SUBMIT HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT FROM LAST WEEK
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Transcript of SUBMIT HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT FROM LAST WEEK
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SUBMIT HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT FROM LAST WEEK
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2.1 The Organization of Life/ Viruses2.2 Comparing Bacteria to Archaea
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Review
• What are the two types of cell division?– Mitosis and Meiosis
• What is the difference between the two?– Mitosis produces 2 identical cells to the parent cell– Meiosis produces reproductive cells—half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cells
• Why is meiosis important? (Hint: creates one of the 3 types of bio-)– Creates genetic diversity
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes (Table 2.1)
• Two basic cell types recognized by biologists
EukaryotesMembrane bound organellesUnicellular/ MulticellularMost are aerobic Reproduce by mitosis/meiosis
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes (Table 2.1)
• Two basic cell types recognized by biologists
ProkaryotesCircular DNANo membrane bound organellesUnicellularMany are anaerobic Don’t reproduce by mitosis/meiosis
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Viruses• Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic • Not capable of living independently outside of cells—
use host cell’s machinery for survival and reproduction
• Dormant outside of the living cells • No cytoplasm, membrane bound organelles or cell
membranes—not living organisms?• So how are they able to cause disease in plants and
animals? • Biologists have a system of classifying viruses, but it
is not part of the classification system of life.
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Viruses
• WHAT DO VIRUSES LOOK LIKE?
Capsid: the outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of the virus
Genetic material can be in the form of DNA or RNA
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Viruses
• How do they reproduce?– THEY DON’T! They replicate – Require a host cell (either prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
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Viruses• Lytic vs Lysogenic Cycle– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUrGNd-a76E
1. Lysogeny involves viral DNA integrating with host DNA– Viral DNA is then referred to as the provirus.
2. Lysis refers to the rupturing of the cell membrane.3. Lytic Cycle is a part of the Lysogenic Cycle, but not
necessarily the other way around.
• LYTIC CYCLE: new viruses are made, kills host cell• LYSOGENIC CYCLE: viral DNA is copied during cell
division
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Viruses
• In viruses that undergo the lysogenic cycle, effects on the host may not be immediate.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (cold sores)• Appear when the viral cycle destroys cells• Disappears when the virus is in its provirus stage• The trigger to switch between one replication
strategy to another depends on the health of the host cell.
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Viruses
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)• Only when the infection spreads to more and
more cells do the symptoms of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) eventually appear• AIDS results in an inability of the body to fight
off infection because HIV has destroyed the body’s T-cells (white blood cells) • Death occurs from an accumulation of other
infections and ailments, not from AIDS itself.
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Prions
• Non-viral disease causing agents• Cause several deadly brain diseases• Like viruses, cause diseases that are not
usually detected for decades after infection• Only known disease-causing agents that do
not contain DNA/ RNA (and therefore are not viruses)
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Prions• They are proteins normally found in the body
that are converted into a more harmful form (isomer)
• Mad Cow Disease is an example of a prion-caused deadly brain disease.
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Viruses and Biotechnology• Viruses can be useful tools for genetic engineers
who want to make a copy of a certain gene• Used for their ability to enter host cells and direct
the activity of the host cell’s DNA1. Insert the gene into the viral DNA/RNA2. Virus enters host cell and directs the cell to make
multiple copies of the virus
• Each new virus made contains the added gene that researches want copied
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Archaea vs Bacteria
• Both are prokaryotes, so why are they in two different domains?• The two groups are more different from each
other than any two groups within the domain • Example?
• Archaea have an independent evolutionary history than Bacteria; the two have many differences in their biochemistry• Archaea is actually more closely related to Eukaryotes
than Bacteria
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Archaea vs Bacteria
– NO Archaea perform photosynthesis• Aerobic respiration (requires oxygen)• Photosynthetic BACTERIA exist however (cyanobacteria)
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Both are prokaryotes, so why are they in two different domains?1. Obtain energy differently
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Archaea vs Bacteria
– Some Archaea: methanogenesis • Form of anaerobic respiration; a process that occurs in
environments that lack oxygen • One of the final stages of decomposition • Without methanogenesis, carbon products would
accumulate. CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2H2O CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2
• Both are prokaryotes, so why are they in two different domains?1. Obtain energy differently
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Archaea vs Bacteria
2. Live in different habitats– Archaea are extremophiles• They are able to live in environments of extreme heat
(Thermophile), acidity (Acidophile), or salt concentrations (Halophile)
– Most Bacteria are mesophiles• Habitats of moderate condition; less extreme
• Both are prokaryotes, so why are they in two different domains?
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Archaea vs Bacteria
• However they both have similar reproduction strategies1. Binary Fission (pg. 62)• In environmentally favourable conditions
2. Conjugation (of plasmids)• In less favourable conditions
• Only bacteria form endospores
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Homework
• Pg. 55 #3, 5• Pg. 58 #4, 6, 14• Pg. 62 #7, 8, 11, 12• Pg. 66 #5, 8
• Create a chart comparing Viruses, Bacteria and Archaea .