Intensive Subsistence, Wet Rice Not Dominant
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Characteristics
• Agricultural Density• Fragmented Plots• Waste virtually no land
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Intensive, Wet Rice Dominant
• Most dominant type of agriculture in S.E. China, E. India, and S.E. Asia
• Labor intensive and elaborate process• All family members contribute to the effort• Double Cropping
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World Rice Production, 2005
Asian farmers grow over 90% of the world’s rice. India and China alone account for over half of world rice production.
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Intensive, Wet Rice DominantSteps to Growing
• Rice seed is planted in a nursery• Fields are prepared and plowed• Field is flooded• Seedlings are transferred and planted in the
flooded field• Each plant is cared for individually until
harvest
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Intensive, Wet Rice Not Dominant
• This is an ancient form of agriculture, think of places like Medieval Europe
• Dominant in interior India, and N.E. China• Wheat is the most important crop• Other grains and legumes are also grown• Cash crops include; cotton, flax, hemp, and tobacco• In milder areas two harvests possible
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Land Ownership in China
• Communist Government Owns• Organized agricultural producer communes in
1949• Communes dismantled• Villagers now sign contracts to farm portions
as private individuals• Transition has been difficult
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Plantation Farming
• Form of commercial agriculture found in LDC’s• Generally owned or operated by Europeans
and North Americans• Crops grown for sale primarily in MDC’s
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Plantations
• Large farm specializing in one or two crops• Latin America- Grow coffee, sugar cane,
bananas• Asia- Grow rubber and palm oil• Workers must be brought in• Crops processed at the plantation