Subject Index

ABA accumulation - guard cells 109 - after water stress - - molybdenum cofactor of enzymes 203 abiotic pollination 479 abscisic acid 193,263 - added 259 Ac elements 299 - Ds 299 - stabilized 302 Acacia - karroo 121 - nilotica 535 - tortilis 121 Acanthosphaera zachariasi 43 Acaulosporaceae 530 action potential 261 activator, translational 327 adaptive evolution 461 adelphoparasites 39 adenine nucleotide levels,changes in the cytoslic

202 adenoviruses 341,342,351 - replication mechanism 342 adenylate translocator 175, 183, 184 ADP/ATP translocator 328 ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 183 Aerobacter aerogenes 219 Agaricus bitorquis 340,348, 352 Agave deserti 117 Agrobacterium 298 - tumefaciens 274, 296, 297 Agrocybe aegerita 279 Agrostis capillaris 532 Akchagyl transgression 415 Akulovo interglacial 413 aldolase 180 algae 176, 180 - active uptake of C02 176 - carbonic anhydrases 176 - distribution 429 - photorespiration 187 algae, eucaryotic - cell architecture 30-58 - cellular morphogenesis 30-58 aliens 441 alizarin 218,223,224 Allium

- cepa 531 - porrum 531 allometric development 92 alloparasitic interaction 39 Alnus - rubra 509 - viridis 505 alternative nitrogenases 204 Amaranthus 262 ammonium 454 ammonium oxidizing bacteria 213 Amur valley, vegetation history 410 Amyema - miquellii 453 - pendulum 453 - preissii 453 amyloplast(s) 183 Anacystis nidulans 222 androecia - complex 95 - fascicled 95 - polymerous 86, 89, 96 - simple 95 - spiral 95 androecial development 95 - centrifugal 86, 94 - centripetal 86, 94 anemophily 479 Annona cherimolia 85 ant-fern 392 ant pollination 476 Anthoceros punctatus 209 anthocyanin 300 anthraquinone(s) 218,219,223,224,225,226 antibodies 255 Antirrhinum 79,81,87,92,93,96 - majus 79,295,299 antitumor activities 374 Apis as pollinator 476 Apium graveolens 136, 531 apomictic nucellar embryos 489 apomixis 488 apoplast 72 apoplastic phloem loading 147 application of pollination ecology 486 Arabidopsis 79,81,84,88,89,91,92,93,96,

302, 325 - thaliana 79, 183,298

542 Subject Index

Arabidopsis-Antirrhinum model 92, 93, 96 Arbutus unedo 536 Archaea 1 - ATP synthetase (ATPase) 16, 17 - biotechnological potential 17-19 - cell envelops 12, 13 - cell walls 12, 13 - characteristics 9-20 - chemolithoautotrophic metabolism 14, 15 - cytology 9 - DNA-depentent RNA polymerase 16 - ecology 4-9 - genera 5 - genome organization 17 - hypothermophilic species 4 - lipids 15 - metabolism 12-14 - modified nucleosides in tRNA 16 - morphology 9 - new taxa 6-8 - origin of life 20 - pyrite formation 20 - taxonomy 4-9 - thermoacidophilic 19 - thermophilic enzymes 19 Archaebacteria 1-20 - establishment 1-4 - recognition 1-4 - retrospective reading 3 archaebacterial cell wall - crystallin surface layers 26, 27 - - assembly 26, 27 - - disc1inations 27 - - dislocations 27 - - self-assembly 27 - - structure 26, 27 - image processing 27 archaebacterium - coccoid 26, 27 - filamentous 27 - - cell spacer 27 - - plugs 27 - - sheath 27 Archaeoglobales 6 archaic angiosperms 95,96 archaidonic acid 260 archallaxis 95 arctiin 229, 230 Argania spinosa 122 Armilliaria mellea 279 Ascobolus immersus 340,341, 352 Ascophyllum nodosum 190 Aspergillus nidulans 362, 366 assimilate - radioactive 69 - translocation 72 - transport 69, 72 Asteraceae inflorescence,development 83 Asteridae 87,88,89 ATPase 143, 156

- actlVlty 141 autograft(s) 73 autophosphorylation 262 autotrophic pathways 2 - Archaea 2 - Bacteria 2 - distribution 2 auxin 65,66,67,76,257,259,260,262,263,264 - ABP 1 255 - binding protein 255 - binding sites 255 - conjugates 255 - electrical response . 255 - receptor 255,256,264 Azadirachta indicum 535 Azospirillum 536 Azotobacter 205, 206

Bacillus 342 - megaterium 25 - subtilis 25 - - phi 29 342, 344 bacterial cell envelope, gram negative - heteromorphism 26 bacterial cell wall - periplasm 28 - periplasmic layer 28 - periplasmic space 27, 28 bacterial cell wall, gram negative - peptidoglycan array 26 - peptidoglycan layer 26 - periplasm 26 - periplasmic density 26 - - gel 26 - - space 26 - smart autolysin 26 - surface stress model 26 - - synthesis 26 - turnover 26 bacterial cell wall, gram positive 25, 26 - acceptor peptides 25 - assembly 25 - autolysins 25 - diarninopimelic acid 25 - morphology 25 - peptidoglycan sacculus 25 bacterial chemotaxis 256 bacterial conjugation 268-270 bacteriobiont 210 bacterioferretin 206 Bangia - atropurpurea 35 - vermicularis 40 BAPTA 259 barely 177, 186, 259 Barents Sea 403 - ice cover 403 bat flowers 478 bean 179 beetle flowers 471

Begonia semperjlorens 85 benzoquinone 218 Bering Sea, history 409 Betula 408 - pendula 455,505,507,514,516 binary vector system 296 binominal names, ectomycorrhiza 507 biogenetic rule 95 bioproduction 404 Blake event, paleomagnetic 408 Bletilla striata 537 blue-light photoreceptor 201 Bolling-Allerod oscillation 405 Borrelia 334, 335 Bossiella californica 36 Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum 206,532 Brassica napus 321,322,323,348 breeding systems 487 Bremia {actuca 359,362 bryophytes 210,373-383 - antitumor activities 374 - chemistry 374 - chromosome numbers 376 - disjunctions 379 - ecology 382 - endemism 379 - epiphytic 382 - - phytomass 382 - evolution 374 - flavonoid chemistry 376 - Flora Neotropica series 376 - floristics 377-379 - forest refugia 381 - fossil 377 - generic concepts 375 - - pleurocarpous mosses 375 - geography 379-381 - Gondwana range 379 - heavy metal tolerance 383 - host specificity 382 - - indicator values 382 - life strategies 373 - pH measurements 382 - - bark of tropical trees 382 - plate tectonics 381 - pollution 383 - polyploidy 377 - pseudoparaphyllia 373 - rhizid tubers 373 - systematics 373-383 - - ecological genetics 373 - - electrophoresis 373, 374 - - greenhouse cultures 373 - - population biology 373 - transplantation experiments 383 - - cadmium 383 - - lead 383 - tropical rainforest 374, 382 - - altitudinal zonation 383

Subject Index 543

C3-CAM intermediates 117, 193 C4 photosynthesis 189 - C02 concentrating mechanism 189 C3-C4 plants 192 C4 plant(s) 186, 190 - carbonic anhydrase 177 - Na+ 190 C turnover - in soils 420 Ca2+ 185,258,260,261 - ATPase 258 - buffering 259 - channels 258, 262 - - antagonist 259 - nH+-ATPase 258 - regulation 260 - release 257, 258 - transients 258 Ca2+ gradient, electrochemical 258 Ca2+-release from PS II 165, 166 Calla 86,88 - palustris 85 Callitris drummondii 230 callose 66, 67, 68, 73 Calluna vulgaris 457 callus 71,73, 74, 76 - mixed 71 calmodulin 258 Calocedrus decurrens 321 Calvin cycle 156 - enzymes 174, 180 CAM cycling 193 CAM plant(s) 192, 193 - productivity 194 cambium/cambia 63,64,70,71,76 cantharophily 471 capsaicin 231, 232 - synthase 231 Capsicum - annuum 531 - Jrutescens 231,232 carboic anhydrase 175, 176, 190 carboxyarabinitol-l-P 179 carboxyfluorescein 69 Carlina 435 C arpomitra cabrerae 51, 52 carrot 258 Casuarina 451 Catalpa ovata 222, 223 catalponol 222, 223 catalponone 222, 223 Catharanthus roseus 260 Caulobacter crescentus 26 cell - connection(s) 73,74, 76 - marker(s) 70,73 - plate(s) 65, 74 cell clusters 137 cell lineage 80 cell proliferation 260

544 Subject Index

centrin 52 cereal grasses 192 cereals 81 chaotic flowers 85, 86 chaperone 328 Chara 258 charophytes 180 cheater and secretor flowers 466 chemolithoautotrophy, in Archaea 14, 15 Chenopodium rubrum 260 chilling 182 chimeric genes 322 Chlamydomonas - moewusii 335 - reinhardtii 176,183,187,308,318,319 - - TOCI 308,309 - smithii 319 Chlorella pyrenoidosa 222 Chlorobium limicola 187 chlorophyll fluorescence 151-169 - antenna quenching 165 - characteristics of algae 152 - dark-level fluorescence 156 - delayed 153 - energy-dependent quenching 155, 165, 166,

167 - Fo quenching 165 - image analysis 152 - induction kinetics 157 - lifetime measurements 152 - modulation fluorometry 152 - nonphotochemical quenching 154, 155, 156,

164, 165, 167 - photochemical quenching 154, 155 - quenching analysis 152, 160 - quenching coefficients 154, 156 - reaction center quenching 165 - recombination quenching 166 Chlorophyta 30 chlorophytes 180 chloroplast 175, 180, 183 - genome 323 chloroplast envelop 176, 186 chlororespiration 156, 186 Chondria tenuissima 34 chorismic acid 219,220 chorology 435 Chromophyta 30 chrysolaminarin 48 chrysophanol 218 Chrysophyceae 31,48 Cinchona - ledigeriana 226 - pubescens 226 - succirubra 226 citrate 194 Cl-channels 258, 262 Cladiosporium - fulvum 308,361,363 - - cIT-1 308

cladistic analysis 94 classical electrophysiology 255 Claviceps - purpurea 335,340,348,352,359 - - pCLKl 335 cleistogamy 488 climatic change 439 clocks, molecular 436 clonal analysis 80 Clusia minor 117 CO dehydrogenase 203 C02 - in the atmosphere 189 - high 178 - uptake 175 C02 fixation 160, 164 - nonphotorespiratory conditions 164 - photorespiratory conditions 164 - quantum yield 161 Cochliobolus - carbonum 365 - heterostrophus 283,359,361,365 - - MAT-1 283 - - MAT-2 283 Coeloglossum 537 Coffea arabica 103 cointegrative vector system 296 Coleus 64, 66 Colletotrichum - gloeosporioides 360, 361 - lagenarium 363 color vision 463 color vision systems, of Hymenoptera 463 Commelina benghalensis 136 community studies 492 companion cell(s) 63,65,69,71, 73 compatibility 63,70, 72, 73, 488 - reactions 489 competition 439 Compsopogon coeruleus 36 computer simulation 81 conifers 83, 84 - water relations and ecology 123 conjugation, bacterial 268-270 conservation 435 copper chromophore 212 Coprinus - cinereus 279,285,286,287,289 - - A-factor 285 - - A-factor specificity 285 - - B loci 285 cormophytes, apical meristems 392 corolla aestivation 87 corolla development 86 costs of reproduction 491 cotton 188 Crenarchaeota 3 Crithidiafasciculata 310 Cromerian complex 414 Cryphonectria parasitica 362, 367, 368

Cu-nitrate reductase 211 cucumber(s) 174,260 Cucumis 72 - melD 114,531 - sativus 535 Cucurbita. 64, 72 - maxima 457 - pepo 139 Cyanidium caldarium 34 cyanobacteria 175,206,210 - CCh-uptake system 175 - HC03--uptake system 175 Cyanophora paradoxa 188 Cyclamen 142 - persicum 136 cycle 84 cycle at PS I_ 164 cyclic electron flow - around PS I 168 - around PS II 162, 166 Cynodon dactylon 191 cytochrome c 329 - heme lyase 329 - peroxidase 329 cytochrome Cdl 211,212 cytochrome oxidase 318,319 cytokinin(s) 66,67,76,79,260 cytoplasmic linear elements 351 cytoplasmic male sterility 321,322 cytoplasmic streaming 258

Dactylorhiza 535 Dalbergia sissoo 535 Dasya baillouviana 46 dealpine 429 deciduous forest, plant water relations 123 Dendrobium - lohohense 227 - pierardii 227 denitrification 210,211 - by bacteria 212 dental impression technique 80 dernopodzols, age problem 420 Deschampsiajlexuosa 457 desert, plant water relations 122 Desmarestia 53 deterministic chaos 86 developmental buffering 85 developmental continuum 79 developmental divergence 93 developmental mosaic 93 developmental plasticity 87 developmental timing 84, 90, 92 diacylglycerol (DAG) 257,259 diatoms 188 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) 258 Dictyopteris membranaceae 50 Dictyostelium - discoideum 279, 309 - - DRE 309

Subject Index 545

- - fall length RNA 309 - - tRNA genes 309 Dictyota 49 - dichotoma 52 Didymium iridis 279 Digitaria adscendens 122 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate: polyprenyltrans-

ferase 221 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate synthase 221 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 219, 220, 221,

222,223, 224,225 Dilleniidae, polyandrous flowers 86 dimethyl sulfoxide reductase 203 dinoflagellates 188 dinosaurs 189 dioecism 491 Diphyleia cymosa 230 disjunction 435 dispersal 440 - long distance 437 dissimilatory nitrite reductase 211 distribution history 436 distribution limits 439 distribution maps 433 distribution patterns 435 distribution of plants, factors 439 distribution types 435 DMSO reductase 203 DNA - conjugal transfer 268 - helicase I 271,272 - helicase II 272 - mitochondrial 321 - polymerase III 272 - regulation of transfer 273,274 - replication 268 DNA-based biotechnology 194 DNA-binding protein 324 - ferredoxin 206 - single strand 324 DNA-binding transcriptional activator 208 DNA damage 277 DNA-DNA hybridization studies - in denitrification 212 DNA polymerase 335, 340, 349 DNA probing 212 DNA synthesis 313 Dneprovsk glaciation 414 domain(s) 3 - Archaea 3 - Bacteria 3 - Eucarya 3 double flowers 93, 94 Drosera - erythrorhyza 452 - rotundifolia 452 Drosophila 310,311 - melanogaster 307, 312 - - copia 307 drougth impact assessment 121

546 Subject Index

drying maturation 114 Dryopteris 394 - phloroglucinols 394 Dunaliella - primolenta 188 - salina 257,259 dunnione 225 O-dunnione 225

Echinochloa - crusgallii 190 - Jrumentacea 190 ecosystems, migration 409 ectendomycorrhiza 524, 525 - Hartig net 524 - intracellular hyphae 524 Ectocarpus siliculosus 54 ectomycorrhiza 505-524 - acidification 520, 525 - afforestation 522 - air pockets 516 - anatomy 505 - animals 518,525 - ascomycetous 510 - aspartate aminotransferase 512 - Asteraceae 508 - auxin 512 - bacteria 518, 525 - - in fruitbodies 518 - basidiomycetous 510 - binominal names 507 - carbon nutrition 512 - casparian stripe 509 - characterization 505 - chemotropic attraction 511 - chitinase activity 512 - chlamydospores 518 - clear-cut 521 - Concanavalin A-colloidal gold binding 511,

524 - cystein-rich proteins 510 - descriptions 507 - ecology 515,523 - emanating hyphae 509 - endodermis 509 - enzymes 511,524 - extramatrical mycelium 512 - fertilization 519,523,525 - - lime 519,525 - - nitrogen 519,525 - fungal specifity 508 - fungi 517,524 - fungitoxic activity 517 - genetic variability 508 - genotype 508, 509 - glutanate dehydrogenase 511, 512 - growth responses 513,514 - Hartig net 508, 509 - haustoria 51 7 - horm<J!les 510,523,524

- hydraulic conductivity 515 - hypha-root interfaces 511, 524 - hyphal mats 516,517,525 - hypocotyls 511 - IAA 510,511 - IBA 510 - increasing photosynthesis 512 - initial infection 509 - irradiance 513 - keys 505 - legumes 508 - mat soils 516,517 - micronutrients 515, 524 - morphology 505 - nitrate reductase 511 - nitrogen 520 - nitrogen nutrition 514 - nonhost 508 - nucleic acid 510, 524 - ontogeny 509, 524 - ozone 520, 525 - P-limiting conditions 513 - palmetti 509 - PCR 510 - pectic material 509 - peridium 507 - peroxidase activity 512 - pesticides 519,525 - phenolics 511 - phloem transport 514 - phosphate nutrition 513 - pigments 510 - plants 518 - pollution 520, 525 - protoplasts 510 - pseudoparenchymatous mantles 509 - reconstituted dikaryons 508, 524 - reducing ability 515 - reference specimen 505 - rhizomorphs 509,510,514,516,523 - root-fungus interface 509 - root hairs 509, 511 - root surface 509 - sib-monokaryotic 508 - S02 520, 525 - soil moisture 516 - stomatal conductance 515 - strain 508, 524 - synthesis techniques 508 - toxic metals 521 - ultrastructure 509 - voucher specimen 505 - water 515 - water stress 515 - water use efficiency 512 - xylem transported reduced nitrogen 514 - zeatin 511 edaphic factors 440 electrical conductance 137, 138 electrical fields 261

electrical isolation 137 electrogenic potential 140, 141, 143, 146 electron transport 177, 179, 186 electron transport to nitrogenase 205 elicitors 256 Emiliania huxleyi 176 emodin 218 endemics 438 endemism 442 endo-, exocytosis 256 Endogone dusii 536 endophytes 530 endosymbiont(otic) 324,329 enhancers 312, 313 Entrophospora colombiana 532 enzymes 182, 194 - light-mediated activation 174, 181 - phosphorylation/dephosphorylation 182 Ephedra, double fertilization 471 Epipactis helleborine 537 epistatic modifiers 80 Equisetum 397 - arvense 321 - germination 397 - spore production 397 ER 73 Eremosphera viridis 259 Ericaceae, water relations and ecology 123 Erigeron philadelphicus 83 Escherichia coli 26,203,206,212,219,221,

268,322, 324,342,344 - Ll7 344 - PR4 344 - PR5 344 - PR722 344 - PRDI 344 ethylene 463 ethylene production, water stress 19 etoposide 228 Eucalyptus 516 - cinerea 453 - globulus 122,189,511 - grandis 112 - marginata 508 - pilularis 507, 512 - polyanthemos 453 - tereticornis 533 Euglena gracilis 222 Euryarchaeota 3 evolution ofiong floral tubes 477 extinction 440, 441 extranuclear inheritance 318

Fagus sylvatica 162, 163,505,507,512,517 fatty acids 259 FBPase 180 - cytosolic 185 Fe2+ 180 Fe-deficiency 206 fern 179,210

Subject Index 547

ferredoxin 182,202,205,206 ferredoxin-quinone reductase 168 F errocactus acanthodes 117 FeVa-cofactor 205 Fibonaci series 83 Ficus pollination 484 field theory 83 flagellar base, of bacteria 28 Flaveria 192 - linearis 192 - trinervia 191 flavodoxin 205, 206 - antibodies 207· flavonoids 207, 208 flora - elements 429 - tropical 430 - urban 441 floral development 86,87,95,96 floral ecology 461-494 floral evolution 96 floral gender 92 floral initiation 83 - acropetal 83 - basipetal 83 - bidirectional 83 floral morphogenesis 79,87,90,94,96 floral ontogenesis 95, 96 floras 431, 432 floristic inventory 430 floristics 442 flower biological radiation 480 flower constancy 470 flower longevity 461 flower metabolism 461 flower movement 461 flower reversion 80 flower temperature elevation 472 flower visits of lizards 478 flowering phenology 492 fluorescein 69 fluorescent dyes 139 fly pollination 473 FNR 206 Fomes cajanderi 279 foraging strategies of pollinators 470 formate dehydrogenase 203 formononetin 207 formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase 203 Forsythia - intermedia 230, 231 - suspensa 228,230 fossil soils, ages 421 fossils 436 Frankia 210 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 115 fructan 194 fructose-l,6-}>z 179 fructose-2,6-}>z 174, 185 Fucus 55,56,57,58,259

548 Subject Index

full glacial times 406 Funaria 257 fungus, early stage 516 fur gene 206 Fusarium 365 - conglutinans 335 - oxysporum 359,361 - sambucinum 365, 366 - solani 360, 363, 366 - sporotrichioides 365 fusicoccin 255 fusion - congenital 88, 89 - phylogenetic 89 - postgenital 89

G-proteins 256, 257 gag proteins 307 galactosyl-oligosaccharids 147 Galich climatic optimum 413 Galium mollugo 224, 225 gender - functional 491 - phenotypic 491 gender distribution in plants 487 gene activation 263 gene expression 325 gene tragging 295, 300 gene transfer, horizontal 319 genes - heterochronic 90 - homeotic 90, 94, 97 - nuclear 327 - regulatory 80,93,96 genetic-molecular approach 79,92 genetics, mitochondrial 318-330 genome(s), mitochondrial 318 geographic origin 436 Gibberella - fujikuroi 360 - puiicaris 365, 366 gibberellic acid (GA3) 259, 263 gibberellins 79,83 Gigartina teedii 32 Gigaspora - calospora 531 - gilmorei 536 - magarita 534 - manihotis 532 - rosea 536 Gigasporaceae 530 Gigasporineae 530 giraffe as pollen vector 479 glaciation - Dneprovsk 414 - Likov 413 - Moscow 412 - Oka 412 Glazovo climatic optimum 413 Gleditsia 86

- triacanthos 82 Glomaceae 530 Glomales 530 Glomineae 530 Glomus - caledonium 531 - etunicatum 536 - fasciculatum 531,533,536 - geosporum 532 - intraradices 536 - macrocarpum 531,536 - mosseae 531,532,536 - occultum 531 - scientillans 536 - tenue 535 glucosamine backbone 208 ~-glucuronosidase 296 glutamine synthetase genes 204 glyceraldehyd-3-P dehydrogenase 181 glycine decarboxylase 193 glycoconjugates 256 glycolate 187 glyoxylate 180 Golgi vesicle( s) 74 Graci/aria verrucosa 32, 33 graft(s) 63, 72, 73 - compatible 71 - interface 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 - union 70,71,72,73,74,76 grafting technique 70 - in-vitro 74 grass spikelets 81 gravitropism 261 Griffithia pacifica 41 growth - allometric 92 - interdeterminate 93 - intercalary 82,88 - interprimordial 82, 85, 89 - receptacular 86 - zonal 89 growth of cells 104 GTP-binding proteins 256, 257 guard cells 107, 258, 262 - ABA accumulation 109 - ABA effect on K+ efflux 108 - K+ channels 108 - plasma membranes 108 Gundelia tournefortii 83 Gunnera 210 Gunnera-Nostoc symbiosis 210 gus gene 296 gymnosperms 83 - cone ontogeny 83 - ovule ontogeny 83 gynoecial development 88 gynoecial sterility 92 gynostemium 88 gyrase 272 Gyrugyan transgression 416

H+ ATPase 255,260,262,263,264 H+ gradient 212 - electrochemical 258 H+ pump activity 259 Haliptilon 47,48 - euvieri 46 Halobacteriales 8 halophiles 18 - biotechnology 18 Halopteris 52 - filicina 50 Haplomitrium 373 hawkmoth community 476 hef 106 gene 302 heavy metal moss 377 Hebeloma circinans 352 Helianthus 72,73, 74, 83 - annuus 188, 322 - petiolaris 322 - tuberosus 162, 163 Helleborus niger 84 Helminthosporium vietoriae 367 Heminzonia luzuliJolia 104 hemoglobin trapping 211 Heracleum sosnowskyi 136 herbarium specimen 430 heterocarpy 83 heterochronic changes 92 heterochrony 79,90,91,95 heterocyst-specific ferredoxin 207 heterograft( s) 70, 73, 76 - compatible 71,72,73 - incompatible 73 heterostameny 95 heterostylous plants 92 heterostyly 490 heterotopy 90,91 hexokinase 183 Holeus lanatus 535 homeodomain 281 homeosis 79, 90, 91, 93, - partial 91, 93 - total (complete) 91,93 homeotic genes 84 homocitrate 205 homocitrate synthase 204 homograft(s) 71, 72, 73 homologous recombination 289 - cold spots 289 - hotspots 289 homothalism 287 hormogonia 210 hormones 195 Hormosira 53 - banksii 49 hummingbirds 477 hydraulic architecture 106 bydrolases 256 hydrophily 479,480 hygromycin 298

Subject Index 549

Hymenoseyphus erieae 536 hyphae, backwards ramifications 509

IAA 260 ice advances, maximum 402 idiomorph 280 immobilization of nitrifying bacteria 213 Impatiens 69, 80 - balsamina 222 inbreeding 278 inbreeding depression 492 incompatibility 76, 279, 488 - heterogenic 279 - homogenic 279 indole-acetic acid 256 Indotristieha ramosissima 81 induction 63,66,67,69,76 - homoiogenetic 68, 76 inflorescence development 81-83 - in Asteraceae 83 - in grasses 81 - in Leguminosae 82 inflorescences 81 - compound 83 - cymose 82 - determinate (monotelic) 81,82, % - indeterminate (polytelic) 81 inheritance, paternal 321 inositol-l,4,5-triphosphate(IP3) 257,259,260 - caged 258 259 - induced Cai + release 257 - sensitive Ca2+ store 257 insectivorous plants 452 integrase 307,308,309, 311, 313 integration 314 interactional evolution between animals and

flowering plants 477 interglacial - Akulovo 413 - Karga 404 - Kazantsero 404 - last 403, 407 - - paleoecological setting 407 - Likhvin 408,412 - Mikulino 412 - Odintsovo 411 - Roslavl 412 intermediates, C3-CAM 117 intron(s) 311; 312, 315, 316, 319 - group I 319 invasion 441 invertase 72 islandicin 218 isochorismic acid 219,220 isochorismic acid synthase 219 isolation layer 70, 71

jasmonic acid 260 - methyl-jasmonate 260 Juglans reg1a 222

550 Subject Index

juglone 220, 222 Juniperus salina 228

K+ channels 258, 259 Kalanchoe pinnata 117, 188 Karangat transgression 415 Karaga interglacial 404 Kautsky effect 151 Kazantsevo interglazial 404 Khaprovsk complex 414 Khazar transgression - Early 416 - Late 416 Khvalyn transgression - Early 416 - Late 416 kinetic analysis 91 Kluyveromyces - lactis 335,336,340,345,346,347,352 - - pGKLl 335, 342, 345 - - pGKL2 335, 342, 345 Knotted-] gene 302 Krebs cycle 186 Kuyalnik sediments 415

L- systems 81 Laccaria - amethystina 511 - bicolor 508,509,511 - Jraterna 507 - laccata 510-523 Lake Baikal, paleoecology 421 Lake Balkhash, history 417 Laminaria angustata 55, 56 Lamprothamnium 259 Larix 512,514 - decidua 505, 509 - leptolepis 230 Larrea tridentata 112 lawsone 220, 222, 225 lectins 209 LED-array spectrophotometer 153, 168 legume(s) 96 - evolution 95 legume-Rhizobium symbiosis 207 Leguminosae 86,91 - inflorescence development 82 Lemna minor 116 Lepidium 261 Leptosphaeria maculans 360, 361 Leptothrix discophora 26 Leucaenaleucocephala 533 LHC-II phosphorylation 155, 168 lichens 210 light 188 light~harvesting 188 light quality 179 - RuBP carboxylase 179 lignans 227,228,229, 230 Likhvin interglacial 408,412

Likov glaciation 413 linolenic acid 260 Linumflavum 229 Liriodendron tulipifera 230 loading 63 Lobelia 536 LoNum 81 - temulentum 82 long-distance dispersal 437 LTR retrotransposon(s) 311,312,314 L TR sequence 307 luc genes 297 lucidin 224 Lucifer Yellow 141, 143 luminescence 153 Lupinus albus 138, 139 lux genes 297 Lycopersicon 72 Lysimachia vulgaris 456 Iysophospholipid 260 lysosphingolipids 260

M acrotyloma uniflorum 117 Magnaporthe grisea 359,361,364 mruze 264,295,301,302,322 - coleoptiles 259 Malaleuca unicinata 536 malate 194 malate dehydrogenase 190 - NADP+-linked 182 male cytoplasmic sterility 321,322 malic enzyme 190 mammal pollination 478 mangrove, plant water relations 124 mapping, distribution 433 Marchantiapolymorpha 318,320,321,323,376 mass flow 146, 147 - hypothesis 146 matairesinol 229,230 mating type genes 278 mating type switching 287 maturation,drying 114 meadow and grassland, plant water relations 123 mean residence time 421 mediterranean type - plant water relations 122 - vegetation 122 Mehler-peroxidase reaction 164, 167 Mehler reaction 186, 188 melittophily 474 membrane energization 153, 156, 158, 160, 164,

167, 168 membrane potential 137,138,139,140,143,

146,261 membrane potential mapping 137, 138 menaquinone(s) 218,219,220,221 meristem - apical 80, 82 - intercalary 89 meristic variation 85

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 103, 116, 117, 193

messengers - first 256, 257 - second 256,257,258,259,260,261 Methanobacteriales 7 Methanococcales 7 methanogens 18 - biotechnology 18 Methanomicrobiales 7

. Methanopyrales 8 Methanosarcina barkeri 203 Methanospirillum hungatei 27 methylation 299 Mexico 189, 194 Micrococcus luteus 221 Microseris 83 - bigelowii 83 - pygmaea 83 microtubules - cortical 65 - cytoplasmic 65 - preprophase bands 65 midday depression 112 migration 436, 438, 440 - anthropogene 441 Mikulino interglacial 412 Mimosa pudica 138, 139, 148 mistletoe 453 - mimicry 453 mitochondria 186, 187,318 - movements 318 - protein import 328 mitochondrial DNA 318-321 - evolution 318 - rearrangements 322 mitochondrial elements 352 mitochondrial ribosome 328 mixed mating system 489 Mo-cofactor 204 Moldavian complex, faunistic 415 molecular genetics 96 mollugin 224 molybdopterin 202 molybdopterin cofactor 203 molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide 203 molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide 203 Monanthotaxis whytei 85 Mongolian Altai, Middle Pleistocene 411 monoecism 491 Monotropa uniflora 537 Morchella - conica 340, 352 - - pMC3-2 342 Morinda - citrifolia 223, 226 - lucida 224, 226 morindone 223, 224 morphogen 83 mosaic organ 91

Moscow glaciation 412 mosses 436 - mapping 434 mtDNA, linear 319 Mu 1 300 Muchkap warm phase 412 mutants

Subject Index 551

- developmental 79, 88, 90, 92 - female sterile 93 - floral 93, 96 - heterochronic 92, 94 - heterotopic 92, 94 - homeotic 92, 93 - meristic 92, 94 - mitochondrial 322 mutations mitochondrial 318 Mycobacteriumphlei 221,225 mycorrhizae 505-525,530-537 - arbutoid 506 - classes 505,506 - ectendomycorrhiza 505, 506 - ectendotrophic 505, 506 - ectomycorrhiza 505, 506, 507 - ectotrophic 505, 506 - endotrophic 505, 506 - ericoid 506, 536 - monotropoid 505; 506 - orchid 506, 537 - VA 530 - - ecology 534 - - physiology 530 - vesicular-arbuscular 506 Mycosphaerella 364 - pinodes 367 myxobacteria 28 - adventuour (individual) 28 - cell-cell interactions 28 - fibril biosynthesis 28 - locomotion 28 - social interactions 28 - socially (group) motile cells 28

N-acetylglucosamine 208 015N 449 15N abuncandce 449 15N isotope 449 15N labeled 453 N2 fixation 449 - estimating 450 NADH oxidase 260 naphthoquinone(s) 218,222,223,225 nature preservation 492 nectar amino acids 467 nectar chemicals 466 nectaries and nectar 465 Nectria haematococca 360,361,362,363,364,

366,367 neolithization, regional aspects 418 Neottia nidus-avis 537 Neurospora 315,348

552 Subject Index

- crassa 281,283,289, 310,328, 34{), 347, 352 - - mitochondrial DNA 310 - - mtA 283 - - mta 283 - - replication 310 - - tRNA 310 - intermedia 335, 34{), 347, 352 - - kalilo 342 nW/IAA symport 256 Nicotiana sylvestris 323 NifA protein 206 Nitel/opsis 258 nitrapyrin 213 nitrate 454 - assimilation 455 nitrate reductase 182,201,203,453,508,511 - covillent modified by phosphorylation 202 nitrate reductase activity 454 - flucations 201 nitrate reduction 202 - assimilatory 201 nitrification 211, 213 - in acid forest soils 213 nitrite carrier 204 nitrite reductase 201,204,210 - eu-enzyme 211 - cytochrome cdl 211,212 - periplasmic location 212 nitrite reduction 201 nitrite transported from the cytosol into chloro-

plasts 202 nitritic oxide 210 nitritic oxide reductase 210 nitrogen allocation 456 nitrogen cycling of the open ocean 207 nitrogen deposition 457 nitrogen figure 454 nitrogen fixation - by free-living microorganisms 204 - in symbiosis 207 nitrogen-fixing plant 451 nitrogenase 212 - regulation 207 nitrogenase activator proteins 205 nitrogenase activity, regulation 207 nitrogenase reductase - by covalent modification of the smaller subunit

207 nitrous oxide reductase 210, 212 N20 reductase, periplasmic location 212 NO-utilization 211 nod genes 208 non-assimilatory electron flow 167 nonflying mammals as pollinators 479 non-L TR retrotransposons 310, 311 - poly(A) retrotransposons 310 nonphotochemical quenching 155 - relaxation phases 155 nontargeted approach 301 nopalin 296

Nostoc-Geosiphon symbiosis 210 npt II gene 297 - kanamycin resistance 297 nuclear-mitochondrial interactions 322 numerical canalization 83 nunatak hypothesis 438

0180 precipitation 406 o-succinylbenzoate: coenzyme A ligase 221 o-succinylbenzoic acid 219,220, 221 , 222,223,

224, 225,227 o-succinylbenzoic acid: coenzyme A ligase 225 02-dependent electron flow 167, 168 02-evolution 153, 160, 161, 162 02-uptake 153, 168 octadecanoid(s) 260 Odintsovo interglacial 411 Odontella welwitschii 453 Oenothera 325 Onoclea sensibilis 321 ontogenetic abbreviation 83 octopine 296 Oka glaciation 412 olfactory system of birds 477 oil-flowers 467 oil secretion 467 opaque-2 gene 302 Ophiostoma ulmi 367 opine 296 Opuntia - amyclea 194 - ficus-indica 104, 117 orchid pollination 485 orchids 87,96 organ identity genes 93 organellar genomes 310 organogenetic sites 91 origin of transfer 270 ornithophily 477 osmophores 464 osmoregulation 103 osmosis 102 osmotic gradient 134, 145 osmotic potential 145 outbreeding 278 outbreeding depression 492 outcrossing 278 ovary - inferior 88, 89 - superior 89 ovuliferous scale 84 oxygen metabolism 186 oxygen reduction 189 ozone depletion 179

P700 153, 164 P-glucomutase 183 3-P-glycerate kinase 180 P-hexose isomerase 185 P-plastid(s) 136

P-protein(s) 66, 68, 69, 73, l36 P-ribose isomerase 181 paedomorphosis 90,92 paleoecology 402-421 pallida locus 302 Pamir Mts., first glaciation 410 Panagrellus redivivus 308 Pandorina morum 320 Panicum coloratum 533 Paramecium aurelia 278 paramyxoviruses 326 parasitic plants 453 Paspalum notatum 534 patch-clump technique 255, 259, 260 pathogenicity factors - cutinase 363 - toxins 364 pathogenicity genes 358 pathogens 256 pBR322 296 pea 183,186 peat bogs, in riverine terraces 419 pectin 256 pedological changes, natural versus man-made

420 permafrost area 406 petunia 302 Petunia 323 perching birds 477 peroxisomes 187 Pelargonium hortorum 115 peloria 96 B-peltatin 229, 230 PEP carboxykinase 190 PEP carboxylase 182, 190, 191, 192, 193 - light-mediated activation 191 - phosphorylation 191 petal senescence 463 pH 138, 140, 142, 159, 160, 166, 261 Phaeophyta 30, 48-58 - actin 52, 57 - apical cell 49, 50 - basal body 53 - Ca-binding proteins 57 - cell structure, vegetative 48-51 - - ,reproductive, motile 53-55 - cell wall 53 - centrin 52 - centrioles 48, 51 - chloroplasts 48 - chrysolaminarin 48 - cytokinesis 49 - - asymmetric 49 - cytoskeleton 57 - fertilization 56 - flagellum, vestigial 55 - germination 57 - growth hormones 59, 50 - immunofluorescence 52, 55 - mastigonemes 53

Subject Index 553

- medullary cells 49, 52 - meristem 49 - - apical 49 - - intercalary 48,51 - meristoderm 51 - microtubules 51 - mitosis 52 - morphogenesis 48, 57 - - dedifferentiation 50 - - hair cell formation 51 - motile reproductive cells 53-55 - muscilage duct 51 - oogonia 55 - - vestigal flagella 55 - - calcium influx 56 - photoreceptor 57 - physodes 50 - plasmodesmata 49,51 - plasmogamy 56 - polarity 57 - polyspermy 56 - - block 56 - postfertilization processes 56 - primary pit fields 50 - regeneration 50 - spermatozoid 53,55 - - gamete release 53 - - posterior flagellum 54 - - sperm surface antigens 55 - trumpet cells 50 - zoospore 55 phages 344 - linear, prokaryotic 352 - TIR regions 344 phalenophily 476 Phanerochaete chrysosporium 359 Phaseolus vulgaris 116, 138 phenology 492 phenylpropanoid metabolism 218 phenylpropanoid pathway, components 207 pheromones 279 phloem - anastomoses 64 - continuity 70 - interruption 64 - transport 63,69,70,73 phloem companion cells 204 phloem loading 147 - apoplastic 147 - symplastic 147 phloem parenchyma l39, 143, 144, 145 phloem transport 148 phloem unloading 143 Phoma tracheiphila 361 phorbol esters 259, 260, 262 phosphate translocator 174,184,186 phosphatidylcholine 260 phosphatidylinositol 258 phosphatidylserine 259 phosphodiesterase 257

554 Subject Index

phosphoinositides 257 phospholipase(s) 256,259,260 phospholipase C 257 phospholipids 259,260 phosphorylase 183 phosphorylation 258 photoacoustic spectroscopy 153 photoassimilates 134, 135, 145 - translocation 134 photodamage 159 photoinhibition 155, 158, 159, 188, 194 - photodamage 158 - photoinactivation 158 - protection against 158 photoprotection 159 photorespiration 176, 187, 190 photorespiratory electron flow 161 photosynthate 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144,

145, 146~ 147 photosynthesis 151 - C3-plants 161 - C4-plants 161 - capacity 162 - carbon metabolism 174-195 - electron transport 162 - excessive PFD 162 - limitation 162 - 02 evolution 161 - oscillations 161 - quantum yield 162 - rate of electron transport 161 photosynthesis effects, water stress 116 photosynthetic capacity 177, 178 - chilling 178 photosynthetic control 160 photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE)

456 phyllodes 84 phylloquinone 218,219,202,221,222,224,226 phyllotaxis 85 - acyclic 86 - cyclic 85, 87 - helical (spiral) 85, 86, 95 - irregular (chaotic) 85, 86 phyllyrin 230 phylogenetic tree 2 Physarumpolycephalum 279,309,325,335 - Hpall repeats 309 - methylation 309 Physcomitrella patens 321 phytoalexin(s) 256, 258, 366 - detoxification of 366 - lubimin 366 - pisatin 366 - - demethylating ability 366 - reshitin 366 phytoalexin glyceollin 208 phytochrome 201,262 phytogeographic subdivision 442 phytopathogenic fungi 358

- avirulence gene 363 - DsRNA 367 - gene-for-gene hypothesis 363 - hypovirulence 367,368 - molecular genetics 358-369 - transformation systems 361 Phytophthora - infestans 359,367 - megasperma 359, 361 Pi 180 PI-turnover 260 Picea 505 - abies 457,458,507,512,516 - sitchensis 509,513 Pichia acaciae 346 pierardine 227 pigmentation 463 pigments 510 pilin 269 pilus 269 Pinguicula - alpina 452 - villosa 452 - vulgaris 452 (+)-pinoresinol 228,229,230 Pinus 507,508 - banksiana 321 - cembra 407,505 - contorta 321 - elliotii 105 - mugo 505 - pinaster 122 - sibirica 408 - sylvestris 457 - taeda 11, 509 PIP2 hydrolysis 257,260 Pisolithus tinctorius 508-523 Pistacia integerrima 531 Pisum 64,66,67,69,86 - sativum 366 Plagiothecium 374 plant geography 428-443 plant protoplasts 74 plant resistance 256 plant water potential, threshold values 110 plant water relations 102-125 - conifers 123 - deciduous forest 123 - desert 122 - Ericaceae 123 - mangrove 124 - meadow and grassland 123 - mediterranean type 122 - savanna 121 - tropical rainforest 121 Plantago major 531 plasmid(s) 268,316,334 - covalent closed circular molecules 334 - cryptic 347 - F factor 268

- killer 345, 347 - linear extrachromosomal genetic element 334,

335 -R1268 - R 100 268 plasmodesmata 66,68,69,70,73,76, 139, 144,

145 - branched 74 - de-novo formation 74, 76 - formation 74 - formed secondarily 71,73,74,76 - fusion 74 - half 73,74 - primary 74 - unbranched 74 plasmodesmogram(s) 138, 139, 144 Platanthera 537 platelet-activation factor 260, 262 plus-strand RNA 314 PMF (proton-motive force) 138, 140, 142, 143,

146, 147 Poaceae 81,82,123 Podatheca angustifolia 536 podophyllotoxin 228,229,230,231 Podophyllum - edmodi 230 - hexandrum 230 - peltatum 230 Podospora - anserina 278,281,283 310, 348 - - group I introns 310 . - - group II introns 310 - - maH (mH) 283 - - mat- (mt-) 283 - - plDNA 310 - - senescence 310 poikilohydric plants, water relations 124 pol genes 308 polarity 65,67,76 polima cytoplasm 321 pollen carry-over rates 469 pollen diagrams, principal component analysis

421 pollen-pistil interaction 487 pollen presentation 469 - secondary 470 pollen removal 469 pollination 470-487 - abiotic 479 - by ants 476 - by Apis 476 - and crop plants 486 - of early angiosperms 471 - of Ficus 484 - by fly 473 - by mammals 478 - of orchids 485 - of particular groups 480 - by scarab beetle 472 pollinator behavior 470

pollinator efficiency 470 polyandrous flowers 85, 86 Polygonum - amphibium 120 - hydropiperoides 120 - lapathifolium 120

Subject Index 555

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 359 Polypodiaceae 392 - morphology of rhizome 392 Polyporus - betulinus 279 - palustris 279 polysaccharides 256 Polysiphonia 31,45 Polytrichum 375,509 - rhizoid strands 509 Porphyra - abbottae 46 - perphorata 35 - umbilicalis 43 PPi-linked P-fructokinase 184, 185 PPi-phosphofructokinase 174 precursor proteins 328,329 presequence, bipartite 329 pressure-flow hypothesis 145, 146 pressure gradient(s) 134, 135, 147 pressure-volume analyses 103 prey-derived nitrogen 452 primase 272 priming 315 primordia - conunon 83,86,87,88,89,91 - ring 86,89 - superposed 85 primordial inception - centrifugal 84, 85, 87 - centripetal 85, 87 processing 313 production of heat 464 production of scent 464 progymnosperms 90 prokaryotic cell - cytology 25-28 - morphogenesis 25-28 prokaryotic linear phages 352 prolin accumulation, under stress 118 prolin-rich glycoprotein 209 promoters, mitochondrial 325 Prosopis - glandulosa 451 - juliflora 535 protease 307,308, 309, 311, 313 - inner membrane 329 protein import, into mitochondria 318 protein kinase(s) 256,260,261,262 protein kinase and dephosphorylase for nitrate

reductase 202 protein phosphorylation 259 - of nitrate reductase 202 protein transport 328

556 Subject Index

proton-motive force, see PMF proton-translocating ATPase 141 protoplasts - aleurone 259 - gl,llll"d cells 259 - maize 255 - tobacco 255 Prototheca wickerhamii 320 prymnesiophytes 188 PS I quantum yield 163, 164 PS II charge recombination 165 pS II quantum yield 154, 156, 158, 159, 160,

163, 164 . - response to a low internal pH 166 PS II / PS I ratio 168 pseudanthia 83 Pseudomonas 211,212 - aeruginosa 26 - carrageenovora 42 pseudomonomery 88 pseudoparaphyllia 373 Pseudotsuga menziesii 505-523 psychophily 476 Psychotria limonensis 121 pteridophytes 386-398 - allies 397 - bibliography 388, 389 - biosystematics 394 - cytotaxonomy 394 - ecology 390, 391 - epidermology 391 - epispore 393 - floristics 389, 390 - gametophytes 393 - geography 390,391 - hybridization 394 - nomenclature 388 - para-exospore 393 - spore production 391 - spore types 393 - sporelings 393 - spores 392 - sporogenesis 393 - systematics 386-388 - :- families and genera 386 - - phytochemistry of flavenoids 394 - uses 396 - xylem, accessory 392 Pterocladia cappillacea 43 PTS-sugars 256 pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 360 - B chromosomes 360 - chromosome length polymorphism, eLP 360 - cloning 361 - electrophoretic karyotypes 360 - gene mapping 361 pump/leak system 141, 142, 146 purpurin carboxylic acid 218 Pyrenomonas salina 320 Pyricuiaria oryzae 367

Pyrodictiales 6 pyrophosphatase 184 pyruvate 178, 190 pyruvate dehydrogenase 182 pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase 205 pyruvate flavodoxin oxidoreductase 205 pyruvate phosphoroclastic reaction 205 pyruvate Pi dikinase 182, 191, 192 - light-mediated activation 191

Q-cycle 167, 168 Quercus - paiustris 120 - robur 120 - rubra 120, 123 - suber 122 quinones 218,219,220,226

raceme 82 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

360 Raphanus 456 receptor proteins 195 recognition system 76 recombination 278 - mixis 278 - plant mtDNA 318 redkolesye 408 reference specimen, ectomycorrhiza 505 ' refuge areas 409. regeneration - phloem 63-76 - short term 71,72,76 - vascular 65, 66, 67 - wall 74 - xylem 66 relay hypothesis 146 relay models 80 release/retrieval balance 135, 145 replication 324 - mitochondrial 318,323-325 reproductive development 79,81 - in seed plants 79-97 reproductive success 492 resource allocation 491 respiration 186 - photosynthesis 186 restorer genes 321 restriction, fragment length polymorphism 321 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) - genetic maps 359 - of mitochondrial DNA 359 - in nuclear DNA 359 retroelements 311 - bacteria 311 retrotransposon 307 retroviruses 311,312,314,315 - defective 312 - env gene 312 - gag genes 312,313

- pol genes 312,313 reverse transcriptase 307,308,309,310,311,

319, 324 reverse transcription 314,315 Rhizobium 207,208,531 - indole acetic acid 208 - lipo-oligosaccharide 208 - signal molecule 208 - signal substances 209 Rhizoctonia solani 367, 368 rhizomorphs 510 - organization 514 - wall modifications 510 Rhizopus stoloniJer 256 Rhodelia - reticulata 32 - violacea 33 Rhodobacter - capsulatus 211,212 - sphaeroides 203 Rhodophyta 30,31-48 - abberant cell wall formation 42 - actin 41 - adelphoparasites 39 - alloparasitic 39 - annulate lamella 32 - carpogone 43-46 - - development 46 - - fine structure 45 - carpospores 44 - carposporophyte 39, 44, 45 - - fine structure 45 - cell culture 42 - cell division 40 - cell expansion 41 - - elongation bands 41 - cell fusion 37, 38 - cell repair mechanism 32 - cell structure 31-36 - cell walls 35 - cladome 42 - conchocelis phase 48 - cytokinesis 40, 47 - - during sporogenesis 47 - cytoskeleton 40 - dictyosomes 31,32 - endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 31,33,47 - - gliding motility 33 - - mucilage sacs 33 - fibrous vacuole associated organelle (FV AO)

33 - filament repair 38 - flagellum, cryptic 34 - genome transfer 39 - gonimoblasts 44 - growth hormones 43 - host-parasite interactions 39 - hybrids 39 - immunofluorescence 41 - lectin probes 36

Subject Index 557

- microtubules 47 - mitochondria 31,32 - mitosis 40 - morphogenesis, vegetative 41-43 - - side branch initiation 42 - nuclear transfer 37 - nucleus 36 - - annulate lammellae (AL) 37 - - endopolypolidic 36 - - lamina 36 - - paracrystalline inclusions 37 - - perinuclear dense bodies 46 - - planetic 36 - - shape 36 - - transfer 45 - nucleus-associated organelle (NAO) 40 - organelle associations 31 - organelle motility 46 - pit connections 43 - pit plugs 35 - - degradation 45, 47 - - function 36 - - secondary 38 - pleuridium 42 - polygenomy 37 - - per-cell number 37 - polyploidy 37 - polyspermy 44 - postfertilization processes 43-46 - - female gametophyte 44 - protoplasts 42 - rhodomorphin 38, 39 - rhodoplasts 34 - spermatangia 43 - spermatia 43 - spermatial vesicles 34 - sporangia 46-48 - spores 46-48 - - germination 47,48 - - tetraspore formation 46 rhodoplasts 34 - actin filaments 34 - division 34 - floridean starch 34 - - pyrenoid 34 rhodomorphin 38, 39 Rhodotorula toruloides 288 Rhynchosporium secalis 359 ribosomal proteins 322 ribulose-5-P (Ru5P) kinase 180, 189 Ricinus communis 138, 139, 146, 147 RNA - editing 318,326 - guide 326 - maturases 321,325 - maturation 327 - processing 318 - splicing 318, 325 - stability 327 RNA polymerase 272, 335, 340

558 Subject Index

- mitochondrial 324 RNase H 311,313 RNase P 325 rolling circle 324 Rollinia deliciosa 85 root, hydraulic conductivity 105 root cortex, water flow 103 root hair deformation 208 root-leaf informations 108 root pressure 106 roots, anatomy 505 Rosidae, polyandrous flowers 86 Roslavl interglacial 412 rRNA 319 16/18S rRNA sequences 3 Rubia tinctorum 218,223 rubisco activase 179 RuBPcarboxylase 174,177,182,187,188,190,

193 - conformational change 179 - environmental issue 178 - fallover 179 - glyoxylate 187 - membranes 178 - methyl groups 177 - regulation 179 - subunits 177 - transformed tobacco plants 177 RuBP oxygenation 187 Rumex - crispus 120 - maritimus 120 - thyrsiflorus 120 rye, introduction 419

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 279,280,281,287, 288,289, 306,308,322,323,327,345, 346, 359

- a or a genes 280 - aI, 0.1 and 0.2 proteins 281 - aI-domain 283 - delta 307 - HML and HMR loci 280 - HO gene 282 - MAT locus 280 - mating-type interconversion 282 - pheromone genes 281 - pheromone receptor 281 - regulatory mutations 306 - RNA debranching enzyme 315 - RNA polymerase III promotors 309 - sigma 307 - STE 12 protein 313 - tau 307 - transcriptional activation 312 - translational frameshift 313 - tRNA 307, 308 - Ty 307,309,314,315 - Ty 1 308,312 - Ty 2 308,312

- Ty 3 308,309,312 - Ty4 308 - Ty-DNA 315 - Ty-mRNA 313 - Ty-RNA 307 - Ty transcription 312, 313 - Ty transposition 315 - Ty transposon 306 - TYA 313,314 - TYB 313 Saccharomyces kluyveri 430, 352 salinity 193 Salix - alba 139 - exigua 139 Salmonella typhimurium 26, 28, 344 Salsola kali 536 Sambucus niger 455 sap flow 107 saturation pulse methode 152, 154, 156, 158,

160, 162 savanna, plant water relations 121 scarab beetle pollination 472 scent glands (osmophores) 464 Schizophyllumcommune 279,285,287,289, 361 Schizosaccharomycespombe 281,282,287,288,

289, 308 - HMO motif 282 - matI, mat2, mat3 282 - mating type switching 282 - P or M information 282 -Tf1308 - Tf2 308 scion 70,71,72,74 Scytosiphon 54 SE/CC complex(es) 135, 136, 138-148 - carrier systems 142 seaweeds, biogeography 429 secoisolariciresinol 228, 230 secretion, bacterial protein 329 sedoheptulose bisphosphate 180 Sedum - rupestre 117 - telephium 117, 193 seed(s) - imbibition 114 - recalcitrant 113 seed transformation 298 seed water relations 113 Selaginella - rhizophore 397 - sporoderm 397 - synaptospory 397 - tubers 397 senescence 348 Septoria - nodorum 361,367 - tritici 359, 361 Sequoia sempervirens 321 Setaria 81

- italica 82 sex detennination 79 sex distribution 491 sex expression 83, 92 sexual reproduction 277-287 - advantages 277 - DNA repair 277 - evolution 278 - mean fitness 277 - rejuvenation process 277 shihunine 227 shikimic acid 220 Shkurlatov layers 407 sieve element(s) 63,65,67,68,69,71, 72,73 - differention 67 - plastids 66 sieve element/companion cell complex, see

SE/CC complex sieve plate(s) 65,66,67,68,69,74 - interspecific 73 sieve pore(s) 66, 67, 68,70, 73, 76 - branched 76 - interspecific 73 - secondary 73,74 sieve tube 66,67,68,69,73 signal substances 207 Sinapis 255, 259 single-strand-binding protein 272 sink(s) 134, 135, 145, 148 - axial 134 - tenninal 134 Siwalik Mts., Early Pleistocene 411 snowline, climatic 402, 409 soil(s) 440 - changes 420 • - fossil 421 - geochemistry 420 soil erosion, pre-Roman iron ages 419 Solanum 72 - lycopersicum 138, 139 Solidago altissima 456 Sorghum bicolor 531 source, leaves 134, 136, 145, 148 source/sink ratio 144 soybean 180,258,260 speciation, allopatric 437 Sphacelaria - cirrosa 50 - tribuloides 51 Sphagnum 374,375 . sphingolipid(s) 260 sphingophily 476 spinach 179 Splachnidium rugosum 49 Spm elements 299 - cryptic 299 - defective 299 - dSpm 299 stamen fascicles 86 stamen inception 85

- cyclic 85 - helical (spiral) 85, 95 - irregular 85 stamen mimics 464 starch 177, 183, 184, 194 stem diameter changes 107 steppe-tundra, glacial 410 stipules 84 stock 70,71,72,74 stomata 189, 191, 193 stomatal apertures - blue light effects 109 - humidity effects. 110

Subject Index 559

- influencing environmental factors 109 - water stress effects 110 stomatal movements 198 - Ca2+ involvement 108 stomatal opening 259 stomatal regulation 107 - models 11 Streptocarpus dunnii 225 Streptococcus - pneumoniae 342, 344 - - Cp-l 344 - - Cp-5 344 - - Cp-7 344 Streptomyces 334, 336, 342, 343 - rochei 343 - - pSLAI 343 - - pSLA2 343 stress 188 stess investigations 157 - drought 157 - freezing 157 - heat 157 - low temperature 157 - photoinhibition 157 - pollution 157 structural dynamics 79 structurally bound water 113 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-carbo-

xylate 219, 220 sucrose 66,70,177,183,184 - biosynthesis 185 - radioactive 69 - transgenic tobacco 185 sucrose-P-syntbase 182, 185 - light-mediated activation 186 - transgenic tomato 186 sucrose uptake 142 - parameters 136, 142 sugar uptake 142 sulfite oxidase 203 Sulfolobales 6 superoxide 167 supression 327 symbiontic partners 210 sympetaly 90 - early 89,90 - late 89,90

560 Subject Index

symplast domain(s) 137, 142 symplastic connections 63,73,74,76 symplastic continuity 73 symplastic discontinuity 137,138-140,142 symplastic isolation 139, 141, 142, 148 symplastic phloem loading 147 symplastic transport 144 symplastic unloading 144 synapKkagon 295 synapomorphy 94 synorganized flowers 85, 87 syringaresinol 228, 230 systemin 260

T-DNA 295, 296 - left border 296 - mutagenesis 295-299 - right border 296 Tam elements 299 Taman complex 415 targeted approach 300 tartronic semialdehyde 187 taxonomy of Archaea4-9 temperature 177,188,189,194 temperature tolerance 439 teniposide 228 teosinte - annual 82 - perennial 82 terminal inverted repeats 341 Thermococcales 6 thermogenesis 465 thermokarst 404 Thermoplasmales 7 Thermoproteales 6 thioredoxin 182 third nitrogene containing only Fe-S centres 204 Tillandsia usneoides 117 Tilletia - caries 361 - controversa 361 Tiraspol complex 415 tissue-specific genes, respiratory proteins 318 tobacco 177, 258, 260, 264, 298 - RuBP carboxylase 177 tomato 182 tonoplast 194, 258, 260 Topolevo warm period 404 tra gene products 269 tra genes 269 tracheary elements 64, 71 tracheids 71 transcription, mitochondrial 318,323-325 transcription factor 279 transducers 256 transfer replication 271 -273 transference fUnction 90 transformation, organelle 318 transgenic plants 175 transgression

- Akchagyl 415 - Gyurgyan 416 - Karangat 415 - Early Khazar 416 - Late Khazar 416 - Early Khvalyn 416 - Late Khvalyn 416 - Uzunlar 415 transit peptide 319 transition to flowering 79 translation - mitochondrial 318,327 - sites 328 translocation 69, 72 transplantation 70, 71 transport 63, 69 transposase 299 transposon 299 transposon mutagenesis 295,299,300 trees 439 Tremella mesenterica 279 triazin, resistance 321 tRNA 319 - import 319 tropical rainforest 121 - plant water relations 121 Trypanosoma brucei 310 trypanosomes 326 turgor difference 144, 145 turgor gradient 135, 145 turgor maintenance 104 turgor potential 144 turgor regulation 259 · tyrosine kinase 262

U dotea flabellum 190 umbelliferone 207 undermethylation 303 unloading 63, 72, 73 Ustilago - hordei 361 - maydis 279,284,285,288,289,361,367 - - a-locus 284 - - b-locus 284 - - mating type specific pheromone 284 - - pheromone receptor 284 - - self/nonself cell recognition 284 - tritici 361 UV-B radiation 178 UV-light 259 UV reflection of flowers 463 U zunlar transgression 415

V-nitrogenase 204 vacuole 194 vascular bundles 64, 70, 71 vascular continuity 63 vegetation, mediterranean type 122 vesicular-arbuscular fungi 208 Vibrio cholerae 26

vicariance biogeography 437 Vicia 72, 73, 74 - faba 142, 258 Vigna - radiata 319 - ungiculata 319,534 Villafranchian 415 violax~thin 188 violaxanthin de-epoxidation ISS - Drr as an inhibitor ISS, 165 vir region 296 - D 296 - E 296 viral-type proteins 323 virulence genes 358 virus-like particles 307, 308, 313 visual patterns 463 vitamin K 218,221 vitamin K2 219 voltage-gated ion channel 261 volume flow 134 - hypothesis 145 voucher specimen, ectomycorrhiza 505

wall(s) 65, 66,74 - fusion 73 - nondivision 70, 73 - material 74 - modifications 74 water, structurally bound 113 water balance, plant internal coordination 110 water content liS water flow, root cortex 103 water relations - cells 102-105 - determination 103 - plants 102-125 - poikilohydric plants 124 - tissues 102-105 water shortage - morphogenic effects liS - transcription of nucleic acids 115

Subject Index 561

water stress 193 - effects on lipid metabolism 119 - effects on nitrogen fixation 117 - effects on photosynthesis 116 - effects on respiration 117 - ethylene production 119 - mineral nutritients 118 - phytohormones 118 water supply 189 water uptake 105 waterlogging 119 weeds 441 wheat 179 . whorl, definition 84, 96 woody plants 434 wound - bypassing phloem 63,64,66,68,69,71,72 - callus 65, 70 - healing 71,76 - phloem 63,64,66,68,69,71,72 - response 67-- sieve element(s) 63,64,65,66,67,69,71 - sieve tubes 63,64,65,66,67,69,72 - xylem 64, 66, 71

xanthine oxidase 203 Xanthoxylum ailanthoides 228 xylem disfunction 106 xylulose-l,5-1ll 179

yatein 229,230 Yedom Series 404 Younger Dryas 405

Zea - diploperennis 82, 338 - mays 82, 115,262,295,322,323,325,335,

339,340, 342,348,349,352 zeaxanthin ISS, 159, 165, 166, 167, 188 Zizania palustris 114 zygomorphy 96