Subsistence Strategies. Objectives 4/10 Describe the typologies for subsistence strategies and...
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Subsistence Strategies
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Objectives4/10
Describe the typologies for subsistence strategies and political organizations.
Compare typologies. ____________________________________
QuestionIs Woody High a macro or micro culture?
Why?
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Subsistence Strategies
The way people in a society make a living Provide for their basic needs
Subsistence strategies and political organizations are closely integrated
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Extensive Intensive
Involves large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre
1. Foraging2. Horticulture3. Pastoralism
Involves the cultivation of small amounts of land through the spending of great amounts of labor per acre1. Agriculture2. Industrialism
Subsistence Strategies2 different kinds
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Weekly Plan
Pick subsistence strategyProvide notes for each section
Use books and provided information Chapter 17 (p. 437-453)
Write neatly Compile information for a master copy by Thursday
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Objectives 4/11
Understand foraging as a subsistence strategy.
Describe specific aspects of foraging._____________________________________
Which group of subsistence strategies uses the most amount of land?
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Foraging
Oldest strategy Only form until 10-12,000 years ago
Kin based bands made up of 100 people, no more! Leader is typically not special but has more
responsibilities Speaks for the group
Temporary encampments
Men typically hunt large gameWomen gather and hunt small game close to
camp
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Foraging Cont.
Least complicated form of government Own dogs
Herding, watch-animals, camp scavengersControlled burns
Burn off old vegetation to grow new fresh vegetationSocial conflict controls the group number
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Misconceptions
Short miserable livesHard to find foodStart work at a young age
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Objectives4/12
Describe and identify horticulture and pastoralism as subsistence strategies
Form a comparison between the subsistence strategies.
_____________________________________
Name a misconception of foraging societies.
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Horticulture
Small scale, low intensity farming Humid, tropical conditions
Supplemented with hunting and gatheringHigher densities
1-10 people/square mile Population size- 30 to several hundred
Able to trade surplus Buy items that cannot be produced
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Horticulture Cont.…
Shifting pattern Unfertile soil- move to new field
Controlled burn Clear away dead brush to make way for new
vegetation Ash acts as a fertilizer
Labor intensivePesticides are not used
Harsh on the land
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Misunderstanding
Unproductive Tangle of wild vegetation Better growing season
Plant multiple seeds in same whole
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Pastoralism
Tends heard of large animals Horses are preferred in Central Asia
Open country where farming cannot be sustained
Droughts Spread out herd
Animals are rarely killed for family use alone Preserving meat
Sharing amongst members
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Nomadic Transhumance
Follow seasonal migratory pattern
Not permanentSelf-sufficient
Follow a cyclical pattern of migration Warm highlands in
summer /warm lowlands in winter
Regular encampments
Rely less on animals
Pastoralism
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Personality/Social Life
In East Africa, cattle herding societies also bleed their animals. The blood is mixed with fresh milk to make a protein rich drink.
Men make important decisions and own animals Act on decisions easily Expanding territory at the expense of others
Women perform domestic duties
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Military Conquests
Agricultural societies Established important kingdoms
Zulus defeated the Dutch in South Africa
Operate in large societiesValue extreme braveryIndependent of lines of supply
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Objectives4/13
Describe agriculture and industrialism as subsistence strategies.
_____________________________________
What are “Use Rights”?
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Intensive Strategies
Use least amount of land with the most amount being produced Two Strategies:
Agriculture Industrialism
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Agriculture
Primary strategy use in large-scale societiesFormed 5,000 years ago
Population growth= new strategyMade possible by domestication of large
animals and irrigation systems
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Ancient vs. Modern Irrigation systems
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Agriculture Cont.
Ancient Civilizations Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Pakistan, North China,
Mesoamerica, Western South America
Current Civilizations Primary food production pattern in all developed
nations
Social Changes Permanent settlements that would last for generations Evolution to the complexity of labor
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Industrialism
Involves production of goods through mass employment in business/commercial operations
Income used to purchase food, shelter, and other products
Complex social structures Nation states=
Division of labor is varied Based on gender, age and intelligence
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Industrialism
Dependence on fossil fuelsLong work weeksDecreased family size
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