Studying of Hydro geological and Sedimentary … of Hydro geological and Sedimentary tracing in the...

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The 1 st International Applied Geological Congress, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University - Mashad Branch, Iran, 26-28 April 2010

Studying of Hydro geological and Sedimentary tracing in the Sabzab Spring based on right abutment stability effects (S. Abbaspour Dam)

M. Nekouyanfar1 ; H. R. Majedi2 ; B. Saham3

1 KWPA, Basic Studies Division, Email: [email protected] 2 KWPA, Email: [email protected] 3 KWPA, Email: [email protected]

Abstract Study and control interactive behavior the karstic spring which is available in the dam reservoir in order to identity of relation between them with stability of dam body is very important. One of problem relate to karstic spring in dams is water escaping and erosion of mainstay structure. In this research in order to study reasons of muddle water of Sabzab spring on the right hand of S. Abbaspour dam, sedimentary searching method has selected. Sedimentary detection using XRD tests over dam reservoir, formation of Cheshmeh catchment, structure. Also in the following study; Hydrochemistry tests, drawing conductivity (EC), temperature, variation of water level (W,L) & turbidity (Muddling) for years of 2002 until 2006 in place of big spring, two main spring MP1, MP2, dam reservoir & river in exit of dam (TAIL, WATER) have done. After this pragmatism, spring source discharge will determine with clay water. This karstic spring doesn't have any hydraulic relation with reservoir. Spring Sediment will be increased through limestone formation layers at some month of years. Key words: 1) introduction: S. Abbaspour dam is located in 210 km distance of the north east of Ahwaz city, & 55 Km north east of Masjed soleman city & in 490 Km from Karun river. Building of this dam started at 1969 to 1355 complete and dam reservoir will be started. This dam from type concreate dam of height 200 meter from base & useful capacity 1446 meter cubic million & total volume 3139 meter cubic million. Length of dam crown is 380 meter too. By extended Demarton classification, S. Abbaspour dam is located in arid zone. Dam body on the calcite Asmari formation in the south crest of Kamaron is located. Karstic spring Sabzab with discharge 15 CMS over second in right base of this dam is located. This spring in the one of right base gallery of dam is spring of two main branch: MP1, MP2. Showing spring in exit of dam to river (Tail Water) is located. In order to tracing there is various types of method. As a result we can divide tracers to the several groups: isotope tracer, colorimetric tracer, sedimentary tracer and so on. In this research has been used from sentimental searching method that introduction of this is study of tests XRD over derived sampling. After comparing result of tests & interpreting clay samples of Asmari formation with other under test samples of sedimentary tracer. Finding originates & hydraulic relation spring with dam reservoir has been studied. 2) argument: 2-1) sedimentary tracing: In order to know minerals with using off Diffract metric x-ray, electric that is located in the electromagnetic field with frequently those equal fields frequently is. One ray off x-ray can

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one electromagnetic that passes from space, due to all electrons to will vibration. As a result; every electron can one tolerance that electromagnetic. This ways separate join together and two ways consequent coatome comprise. Amplitude way depend on numbers of electron way and deference phase interactive. When one ray of X-rays, in one of crystal network penetrates, one ray only in spatial directions. Of course it needs that descatered ways by individual atom in observe direct with together, usually in order to make easy, crystal network as a collection of parallel surface that to d distance from together. Imagine that all the atoms in this surface is located. Environment needed for. In this research, first of all Asmari formation litology with use off geology map of area & several visiting desert field is study & a given place for clay sampling including: reservoir semimetal, right hand. Over XRD test mineral of Mika, Chlorite, Montmorylonayt, ilit, polygorskit in samples & for first time mineral of polygorskit in Asmari formation & clay of Sabzab spring identify & as a tracer for tracing of Sabzab spring, used. 2-2-hydrochemical studies to complete studying of tracking studies and to be sure from achieved results, hydro chemical studies and examining of conductivity, temperature, fluctuation of W.L. and turbidity had done so finally this results compared with sedimentary results. For doing hydro chemical studies of big spring, prepared samples in 2 steps from right abutments galleries,mp1, mp2 and exit point of big spring, reservoir and tail water and case study of one drain in the galleries. These samples were prepared on feb-mar 2006 and apr 2006. in these samples, main materials(ca,mg,na,k,cl,so4,no3 ,bi-carbonate)and all of salts in lab, were calculated. Temperature, electrical conduct and turbidity parameters, continuously were measured by dam stability experts. To analysis, compare and get more reliable results, newer tests were done on only exit point results on Sep- Oct 1988 and were prepared graphs. Prepared graphs include Radial, Stif, Durov, Piper, Scholer that their interpretations have been done. By using Piper graph, you can distinguish type of water. Figure 5, show chemical analysis results of all types of water on Piper graph. Piper graph shows chemical characteristics of water by relative density of particles, not by absolute density and can show so many samples on the one diagram. Piper graph, divided by 3 separate fields, so show percentage of anions and cations in triangle fields and composite positions in lozenge field. As you see on Piper graph, gathered samples on 2005, are divided two groups. Gathered samples from exit point of big spring, mp1, mp2 show different results of sulphate related to other samples and their positions in Piper graph, show this difference well. Reason of this difference is SO4 values in water of big spring in Gachsaran formation, before entrance to Asmari formation. This is important reason to discontinuously connect between big spring and S. Abbaspour reservoir. according to Piper graph, gathered water samples from exit point of big spring, mp1,mp2 have more than 50% carbonate and on the other hand, soil-alkaline and weak acid are powerful.

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In the drain, tail water samples, none of Anion- Cation couple can pass to 50%. refer to drawing graph for Mehr 67 samples, type of water of big spring,mp2 are similar to each other and are different from tail water. Therefore, Piper graphs related to gathered samples, in different times, include difference of type of water and difference of water supply gathered from reservoir and drain, tail water with water of big spring, mp2,mp1. for presenting of perfect description from analysis results of gathered samples, Durov graphs(graph no.6), are going to evaluate the same time, ion relatives with all of solution solids density and ph of used water samples. As was seen, in Durov graph, analysis results and interpretations, confirm Piper graph. Refer to TDS fluctuations, samples belonged to exit point of Big Spring, mp1, mp2, accurately are similar to each other and have the least value of TDS (330). Only one sample has max TDS value. This matter, has a direct connections to rain and flood discharge parameters. Another important point is, this graph has a big similar of ph between mp1, mp2 samples and exit point of spring. In Durov no.6 graph,by TDS difference, samples belong to exit point of spring, mp1, mp2, have the same value and have max value of TDS (304). Another point of this graph is big similarity of ph between mp1,mp2 and exit point of spring. So their ph is 7.5. in Durov graph, drawn for 1367 samples, refer to TDS difference ,samples belong to mp2, big spring, have almost the same value and have TDS about 365-370. as was seen, Durov graph in each graph, confirm results of analysis and Piper graph interpretations. So, results from this graph, confirm difference of water supply gathered from reservoir and drain water, tail water with big spring, mp1, mp2 water . For examining and showing of ability of water usage and also for showing hydro chemical connection and presenting of mix models, Scholer graph was drawn. Scholer graphs show clear waters with CA-Mg type. Important point in this graph is increasing sulphate ion in gathered samples from spring and also increasing cl ion in samples gathered from reservoir. it's possible to see clearly above point in all time of gathering sample. Stif and Radial graphs were drawn for all samples and all times of sampling. These graphs like other hydro chemical graphs, show differences, especially CL ion and sulphate in samples belong to spring and gathered samples from reservoir and rivers. As said before, hydrochemistry studies show clearly passing water from Gachsaran formation in spring field before entrance to Asmari formation. So hydrochemistry confirm results of studies in hydrology and it's connection with spring parameters. 2-3- study of hydrochemistry and hydrologic parameters one of the most effective hydrologic parameters for analyzing of spring parameters is the rain. Variation of raining was examined versus variation of turbidity and tail water. Based on area and drought and wet regims in recent years, rain variation graph of S. Abbaspour dam has been drawn (Fig .7). Conductivity parameter (EC) is one of the elements were examined in hydrochemistry studies. Adjustment of mp1, mp2 and big spring in field )5500( ± in graph of this entire studies span is clear. This parameter is evaluable with small decrease and unadjusted in reservoir & tail water. Variation of reservoir and tail water is similar to each other and as was said before, there is unadjusted with mp1, mp2 &big spring. Results of next years of this parameter are completely similar to 2002. Also, variation of EC, TDS and temperature in 2002 to 2006 were compared.

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It's clear that, this analysis will be determined with other parameters and track studies and watery regime of spring and dam reservoir and probable connection will be examined. Refer to special face of spring in the way, H.W., turbidity, conductivity and temperature in all exit point of big spring, mp1, mp2, dam reservoir and tail water were drawn and evaluated. Graphs that are below, present position of hydrochemistry and hydrological parameters for years 2002 to 2006.Fig.8 shows variations of H.W. in mp1, mp2 and tail water in 2002. This variations of elevation is from 372 to 373 so that, this variations are completely similar to each other and this adjustment is fully similar to variation of elevation in big spring. For example, variation of big spring is similar to fluctuation of 371 to 372 m. it's necessary to say, variation of elevation in mp1 and mp2 and big spring were similar to each other but there is not any proportion with reservoir and elevation in river or tail water. Variation of elevation in this period is 375. Elevations in 2003 are fully similar to 2002 and there is only about 1m falling especially in reservoir elevation that is belonging to reduction of raining. Results In 2004 and 2005 are similar to 2002. Another parameter is temperature. By viewing variation of temperature in above places and mentioned years, shows suitable adjusting between variations of temperature in mp1, mp2 and big spring with c220 ± . But variation of temperature with reservoir and tail water is different (variation after c3010 − ) Fig.9 in years 2003 to 2005 , we can see too. Third parameter is EC. Fig. no.10 shows full adjustment with mp1,mp2 and big spring ( )50500( ± . Variation of reservoir and tail water is similar to each other and there is not proportion with mp1,mp2 and big spring. Next years are fully similar to 2002. 4th parameter is turbidity. Variation of turbidity show 3 step of peak in mp1, mp2 and big spring that is fully similar to each other. Max peak is 400 PPM on apr.2002. There is not turbidity in reservoir and turbidity of tail water is coming from entrance of big spring ( Fig. no.11) on year 2003, only big peak on March and April can see in all vision except of reservoir from 100ppm in mp2 to 150ppm in mp1 and 350 PPM in big spring . In next years, there is not proportion between reservoir and tail water. Rain graph shows frequently peaks in Dec in watery year. Max peak in Dec 2002-2003 equals 350mm. usually turbidity peak is proportion with elevation increasing that means rain in field. Therefore can result: increasing of discharge with delay after increasing H.W. and starting turbidity, show that water stay in way from first point to exit point. 3- Results 1) in XRD test on samples, inside clay samples of Asmari formation ( abutment),clayey mineral , chlorite, montmorilonite and polygorskit were defined . According to polygorskit mineral is very sensitive structurally, and with small temperature variation and pressure, converts to other clay minerals, in short period, place could be reliable. 2) There is polygorskit mineral only in samples of Asmari formation and big spring. The results confirm exactly source of spring clay and denied hydraulic connection with reservoirs. 3) according to hydrochemical graphs includes Piper, Scholer,Durov, Stiff and radial, there is difference in sulphate ion and chlor between big spring , mp1,mp2 with reservoir and tail

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water. Its reason is in source of these waters. Water of big spring has more sulphate ion. This point cause's separation in samples belongs to spring in all period. That it is strong reason to confirm hydraulic disconnection between big spring and reservoir. 4) Examination of graph of head water variation in mp1, mp2 and exit point of Big Spring in all periods 2002 to 2006, show isotropic fluctuations, so, this fluctuation doesn't have any proportion with reservoir. 5) Examination of rain variation graph in S. Abbaspour station as a source station shows peaks in raining hydrograph with a travel time and created by a delay in exit point of spring, so show in influence of raining in spring field. 6) Variation of temperature graphs in mentioned years, show there is good proportion between variation of temperature in mp1, mp2& big spring( 2-20) , but this variations don't have adjustment with variation of temperature in reservoir and tail water )310( c− 7) Based on graphs, examination of EC parameter, show there is good proportion in mp1, mp2 &big spring. But this parameter had difficult variation in reservoir and tail water. 8) According to examination on turbidity variations show that peaks in mp1, mp2,big spring have a good proportion and there are not this peaks in exit point of reservoir and tail water. It's necessary to say, peaks of turbidity have a proportion with increasing H.W. and show rain in field. But in spring, increasing of discharge starts with a delay after increasing H.W. and turbidity that means period of water stay in the way from source to exit. 4-Acknowledgment We appreciate Mr. Shahroei, manager of research and standard of KWPA. 5- Refrences:

1-liquidation phenomenon and role of clays in spreading of Karst on operation of reserving dams, M.H Ghobadi , 5th congress of Iranian geological society,1380

2-Khak Zad, Ahmad, Ramazani, Gahandar, introducing to knowledge of materials by using Difrectometry of X-ray, Gahad Daneshgahi of shahid Beheshti university , 1368

fig.1: map of geology in limit of case study and dam position and fig.2:position of green spring related to lake and body of S. Abbaspour

Fig.1Fig.2

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Fig.3 : view of sample gathering in mp1 place, abutment of dam . fig.4: view of turbidity of green spring at exit point

Fig.5: sample of piper graph on Farvardin 84 . fig 6: sample of Durov .Farvardin 84

Fig.7: graph of raining variation on Shahid Abbaspour dam station

Fig.6Fig.5

Fig.3Fig.4

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Fig.8: variation of L.L in positions: reservoir, exit point , mp1,mp2,tail water ( year 2002) Fig.9: variation of temperature in positions: reservoir, exit point , mp1,mp2,tail water ( year 2002)

Fig.10: graph of variation of conductivity in selected positions (year 2002) Fig.11: graph of variation of turbidity in selected positions (year 2002)

WEEKLY WATER LEVEL ELVATION (m) 2002

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

JAN.0

5.20

02

JAN.1

9.20

02

FEB.2

.200

2

FEB.1

6.20

02

MAR.2

.200

2

MAR.1

6.20

02

MAR.3

0.20

02

APR.1

3.20

02

APR.2

7.20

02

MAY

.14.

2002

MAY

.25.

2002

JUN.0

8.20

02

JUN.2

2.20

02

JUL.

06.2

002

JUL.

20.2

002

AUG

.03.

2002

AUG

.17.

2002

AUG

.31.

2002

SEP.1

4.20

02

SEP.2

6.20

02

OCT.

06.2

002

OCT.

19.2

002

NO

V.0

2.20

02

NO

V.1

6.20

02

NO

V.3

0.20

02

DEC.1

4.20

02

DEC.2

8.20

02

DATE

ELEV

ATI

ON

480

490

500

510

520

530

RES

ERVO

IR

Big Spring MP 1MP 2SG 1T Water

Reservoir

WEEKLY TEMPERATURES(oC) 2002

10

15

20

25

30

35

JAN.0

5.20

02

JAN.1

9.20

02

FEB.2

.200

2

FEB.1

6.20

02

MAR

.2.2

002

MAR.1

6.20

02

MAR.3

0.20

02

APR.1

3.20

02

APR.2

7.20

02

MAY

.14.

2002

MAY

.25.

2002

JUN.0

8.20

02

JUN.2

2.20

02

JUL.

06.2

002

JUL.

20.2

002

AUG

.03.

2002

AUG

.17.

2002

AUG

.31.

2002

SEP.1

4.20

02

SEP.2

6.20

02

OC

T.06

.200

2

OC

T.19

.200

2

NO

V.0

2.20

02

NO

V.1

6.20

02

NO

V.3

0.20

02

DEC.1

4.20

02

DEC.2

8.20

02

DATE

TEM

P(oC

)

Big Spring T Water SG-1MP-1MP-2Reservoir

Fig Fig

WEEKLY TURBIDITY (ppm) 2002

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

JAN

.05.

2002

JAN

.17.

2002

JAN

.26.

2002

FEB

.09.

2002

FEB

.24.

2002

MA

R.1

6.20

02

MA

R.3

0.20

02

AP

R.1

3.20

02

AP

R.2

7.20

02

MA

Y.1

4.20

02

MA

Y.2

5.20

02

JUN

.08.

2002

JUN

.22.

2002

JUL.

06.2

002

JUL.

20.2

002

AU

G.0

3.20

02

AU

G.1

7.20

02

AU

G.3

1.20

02

SE

P.1

4.20

02

SE

P.2

6.20

02

OC

T.06

.200

2

OC

T.19

.200

2

NO

V.0

2.20

02

NO

V.1

6.20

02

NO

V.3

0.20

02

DE

C.1

4.20

02

DE

C.2

8.20

02

DATE

TUR

(ppm

)

Big Spring T Water SG-1MP-1MP-2Reservoir

WEEKLY CONDUCTIVITY(ms) 2002

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

JAN

.05.

2002

JAN

.19.

2002

FEB

.2.2

002

FEB

.16.

2002

MAR

.2.2

002

MAR

.16.

2002

MAR

.30.

2002

APR

.13.

2002

APR

.27.

2002

MAY

.14.

2002

MAY

.25.

2002

JUN

.08.

2002

JUN

.22.

2002

JUL.

06.2

002

JUL.

20.2

002

AUG

.03.

2002

AUG

.17.

2002

AUG

.31.

2002

SEP

.14.

2002

SEP

.26.

2002

OC

T.06

.200

2

OC

T.19

.200

2

NO

V.0

2.20

02

NO

V.1

6.20

02

NO

V.3

0.20

02

DEC

.14.

2002

DEC

.28.

2002

DATE

CO

N(m

s)

Big Spring T Water SG-1MP-1MP-2ReservoirFig.1

0Fig.1

1

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An Investigation the Results of ME-MS81D Tests on Clay Lenses of Asmari Formation

M. Nekouyanfar1 ; M.Azarpey2 ; A. Makvandi3

1 KWPA, Basic Studies Division, Email: [email protected]

2 Department of geology - Azad University of North Tehran [email protected] 3 KWPA, Email: [email protected]

Abstract One of the most common Analysis Methods of Major and Minor Elements in Rock and Sediment Samples is x-ray Fluorescence (XRF).The Most Important Limitation of This Method Is High Detection Limit In Normal Condition Is about 100 PPM. To Solve This Problem the More Developed Techniques with Lower Detection Limit Should Be Used. We Can Point To ICP-MS And ICP-AES Methods As Some Examples. In Order To Analyze Elements in Clay Lenses of ASMARI Formation Located In the Right Side Base IN SHAHID ABBASPOUR Dam‚ Sampling Was Performed and This Analysis‚ By ALSCHEMEX Laboratory Group‚ Was Send To Canada. In The Used Analysis Method That Is A Combination Method Called ME-MS81D‚ For The First Time 38 Trace Elements Using The ICP-MS And Also 14 Major and Minor Elements As Oxide Using The ICP-AES‚ Analyzed In The Range Of Study. Finally The Results Of These Experiments To Sedimentary Tracing Operations Of SABZAB Spring Located In the Right Side Base Of The Mentioned Dam Were Used And Also The Were Compared With Results Of XRD Experiments By Khuzestan Water & Power Authority‚ And Hydraulic relationship Of Spring With The Dam Reservoir Was Investigated. Key Word: XRF – XRD – ICPMS – ICPAES – Clay Lenses – Detection Limit. Introduction Sabzab Karstic spring is located at the right abutment of S. abbaspour dam. So a lot of studies have been done parallel with the dam structural studies. Changes in turbidity of the Karstic spring have made this question that, is this turbidity because of the relationship between the spring and dam reservoir or because of physical erosion of right abutment or is that related with the spring basin. Every one of these factors can be important in making danger for dam stability. For answering these questions the spring should be detected. To receive this purpose different methods and different kinds of tracers can be used. Tracers can be divided in different groups based on measurement methods such as Isotope tracers, color measuring tracers and sediment tracers. In this study sediment tracers have been used. In this method at the first step XRF experiments should come off with the samples. And hydraulic relationship between spring and reservoir was characterized after comparing the results of experiments and interpreting the Clay samples of Asmari formation with the other samples in sediment tracing experiments. Geographical situation of studied field S. Abbaspour dam is one of the largest concrete dams in Iran that is located at the southwest of Iran in Khuzestan state. It is located as 210Km far from northeast of Ahwaz and 55Km

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from northeast of Msjed Soleman and 490Km from Stuary of Karun river in a place called Bard Ghomchi of Andika division on Karun river. S. Abbaspour dam is built on the Asmari formation at the south crest of Kamarun anticline as the SABZ AB Karstic spring with UTM of 360000 to 385000 ME and 3535000 to 3560000 MN and 10 CMS discharge is situated at the right abutment of dam. The studying field is related to Ahwaz by the Ahwaz-Masjed Soleyman asphalt road and it is 190Km far from Ahwaz. Geology of studying field The studying field is located on the Komaroun anticline and this anticline is situated on one of the main Geological and structural units of Iran called Zagros zone. This zone is consist of complex of anticlines and centerlines. In the Komaroun anticline there are of different formations made of Carbonate, Marl, subversion and evaporation. These formations are related since Saint Oligocene to present age and they are consist of Asmaei, Gachsaran, Mishan, Aghajari, Lahberi, Bakhtyari konglomera and present Hypothesis according to age. Based on studies right abutment of dam is located on the Asmari formation and SABZ AB spring basin is situated on the Aghajari and Gachsaran formations. Morphology of the zone is depended on structure and lithology. Asmary formation is consist of cream and brown layers. There are hursh and swell stones in this formation and it forms hard parts of Zagros zone(Darvishzadeh,1370). Gachsaran and Aghajari formations unlike Asmari formation form the low elevation parts of Komaroun anticline. Methods Now adays geochemical analysis methods have been progressed for studying (Adabi1383). One of these methods is to separation the formations(Abarghani ،1379 ؛ Adabi& Abarghani 1380),separation the formation borders (Adabi & Mirab shabestari,1380)) 1992 ٫ Derry et al. ؛ 1992 ٫ Brasier et al. 1995 ؛ ٫ Kaufman and Knoll 1995 ؛ ٫ Iyer et al. 1997؛ ٫ Adabi). Totally 9 samples where taken from SABZ AB sediment, dam reservoir, right abutment of dam(asmary formation) and the spring basin(Gachsaran and Aghajari formations) and finally 6 samples where selected for experiments. Before the experiments, samples where under the preparation process such as drying, jabbing, dividing, softening and sieving. Selected method for this research is a compilational method which is called ME-MS81D. In this complex method which is used by ALSCHEMEX laboratory group in Canada, there are two steps of analysis on the samples. At the first step 38 rare elements based on PPM by using ICP-MS and at the second step 14 main and secondary elements in case of oxide based on percent by using ICP-AES will be analyzed. After preparation, the results for different samples will be analyzed (Table1) and finally based on existed information, source of turbidity of SABZ AB spring will be characterized. Results and suggestions According to the results amount of analyzed elements and oxides in the sample of abutment is more than same factors in the sample of spring basin and they are more than same factors in the sample of spring. This situation can be analyzed as sediment in the basin (Gachsaran and Aghajari formations) enters the SABZ AB spring at the upstream from underground canals

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and small springs and this turbid water depended on the slow slope moves to downstream (abutment). There is an unanimity between results of XRD experiments and analysis of this research. Based on XRD experiments abutment is the source of turbidity and in the analysis of this research a complex of spring basin and abutment as a connected system is the main proof of turbidity. Special thanks There are special thank with Khuzestan water & power authority and Research and standards of dam and power plant management. Reference

- Adabi, M.H., 1996 Sedimentology and geochemistry of upper Jurassic (Iran) and precambrian (Tasmania) carbonates.Unpubl. ph.D. Thesis, Uni. Tasmania, Australia, 400 p.

- Adabi, M.H., 1997 Application of carbon isotope Chemostratigraphy to the Renison dolomites(Tasmania, Australia): a neoproterozoic age: Australian. Jour. Earth Sci., v. 44, no. 3, p. 767-775.

- Adabi, M.H. and Rao, C.P., 1991, Petrographic and geochemical evidence for original aragonitic mineralogy of upper Jurassic carbonates ( mozduran Formation), Sarakhs area, Iran: Sed. Geology, v. 72, p. 253-267.

- Adabi, M.H. and Rao, C.P., 1996, petrographic, elemental and isotopic criteria for the recognition of carbonate mineralogy and climates during the Jurassic(e.g. from Iran and England ) 13Th geol. Conv. Australia,(abst.),p. 6

- Brasier, M. D.,Anderson, M.M. and Corfield, R.M., 1992 , Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of early Cambrian carbonates in southeastern newfounland and England : geol.Magazine.,v. 129 , p. 265-279.

- Derry, L.A., Kaufman, A.J., Jacobsen, S.B., 1992, Sedimentary cycling and environmental change in the late Proterozoic: evidence from stable and radiogenic isotopes: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 56, p. 1317-1329.

- Iyer, S.S., Babinski, M., Krouse, H.R. and Chemale, Jr.F. 1995, highly 13C-inriched carbonate and organic matter in the neoproterozoic sediments of the Bambud Group, Brazil: Precambrian Res., v. 73, p. 271-282.

-Kaufman, A.J., Knoll, A.H., 1995, Neoproterozoic variation in the C- isotopic composition of seawater: stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications, Precambrian Res., v. 73, p. 27-49.

- Rao, C.P., 1991, Geochemical differences between subtropical (Ordovician), temprate (Recent and Pleistocene) and subpoular (Permian) carbonates, Tasmania, Australia: Carbonates and Evaporates, v. 6, p. 83-106

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Table1-Results of analysis of samples by ME-MS81D

Samples Samples SABZ Ab

spring Dam

reservoir Dam

abutment

Elements & Oxides SABZ Ab

spring Dam reservoir

Dam abutment

Elements & Oxides

0.5 0.5 0.8 Ta <1 <1 <1 Ag 0.39 0.38 0.60 Tb 232 198.5 164.0 Ba 3.98 4.04 6.12 Th 27.3 28.0 41.3 Ce <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Ti 13.4 13.5 12.6 Co 0.20 0.20 0.31 Tm 150 160 310 Cr 2.52 2.47 3.77 U 4.60 5.29 9.90 Cs 81 88 93 V 54 36 34 Cu 1 2 2 W 2.23 2.28 3.65 Dy

12.9 13.3 20.1 Y 1.35 1.42 2.22 Er 1.18 1.26 1.99 Yb 0.64 0.69 0.98 Eu 152 71 81 Zn 7.0 7.8 10.1 Ga 91 89 223 Zr 2.72 2.76 4.19 Gd

22.4 26.8 39.7 Sio2 2.6 2.4 6.3 Hf 5.46 6.04 7.92 Al2o3 0.47 0.47 0.69 Ho 3.77 3.41 3.45 Fe2o3 13.7 14.6 20.8 La 30.6 27.6 15.58 Cao 0.21 0.20 0.32 Lu 5.09 5.07 7.44 Mgo 2 2 2 Mo 0.32 0.35 0.67 Na2o 6.4 6.9 10.3 Nb 0.99 1.10 1.78 K2o 12.0 12.1 18.0 Nd 0.02 0.02 0.05 Cr2o3 76 81 87 Ni 0.37 0.39 0.59 Tio2 38 26 11 Pb 0.19 0.17 0.06 Mno 3.15 3.30 4.78 Pr 0.13 0.13 0.19 P2o5 33.7 37.4 52.6 Rb 0.11 0.06 0.03 Sro 2.45 2.35 3.45 Sm 0.02 0.02 0.02 Bao 2 1 2 Sn 30.9 28.7 22.3 Loi 864 508 222 Sr

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Picture1- percent of elements and oxide in different samples

Picture2- Proccess of abutment,spring, reservoir and basin in uranium

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Statistical evidence of REE distribution and effective factors in groundwater of former uranium mining site, eastern Thuringia, Germany

Anahita Pourjabbar1, Anja Grawunder1, Martin Lonschinski1, Dirk Merten1, Jürgen W. Einax2, Georg Büchel1

Address: Friedrich-Schiller-University, Institute of Geoscience, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany Tel: +49 3641 948 618

E-mail address: [email protected] 1: Friedrich-Schiller-University, Institute of Geoscience, Jena, Germany

2: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany

Abstract Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) caused by mining activities is a serious problem influencing the environment. Often the existence of numerous datasets from a study site makes statistical analysis a helpful and necessary tool for evaluation. In this study, multivariate analyses including multivariate outlier detection and image analysis have been used for 174 groundwater samples taken at the test site Gessenwiese in the former uranium mining area of Ronneburg to define the metal distribution and their effective factors. The gained results will be helpful to interpret the geochemical processes. Even 20 years after stopping the leaching operations, the groundwater is still in acidic range (pH 3.2 5.4) and highly mineralized. The highest metal concentrations were measured for Al, Co, Mn, and Ni. A special focus of this work is laid on rare earth element (REE) distribution in the contaminated groundwater, reaching concentrations of up to 8.15 mg/l. Their distribution in the groundwater is mainly controlled by pH value and geology. Decreasing in pH generally causes higher metals mobility. The relation between Al, Fe and REE is more indirectly coupled with pH. Especially HREE show similar behavior to Al. Furthermore, the result got by multivariate outlier detection shows the different data structure based on geology and emphasizes the geology effect. Samples in the sandy, southern part have lower concentration of metals than the samples in the silty central and northern part of the test site. Key words: Multivariate statistics, groundwater, heavy metals, REE 1. Introduction The former uranium mine district in Eastern Thuringia and Saxony, Germany with more than 220,000 tons of uranium mining, was the third-largest uranium producer in the world (Jakubick et al., 2002; Lange, 1995). Mining activities started in 1949 and closed in 1990. The remnants of the mining included a large open pit mine, an underground mining system, and waste rock piles in which acid mine drainage (AMD) occurred (Wismut, 1994). Due to this process, surface water, seepage water and groundwater are highly mineralized with an acidic pH and have been contaminated by heavy metals including uranium and rare earth elements (REE) (Merten et al 2005). Hence, in 2004 the test field “Gessenwiese” was created in this region with the aim of improving remediation strategies for heavy metals contaminated area (Carlsson, Büchel, 2005; Büchel, G. et al, 2005) This paper studies about the heavy metals distribution in groundwater and the effective factors in the test field with special emphasis on REE. The unique attraction of using REE to solve the geochemical problems is that they form the coherent group of trace metals whose

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properties change systematically across the series. REE comprise the coherent group of La to Lu that is often grouped into the light REE (LREE: La to Nd), middle REE (MREE: Sm to Dy) and heavy REE (HREE: Ho to Lu). In general, REE concentrations in AMD influenced areas are significantly higher (Bozau et al., 2004; Merten et al., 2005) than in areas not influenced by AMD. Thus, acidic environments as the test site Gessenwiese are suitable for studying the behavior of REE in the system soil-water. In general, effective factors on REE concentration are e.g. the composition of the host rocks in the source region, pH and hydrochemical composition of the water, especially possible interactions with metals as Al, Mn and Fe that can occur as important (hydr)oxides in AMD influenced areas. Most of the problems in REE studies involve complex and interacting factors, which are impossible to isolate and study individually. In such situation, multivariate analyses are helpful tools, since they place the objects into more or less homogeneous groups revealing the relation between the groups. Multivariate outlier detection and image analyses have been used to define the relation between REE and other elements such as Al, Cu, Fe, Th, U and Y, but also pH. Since samples were taken in different seasons, also the seasonal effect on metal concentrations was studied. 2. Geology Setting The test site was installed in Quaternary sediments with at least 10 m thickness, comprising four units: (1) a graded bedding of silty and gravelly sand at the base and sand at the top, (2) silt, (3) clayey silt/ warved clay and finally an allochthonic soil material added to the area during remediation. The southern test site is dominated by unit (1); the middle test site by unit (2) and to a certain extent (3) since the clayey material occurs embedded in the silt. The north again is sandy, but this sand has a higher proportion of silt (Fig. 1) (Grawunder et al., 2009). The sand in the north and the silty material in the middle test site are connected within a facial interlocking, while the sand in the south appears more as an overlying unit. The distributive province was expected to be limno-fluvial. Below the Quaternary sediments, Paleozoic rocks of Ordovician to Devonian age can be found. 3. Sampling and Data Set In total, 174 groundwater samples were taken from 33 groundwater measuring points (Fig.2) between December 2004 and September 2008. The parameters pH, Eh, temperature and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined in situ, using portable instruments pH320, LF320 and an external thermocouple (WTW). Samples for anions (except for ) and elements (cations) were filtered to 0.45 µm using glass fiber profilers and cellulose acetate filters (both Sartorius). Then, water samples for cation analysis were acidified with HNO3 (65%, subboiled) to pH < 2. All samples were stored at 6°C until analysis. was analyzed at day of sampling by titration (Titrino 716 DM, Metrohm). , and SO4

2- concentration were determined by ion chromatography (DX-120, Dionex). The elements Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn and Na were measured using inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Spectroflame, Spectro), whereas Cu, Mn, , Th, U, Y, Zn and REE were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS ; PQ3-S, Thermo Elemental until 2007, then X-Series II, ThermoFisher Scientific).

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To compare the seasonal effect on REE behavior and distribution, samples were separated into four data sets as April, May, September and December. In this way, statistical analyses have been done in all data sets to identify the probable role of seasonal factors. 4. Material and Methods 4.1. Outlier Data An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a population. Outlier data in a data set are usually related to contamination or elements anomalies, and contain important information. In this study function “symbol.plot” from “mvoutlier” library by Filzmoser (2005) in R environment has been used. This function is a multivariate technique which defines the observations which have different structures. This function is based on robust Mahalanobis distance (MD), minimum covariance determinant (MCD) estimator and adjusted quintile (Filzmoser , 2005; Bernholt, 2004). The outcome is a numerical matrix that reports the MD of the observations and the MD value which is the criteria to recognize the outliers. The samples that have a MD higher than the criteria are defined as outliers. In this case the outliers are not only the data which are very high or low in relation with the other data, but their shape and structure are different (Filzmoser, 2005). 4.2. Image Analysis Image analysis is a visual display of cluster analysis. The outcome of cluster analysis which is shown by a dendrogram in many publications reveals data structures, but it allows no interpretation of the observed patterns in the term of the original variables. Image analysis is a 2- dimensional color scale image which shows the clustered samples and variables. The horizontal axis in the sorted samples and vertical axis is sorted variables. Data sorting has been done based on the Q mode (samples) clustering and R mode (variables) clustering. Hence, the resulting image has a smooth appearance, since the neighbor cells are ordered according to their similarity (Smolinski et al 2002). 5. Results and discussion For groundwater of the test site Gessenwiese an Mg-(Ca)-SO4

2- -water type in acidic range (pH 3.2-5.4) with high mineralization was found. The Eh was in oxic range. Highest metal concentrations were measured for Al (0.2-308 mg/l), Co (0.1-20.1 mg/l), Mn (51.2-705 mg/l), Ni (1-56 mg/l) and REE (8.15 mg/l). Fe was below the detection limit for most measuring points and reached hotspot like highest concentration in GTF 25 with 180 mg/l. The U concentrations are in the range of 0.2-3411 µg/l. REE spatial distribution is heterogeneous. The highest concentration of REE occurred in sample GTF16 (8150 µg/l), and the lowest concentration was measured in GTF7 (11 µg/l). Generally, the sampling points GTF11, 16, and 25, have the maximum REE concentrations in the sampling period. These samples are located in the middle to northern part of the test field. The minimum REE concentrations are found in the southern part in GTF7, 9, and 22. The spatial distributions are similar in different data sets which are based on sampling date.

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Applied multistatistical methods were helpful to find the data structure and similarities between the samples and the elements to interpret the effective factors controlling REE distribution. Generally, multivariate outliers showing two data structures: group 1: GTF 7, 8, 9, 19, 20 and 21; and group 2: GTF 2, 5, 12 and 13. The main factors that split these data into two groups are the element concentration and the sediments distribution in the studied area. The minimum of REE Al, Cu, Fe, Th, U and Y are mostly found in the samples of group 1. These samples are mainly covered by sand. However, samples in group 2 contain the average concentration of the elements. Group 2 comprises measuring points in the central to northern test site which are dominated by facial interlocking. Probably, geology (and with it hydrogeological factors) play an important role in element concentration. Based on the image analysis, there are meaningful similarities between REE and other metals as Al, Cu, U and Y (Fig. 3). HREE and MREE have great similarities with Al and Y, while the LREE are more similar with Cu. Already Marmolejo-Rodríguez et al. (2007) described a relation between HREE and Al for a river-estruary system. Furthermore, they found a higher affinity of LREE with Fe. Unfortunately, Fe was below detection limit in 17% of groundwater samples of the test site Gessenwiese and shows weakly similarity with HREE. Al as well as Fe can form various (hydr)oxides known to be good scavangers for REE or metals in general due to sorption or (co)precipitation (e.g. Bau, 1999). Also pH-dependant (de)sorption to clay minerals that enrich especially HREE (e.g. Coppin et al., 2002) might play a role especially in the central test site. The element distribution in all data sets is similar and more relate to the sampling location. However, the role of pH is obvious. The pH value decreasing below 4.5 causes increase in REE concentration. Since the metals Al, Cu, Fe, Th, U and Y behave similar to REE, they also show inverse relation with pH. 6. Conclusion Applied multistatistical methods are a helpful tool for identification of data structure and similarities between samples or elements allowing interpretation of effective factors controlling metal distribution. In case of the investigation area, the range of element concentrations does not show any emphasis on seasonal influence. The groundwater is even 20 years after leaching in acidic range and enriched especially in Al, Co, Mn, and Ni. REE concentrations reached maximal concentration of 8.15 mg/l. Generally, their concentration increases more strongly below pH 4.5, whereas HREE mobility depends slightly stronger on pH. Furthermore, HREE behave similar to Al, U and Y. Outlier analysis indicated that especially the measuring points in the sand-dominated south differ resulting from different geological properties. References

Bau, M., 1999. Scavenging of dissolved yttrium and rare earths by precipitating iron oxyhydroxide: Experimental evidence for Ce oxidation, Y-Ho fractionation, and lanthanide tetrad effect. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1(63): 67-77

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Bernholt, T., Fischer, Paul, 2004. The Complexity of Computing the MCD-Estimator. 10/2004; SFB 475, University of Dortmund

Bozau, E., Leblanc, M., Seidel, J.L. and Stark, H.J., 2004. Light rare earth elements enrichment in an acidic mine lake (Lusatia, Germany). Applied Geochemistry, 19(3): -271

Carlsson, E. and Büchel, G., 2005. Screening of residual contamination at a former uranium heap leaching site, Thuringia, Germany. Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry, 65: 75-95.

Coppin, F., Berger, G., Bauer, A., Castet, S. and Loubet, M., 2002. Sorption of lanthanides on smectite and kaolinite. Chemical Geology, 182(1): 57-68

Filzmoser, P., Garrett, R.G. and Reimann, C., 2005. Multivariate outlier detection in exploration geochemistry. Computers & Geosciences, 31(5): 579-587

Grawunder, A., Lonschinski, M., Merten, D. and Büchel, G., 2009. Distribution and bonding of residual contamination in glacial sediments at the former uranium mining leaching heap of Gessen/Thuringia. Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry, 69: 5-19.

Jakubick, A., Jenk, U. and Kahnt, R., 2002. Modelling of mine flooding and consequences in the mine hydrogeological environment: flooding of the Koenigstein mine, Germany. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, 42(2): 222-234.

Lange, G., 1995. Die Uranlagerstätte Ronneburg, Zeitschr. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 23: 517-526.

Marmolejo-Rodríguez et al. (2007)Rare earth elements in iron oxy−hydroxide rich sediments from the

Marabasco River-Estuary System (pacific coast of Mexico), REE affinity with iron and aluminium.

Merten, D., Geletneky, J., Bergmann, H., Haferburg, G., Kothe, E. and Buchel, G., 2005. Rare earth element patterns: A tool for understanding processes in remediation of acid mine drainage. Chemie der Erde, 65: 97-114

Smolinski, A., Walczak, B. and Einax, J.W., 2002. Hierarchical clustering extended with visual complements of environmental data set. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 64(1): 45-54.

Wismut, 1994. Sanierungskonzept Standort Ronneburg.-Stand Dezember 1994, Chemnitz, Germany

Büchel, G., Bergmann, H., Ebenå, G. and Kothe, E., 2005. Geomicrobiology in remediation of mine waste. Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry, 65(Supplement 1): 1-5.

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Fig. 3: Image Analysis, the x axis sorted by Q mode clustering and Y axis sorted by R mode clustering

Fig. 1: Sediment distribution in the test field (Grawunder et al., 2009)

Fig. 2: Sampling location in studied area

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Present a Proper Pattern for Choose Best Electrode Array Based on Geological Structure Investigating in Geoelectrical Tomography, in order

to Get the Highest Resolution Image of the Subsurface

Hamed Aber 1:

Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch, Tehran, Iran

Mir Sattar Meshin chi asl 2:

Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract Each electrode array applicable for electrical tomography of subsurface has some merits and demerits, and so selection of each array is based on the situation of data acquisition, background noise level, and target geological structure (in other word, electrical specification of structure, and shape of disturbing body), because resolving power and depth of penetration of each electrode array are different in various geological structures. By exact study on behavior and specifications of each array, we can estimate that in each geological structure, which electrode arrays have high accuracy in detection of anomalous bodies, and which one doesn’t. By the way, to safe interpretation of data, we require to have complete knowledge on resolving power and noise sensitivity of each individual array. In this research, by numerical modeling we analyzed behavior of seven electrode arrays which are popular in geoelectrical surveys, consisting: Pole-Pole, Pole-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole, Wenner Alpha, Schlumberger, Wenner Beta, and Half Wenner. We investigated these arrays on the four geological models, which simulating buried channel, thin conductive dyke, thin resistive dyke, dipping blocks. These synthetic models represent various kinds of geological structures. Finally the results of this research are as follows in brief: (1) WN, WB arrays have less noise contamination than other arrays, although their low noise rate couldn’t produce high resolution image. (2) The sequence of Arrays DD, PD, SC (although Schlumberger has some edge effects) yield best resolution image than others, and consequently these electrode arrays is highly recommended for accomplishing of geoelectrical tomography. However, the final choice of electrode array will be done with considering geology of target structure, field remarks and logistical considerations. Introduction Technique of DC electrical resistivity surveying, is a method of investigating of subsurface, that is widely used in groundwater exploration, civil engineering, mining exploration, investigating of Archeology sites , and more other targets. This technique is very popular, because of its simple physical background, using some systems with not very complicated design. Traditional resistivity surveying methods are resistivity sounding method (VES), and resistivity profiling method (HES), which are one- dimensional methods, and they probe the subsurface, in only one dimension, vertical or horizontal. The novel methods of resistivity sounding, is 2d or 3d. In 3d method, we require too many numbers of observed data, in order to get volumetric image of the earth. According to, the 3d method is very time consumer, and

1 Address: Department of Geophysics, Faculty of basic sciences, Science and Research branch of Tehran, Islamic Azad University. Cell Phone: 09141212495. Email: [email protected] 2 Address: Department of Geophysics, Faculty of basic sciences, Science and Research branch of Tehran, Islamic Azad University.

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expensive through the high amount of observed data, so, 2d method, in other words, 2d electrical tomography method, is best choice for having agreement between surveying costs and precision of the information we are gathering. In the past years, good developments have been done in computerized methods of modeling and inversion routines, and have been produced some efficient softwares as well as new developments in data acquisition systems for execute geoelectrical tomography surveys in exact and rapid manner. In the past years several electrode arrays, have been used in geoelectrical surveys, but the arrays we introduced in figure 1, are more commonly used in various aspects of geoelectrical tomography usage. They are Wenner (WN), Wenner beta (WB), Pole-Pole (PP), Pole-Dipole(PD), Dipole-Dipole(DD), Schlumberger (SC), and Half Wenner (HW). WB is a special case of DD and WN is a special case of SC, [1], [2], [3]. Each electrode array, have its own limitations and advantages in field operation and interpretation capabilities. From tomography point of view, there might be different abilities for these arrays, when they are applied to different geological structures, differences in tendency to produce untrue realistic structures in the resultant model. Differences in sensitivity to background noise, signal to noise ratio, and anomaly effect, differences in interpretable maximum depth of investigation, and finally, differences in resolution of the images reconstructed in geoelectrical tomography. There have been some investigations about mentioned differences of the arrays. For example, Sasaki at 1992 synthetically compared the resolution of cross-hole resistivity tomography using PP, PD and DD arrays [4]. He suggested that DD surveying, when the instrument accuracy is high, is more suitable for resolving complex structures than the PP array, and that PD may present a good compromise between resolution and signal strength. Oldenburg and Li at 1999, analyzed the ‘depth of investigation’, observed the different depths of penetration achieved by PP, PD and DD arrays in the inverted models [5]. Dahlin and Loke at 1998, and Olayinka and Yaramanci at 2000, respectively, examined the imaging resolution and reliability of WN array [6], [7]. In order to obtain a reliable high-resolution image, the electrode array used, should ideally give data with the maximum anomaly information, reasonable data coverage and a high signal-to-noise ratio. From figure 1, we can see that, except for WN, WB and PP, the arrays have many combinations of the parameters a, and n which can be adapted depending on the required spatial resolution, penetration depth and background noise at a field site. Parameter a, is minimum electrode spacing, and parameter n, is array expanding factor, [8]. In general, a larger spacing a, and larger n gives relatively information about the deeper parts of earth’s structure, while a small spacing a, or small n may offer relatively good horizontal resolution for the shallower sections of the ground. We investigated behavior of mentioned electrode arrays by numerical modeling and inversion scheme, via getting geoelectrical images from four structure models, which simulate various geological situations in practice. Also we compared level of noise contamination between mentioned electrode arrays. Simulated Geological Structures We designed four geological models (see fig. 2), in order to investigate the behavior of electrode arrays. These models represent various geological situations in real works. The first model simulates a buried channel of coarse-grained sediments, and geologically, this model

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simulating an old river in clayed environment with covering of sediments (fig. 2a). That consists of a 2.5 m thick upper layer of resistivity 70 Ωm which is decreases its diameter in the right hand. This upper layer overlaid on the main layer of resistivity 30 Ωm, which is implanted a trapezoidal structure of resistivity 200 Ωm inside it, with maximum depth of 11 meters. The second model is a narrow resistive dyke with an overburden (fig. 3b). It consists of 2 meter wide vertical dyke of resistivity 300 Ωm in a low resistivity environment (50 Ωm) with a 2.5 meters thick overburden of resistivity 200 Ωm. This model geologically, simulates a resistive intrusive dyke in sedimentary rocks, with cover of sediments. The third model is a narrow conductive dyke with an overburden (fig. 3b). It consists of 2 meter wide vertical dyke of resistivity 50 Ωm in a high resistivity environment (1000 Ωm) with a 2.5 meters thick overburden of resistivity 200 Ωm. This model simulates a fractured or weathered zone in crystalline rocks, with cover of sediments. The last model (fig. 3c) is some dipping blocks of different width, under a covering layer of 200 Ωm. Resistivity of sequence of dipping blocks are 100 , 300 Ωm alternatively. This model simulates a tilted sequence of sedimentary rocks under a layer of till or coarse-grained sediments. Noise Sensitivity of electrode arrays The actual errors that our data encounter with them in a real geoelectrical work are combination of observation errors, as well as modeling errors due to 2d modeling of 3d earth, anisotropy, limitations of forward modeling, and non-linearity of inverse problem. Among mentioned forms of errors, we analyzed observational errors which are produced when we are observing electrical potential because background noise is in same kind of observing potential. As each array has different sensitivity to potential, so noise sensitivity of each array will be different, and each groups of data that every array is producing, will be contaminated by different noise level. After study on behavior of potential observing errors, it has been realized that as observed potential amplitude decrease, degree of noise contamination of data will increase by a power, as follows: β= (c1 / U) c2 where β denotes percentage of absolute relative error of observed potential; U is potential readings; and c1 , c2 are positive constants that depends on data acquisition place and time. Consequently, resulted noisy data will be as follows: Noisy data = U(1+R)β/100 where U denote potential readings; R is a random number. By assigning different values for c1, c2 we can simulate different noise levels, [9]. Figure 3 is an instant for different levels of noise contamination of each array data which has been simulated over conductive dyke model. We can see that, as potential amplitudes decrease, noise value increases. Also from this example, from point of view of noise contamination, we can categorize the arrays in a descending order of being noisy, as follows: DD, PD, WB, HW, SC, PP, and WN. At this study, we added 20 percent synthetic random noise to raw potential data which has been produced with forward modeling package was developed in MATLAB. Electrical tomography surveys over defined geological models We produced observed data for every electrode arrays over four defined geological structure models, via adding random noise to raw data which had been obtained by forwards modeling package. Then all of data inverted by RES2DINV inversion package and used smoothness-constraint least square inversion method to invert data, [10]. Figure 4 represents models of buried channel (first structure), that obtained from inversion of synthetic data gathered over mentioned structure. Data of each individual array has different rate of noise contamination

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as, it varies from 10.6 % noise level for WN, up to 19.4% noise level for DD array. Relatively, we can categorize arrays in terms of their yielded resolution of image gathered from buried channel model in descending order, as follows: PD, HW, DD, SC, WN, PP, and WB, where end of sequence has very low resolution. It can be seen that, although relatively low noise contamination of WN and SC, but they yield relative low resolution image than PD, DD and HW. Also in DD, because of its very high level of noise, appears some low resistive zone in the bottom of inverted model. Figure 5 shows inverted models for thin resistive dyke (second structure) obtained via our seven arrays. At this group of models, noise contamination rate is lower than other structures also similar to last group, WN array owns minimum noise level of 4.8%, and DD has maximum noise level 8.6%. PP and HW arrays have poorly resolved the geometry of the dyke, than other arrays. Maximum resolution of image is for DD and PD arrays. WN, SC and WB have mediocre resolution. Consequently, we can categorize these arrays in terms of their resolution in descending order: DD, PD, SC, WN, WB, HW, and PP. In figure 6 we see inversion results for each seven array data over thin conductive dyke. In this structure, noise level is higher than resistive dyke. Same as other structures, WN has minimum noise (12.8%), and DD has maximum noise level (24.4%). PP has failed because it has very low resolution, and it cannot show width of the dyke correctly as well as upper layer. Also SC and WN have relatively poor resolution at showing upper layer. DD, PD and WB have good resolution in resolving both of dyke and upper layer. So we can categorize arrays in following sequence, that the array at end of list has poor resolution: DD, PD, HW, WB, SC, WN, and PP. Inverted models of last structure (dipping blocks of sedimentary rocks), has been shown in figure 6. Arrays of DD and PD although have high noise level, but they represent good resolution, that dipping of blocks can be recognized in image. Also there are some artifacts in their image, that they can be result of high noise degree. SC and WN have lower resolution than DD and PD, also resolution of SC is better than WN; however SC has some edge distortion. WB array didn’t give good image, that dipping blocks could not be identified. Also PP array give poor resolution, as resistivity of blocks was poorly identified, but there are very little artifacts in the image instead. HW is better than SC, WN and WB. We can categorize the arrays in descending order as follows: DD, PD, HW, SC, WN, PP, and WB. Conclusion As we see in this research, every electrode arrays has different sensitivity to measure potential. Naturally, each one that is more sensitive will be more contaminated with potential dependent noise. In other word, electrode arrays noise contamination is born of their sensitivity to potential measuring power. Also, we see that in some arrays such as WN and SC, vertical resolution is dominated to lateral resolution. In some other arrays such as DD and PD, vertical resolution is dominated to lateral resolution. Consequently we must consider this fact before choosing electrode array, depends on geological target of geoelectrical survey. By the way, every array have differences in resolving power, anomaly effect and level of noise contamination (in other words signal to noise ratio). So we must truly know each electrode array in order to choose best array according to geological target and field site considerations. At this research we realized that low degree of noise, or high anomaly effect of some arrays, necessarily doesn’t coincide with high resolution image. Majorly, DD and PD arrays are most contaminated with noise than others, and WN and WB are least contaminated than other arrays. Finally, we recommend in sequent DD, PD and SC arrays for using in 2d geoelectrical

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tomography surveys because of their good resolution of image, however DD and PP have high noise level, and SC has some edge effects. But we must attention that final choice of electrode arrays must be with regarding of target geological structure, type of information we look for, background noise, and our facilities and field situation and logistics. Acknowledgement This research has done by financial supporting of Applied Research Center of Iran Water Resource Management Company. References

[1] Dahlin T., 1996, 2D Resistivity surveying for environmental and engineering applications. First Break 14, 275–283.

[2] Chambers J., Ogilvy R., Meldrum P. and Nissen J. 1999. 3D resistivity imaging of buried oil-and tar-contaminated waste deposits. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 4, 3–15.

[3] Storz H., Storz W. and Jacobs F., 2000, Electrical resistivity tomography to investigate geological structures of the earth’s upper crust. Geophysical Prospecting 48, 455–471.

[4] Sasaki Y. 1992. Resolution of resistivity tomography inferred from numerical simulation. Geophysical Prospecting 40, 453–463.

[5] Oldenburg D.W. and Li Y.G. 1999. Estimating depth of investigation in dc resistivity and IP surveys. Geophysics 64, 403–416.

[6] Dahlin T. and Loke M.H. 1998, Resolution of 2D Wenner resistivity imaging as assessed by numerical modeling. Journal of Applied Geophysics 38, 237–249.

[7] Olayinka A., and Yaramanci U., 2000, Assessment of the reliability of 2D inversion of apparent resistivity data. Geophysical Prospecting 48, 293–316.

[8] Loke M.H., 2004. Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D electrical imaging surveys.

[9] Zhou B. and Dahlin T., 2003, Properties and effects of measurement errors on 2D resistivity imaging, Near Surface Geophysics 1, 105–117.

[10] Loke M.H., and Dahlin T., 2002, Comparison of the Gauss-Newton and quasi-Newton methods in resistivity imaging inversion, Journal of Applied Geophysics 49, 149–162.

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Appendixes:Figures

Figure 1: Common electrode arrays used in geoelectrical surveys, and their geometric factors. a is minimum electrode spacing (dipole length), n is dipole separation factor (array expansion factor). C1, C2 are positive and negative current electrodes, P1, P2 are potential electrodes.

Figure 2: Synthetic geological structures consist of buried channel, conductive and resistive dyke, and sequence of dipping blocks.

Figure 3: Level of noise contamination of each electrode array data over conductive dyke model.

Figure 4: inverted models obtained from inversion of synthetic data gathered over buried channel structure.

Figure 5: inverted models produced for thin resistive dyke, through inversion of data of each array.

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Figure 6: inversion results of seven electrode arrays data gathered on conductive dyke model.

Figure 7: inversion results of used arrays data over model of dipping blocks.

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Geotourism look and create the need to Geo Park Dylaman

Helaleh Nategheh [email protected] 09119306896 Institute Sabzkaran Guilan

Leila zamani [email protected] 09356518262 Institute Sabzkaran Guilan

Parvin Vagharinia [email protected] 0911820432 Institute Sabzkaran Guilan

Abstract Limited area of study is 36 degrees 11 minutes and 39 degrees 31 minutes north latitude and 49 degrees 4 minutes and 51 degrees 10 minutes East Longitude , The double climate Consists dry and wet, in Dylaman with repeated phenomena and the diversity of geological phenomena in this range lands perimeter and similar environments has different levels of Guilan. There is a phenomenon such as: China Team, karstic limestone areas with existing cave forms, erosion, and a waterfall in the region of the fault, and make lives of salient and abandoned mines in operation in various lead and zinc, coal and compelling look bentonit Geo Tourism adds to the region, Geo Park could start in this area must be examined. Attractions historic, artistic and cultural development of the region as Geo Park adds.In addition to this article on the Geotourism look at the study area mentioned phenomena, especially calcareous areas, power lead and zinc mining and coal geology medical area is also examined. Keywords: Geo Park, Dylman, Geotourism Introduction Keep past heritage land, environment and sustainable development is a concern that the state of mind of the Rio summit of the United Nation is engaged. About two decades, volunteer to sustainable development and government a variety of ways for a comprehensive and appropriate development (Economic development, social, environmental)are for communities. Geotourism is a stable model of sustainable Ecotourism that four primary stability is based on sustainable development. Geotourism, is Tourism Attractions responsible for visit the geological, environmental, cultural and historical programs so that Tourism based on sustainable development and definition of host communities is desirable Geopark proposed initiative established to government goals, agenda 21, the declaration states to offer in the industrial development and environmental sustainability the country must develop four strains .Geoparks are limit geography wide range of situations that the borders of several prominent geological phenomenon that can be seen in them. In fact Geoparks keep the past heritage land are significant, In addition to geological phenomena feature ancient, cultural and environmental interest are brand. Mountainous region with forests Dylaman historical pre-Islamic history of North Iran and Western Alborz zone is located in the City Administrative divisions 1387 is called city , it development so far it has continued its growth. Carefully to double climate villa Dylaman zone that started green axis Siahkal and ends to mountains Rodbar, appropriate regional Tourism development in the country is considered, There are a variety of geological phenomena that some of these unique phenomena provincial and some are rare,

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Geomorphology unique, with diversity in plant species and animals in the forest Hirkany Dylaman and ancient history and the potential study area for the establishment shows Geopark This article geological study and review plans Dylaman geology, topography and regional road study programs Geotourism and established Geopark deals in Dylaman. Review values Dylaman Geopark Geographic area 36 degrees 11 minutes and 39 degrees 31 minutes north latitude and 49 degrees 4 minutes and 51 degrees 10 minutes East Longitude in Dylaman origin as samples for the study based on point pattern for UNESCO review Potential recorded in the network for international Geopark were studied. Way communication from the north of the region Dylaman Siahkal to Rasht and to the south Espily, to Rodbar from East to Amlash and the Langrod. The most important cities in the region are Dylaman and Espily. Mountains Dylaman sequence Alborz that in this region of the field parallel narrow valley and all pulled from West to East and the highest summit is Dorfak. Maximum temperature in this region can be expected that the mid-levels of the Persian month Mordad between 20-27 degrees C will vary Of course, the conditions governing the mountainous region, the temperature difference between night and day, even in the summer of 10 to 15 degrees C appears. Temperatures in mid-March, to their lowest levels in about 15 to 20 degrees below zero, reaches. These changes in a relatively large temperature range is done with a special weather done with a special weather Also, moderate to low humidity region, in some areas of high humidity are the vegetation of the region is evidence of this claim , Land areas of the valley formed by river sediment, and for agricultural products is suitable for cultivation, most common job in rice farming areas of post and wheat in the highlands after the livestock due to lack of sufficient income resulting from the local people for money to other sources of income such as work in nearby cities turned. 1) Geological Lithology of the area include igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks with ages ranging from Permian to the Karaj Formation of Eocen age Can be, point to Structural phenomena similar fold especially spectacular landscape box fold in Lar formation, Faults such as faults Dorfak and Dylaman as result of mountain phase Caledonian birth with effects Mineral generation, the Daics scurry out of the visible area (Baba vali area), And the mountain peak separation (divided into two almost equal parts man and beast that the password feature has) that the local people to stone Beshkaft termed. Also a large syncline that the villages Vasamjan and Firouzkooh are in the range by in the four rivers is erosion. Plain land with karstic formation of hole reveals Larikhany Jurassic age. East Espily landslide stage stair in the morphology has created, crawling along in the land of Larikhany and Shahe Shahidan its effect on the old road to see the caves and cave like Espahbod Shahe Shahidan located in other districts are geological Tourism, Cave Espahbod place early human life in this region is also This route is drier cave and only the end of the pit water reaches. Its maximum depth is 5 meters, This cave is small, however, due to specific morphology can be a good place to train is climbing the cave , Area south of Glacier Molmeh used in the past local people fell into the over time was limited only to place Tourism, waterfalls like Babavaly and twin waterfalls cascades Lonak, Rock shelter located in Guilarksh and Salman, and the Stone Lion in local

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language is known as the Bride Taleh (Very large stone in the first glance, but falling in with the Richter 7 earthquake has not been moved) . That of macro fossil coral, Rosen P, and Brachiopod Orbitolins for the village was another Malakot of regional Tourism are considered Geotourism, erosion of many of the works can be seen in the region that can be left to the conglomerate Dylaman noted. Also, many mining in Dylaman Although there is economic value and Tourism have a lot better land surveys more medical effects of these elements of soil and water area of its life and health of people in the area below the existing mine and a brief about the effects that can effect residents of the area is . Bentonite located in locations north of Pirmountains and Jliseh, Nodeh Klishm and oceanic volcanic eruption that consists of stone and mother Dacite available in Karaj Formation is. After Larikhany copper, lead and zinc mines of the route Espily by the Jurassic and Cretaceous rock is surrounded by the dispersion map of the Dylaman lead and zinc and disease of leukemia districts with high percentages disease is considered Coal Shemshak formation of Jurassic age in the life course dung mineral also long-term risk for disease penomoconwes workers and other inhabitants who are in contact with this material to create, Because the limestone formation in the region there are more mines in many of these stones in Dylaman like Bonezamin limes land mine limestone Niyaval and Garmavar which can include kidney stone disease outbreak in the region shows. 2) Environment Dylaman region in terms of the three geomorphologic, Mountain, hil and river, is composed. There are ancient forests Hirkany Dylaman and diversity in plant and animal species important tourism attractions of the natural area of special importance to the convention are entitled. Attractions of the forest area can be markedly tree species such as Fagus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Alnus, Persian parrotia, Acer and, lotus Diospyros contain the highest cited. Also at risk of species extinction and the distribution of high prosper. Is Buxus hyrcana, cerasus, Acer laetum, Sorbus torminalis, Zelkova carpinifolia, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra. Considering the diversity of plants and natural vegetation in this tourism forest in these areas can be part of the mental and emotional needs of tourists make the fix (Whereas the compatriots in the more arid and semi-dry must live.) Dylaman collection of wildlife animals is Hirkany forests. Brown Bear in mammal's category (the largest) and Viverridae (smallest) of carnivores and Cervus Elaphus Maral Members of Event cements Order are indicator species C. capreolus in the region of distribution. Other attractions of wildlife hunting area can be prohibited Dylaman Panthera pardus, lynx, Felis chaus are from forest animal species show this diversity of animal species capable of tourism potential. 3) Historical and cultural Dylaman with ancient history from antiquity to 5000 thousand old year's shows caves habitat in this region Regulations Dylaman origin is ancient ritual Ball Newsday of the covenant Ilams and Kasyan, before the Hekhamaneshs Testament today in this region every year is celebrated. Long calendar among people based on common motion of the Sun to be current Dylam. 200 of the cultural, historical and natural in the region to identify and National Heritage List have been registered. Including valuable can be point to, historical ranges Ardeh Saman, Lashgestan Shajan and historic Pray mountain cave or Need home Garokool

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monument, landscaping and ancient hill, Firouzkooh, Yasyn, black hole, Khosro Khani and other T.T Caravanserai, located in the village, castle with names like the Ghala Koty mill, Ishkoh Castle, Castle shrub land, thief valley, while Sheikh Castle, Castle Firouzkooh, bathroom historical Dylaman. Conclusion Analysis and research conducted in the area known value for Geopark show that talent in the region is accepted category. As registration process Geopark need a lot of time is to better the sooner the expert team and started to work. Local people familiar with geological features and their environmental Location in the Geopark with this training method can be life and business based on their properties and defines their area to build sustainable livelihoods. Geopark can create Dylaman help 1 - Details of the people of geology, environment and wildlife have increased. 2 - Native culture area is identified. 3 - Species of plants and animals in the forest is preserved Hirkany Dylaman. 4 - Income and Job indigenous people increased direct and indirect through the Sustainable. Tourism, Parks is created by Geopark. 5 - Time for education and research be created. Suggestions 1) Expert review team is formed to develop plans to Geopark Dylaman. 2) All winners, especially local people benefit from the participatory management planning must be. 3) Add to Geology and introduce the region what better region to study geology must be more accurate. Formed a special committee for management`s Park. 4) 5) Preparation Geopark Dylaman by the expert Team and introduce attractive geological features, environmental and cultural park roads and facilities and introduction of tourism and recreational facilities for tourists. 6) To specify active fault zone and active tectonic regions in the map Geopark Dylaman tourism routes in order to isolate these areas in order to preserve safety tourists. 7) Promote urban and rural infrastructure to improve quality of life of local people and tourism programs. 8) Change member caves area making maintenance of environmental geology and recreational place for tourists. 9) Education Issues geology, environment and tourism and local people familiar with the geological phenomena in the environment. 10) Support local communities and encouraging them to develop and implement local projects to Job and increase public revenue. 11) Conducting research theses and undergraduate students and Master's and Ph.D. Geopark toward creating an atmosphere and strengthen interdisciplinary and new ideas.

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Source

Hedari, M, Paradise Lost Land Gil and Crowbar, Undergraduate thesis, Islamic Azad University 1385

Zamani, L, Vagharinia, P, Chehrenorani, E, Fatholahi, S, Review Limes Daylaman 87

Nategheh, H, Safarpor, Z, Farjan, A, Gashti, Z, Review calcareous green tuff in Daylaman

Meteorological Agency Guilan 1387

Dehdardrgahy, M., Karami, M., Khorasani, Nemat Allah, zone scheme hunting area and prohibited Dylaman Dorfak method 1386

Mosazadeh, M, tavafzadeh, N, Role of people's participation in the management of the Caspian coast 1387

Encyclopedia culture Civilizations Guilan 1. Topic: castles - Iran – Guilan Topic: Guilan. Congress Classification: C 23 D 83 threads / 2049 DSR National Library Number: 32760-85 M.

Map: Geological Map hundred thousand Jirandeh Geological map hundred Javaherdeh Topographic map Dylaman Road Map of communication Internet source http://www.irancaves.com http://www.unesco.org http://molome.blogfa.com www.Gsi.ir www.ngdir.com

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Castle Mountain (Artagovana) as one of the most important potential of Geotourism Qayen town, South Khorasan south East in Iran

Heravi ,Javad (PH.D)

Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd Heravi_javad @ yahoo.com

Abstract Castle Mountain, or Artagovana, glorious natural and human heritage remains from ancient age and Achaemenid dynasty in Qohestan the historic district in the south of Khorasan, the spent backbone and a long era . This castle in the first centuries of islam went, as one of the shelters and centers Zoroastrian propaganda and centuries later, the most important centers of activity of the Ismailid of Southern Khorasan province. As far as the compilation works such as ethics of AKHLAGHE-NASERI by Khajeh Nasir Tusi tale of considerable importance to it .This building as one of the centers advisable for attracting tourism, index makes location and natural landscape castle on the one hand, and the other hand remained of buildings and architectural works such as one floor or two floor spaces and embedded trench, water storage, and the wall is stable. Three points above the basic castle are: 1 – Background of ancient and historical building as a center of political and intellectual developments in effective land of Khorasan and compared with Alamut castle. 2 - Position with beautiful natural space by clearing the height on top of a mountain over five hundred meters. 3 - Buildings architecture of this castle that kept clear of the boom has various periods. Key words: Iran - Khorasan - Qohestan - Castle Mountain - Ismailid.

Introduction Introduction Attractions tourism in temporary, one of the most familiar ways of non-indigenous people, and beyond the culture and civilization a region is considered the world. While these have provided the introduction for bigness considerable research and even from domestic and foreign tourists. Meanwhile, one of the points on the natural, political and Iranian architecture can be in the field of study and to be impassable, still pristine and instead remains intact, and the hardworking efforts of researchers to require its introduction, Castle Mountain is Qayen. Clay Clay This building, complete Any hound, is a narrative developments that this place has passed and objective way, change repeater fill this area of the incident on land in Iran. Despite the many ups and downs of this historic castle is passed, but still much research to screening and in sharp has not brought researchers. Rather unfortunate that this dramatic effect of the natural - human, unknown corner of the ancient land of Khorasan as Qohestan, the landscape around the study is needed. Suitable location due to proximity to the castle with the main transit south of Khorasan, and efforts by the Organization for cultural heritage restoration and reconstruction of some parts of the castle has this, this location disability ...

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Development. Castle mentioned the main road across a small distance to the presence there, that even the elderly people will simply accept. 1 - Geographical Castle Mountain:

Overlooking the city and is Qayen coast of Bozorgmehr mausoleum in East Tomb, a mountain range of the third millennium that glaring geology to connect to other heights in this region (Qayen the city because the setting is between), Mountain appellation later to change was Qohestan has taken to. 1 Therefore height this land area to land around, cause specific name refers to the situation geological of land and natural history of this land is. 2 So that means Persian literature has been:

٣.همه بوم ماهان و جای مهان هم از قهستان تا در اصفهان All canvas instead of Mahan and Mahan also Qhstan to Isfahan .3 Shahnameh Ferdowsi Tusi in the mountainous areas of the greatness and importance Qohestan will learn: The Guild Charter to draw Nbshtnd elders and oven Kian Qhstan land and gave him the Shah was great because they sometimes .4

نبشتند منشور بر پرنيان به رسم بزرگان و فر کيان

۴.زمين قهستان و را داد شاه که بود او سزای بزرگی و گاه

This castle within normal limits in South and East to the mountains and the plains of West and North Qayen is completely near. The smallest movement in the area remained not far

Castle mountain of Qayen

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from the seen, and even climb through the section is impossible or very difficult. Trenches defense and construction of stone walls in this section, to achieve within makes it completely impossible. Height of this mountain, about five hundred meters above sea level and have average annual rain is 170-80 mm. Therefore, access to the valley just behind the castle is possible. As such, more barriers, trenches and walls long defense, in this section is located .5 According to some historians, this area has two natural heterogeneous situation, the vast land area that had eighty eighty fields and most of the heights of mountains and plains in the desert. 6 This castle of the places which are scattered among these mountains and mountain region that has overcome the plain, a narrative history, is made by Sam Ibn Nariman .7

Although the position impassable mountainous region with vast desert plain has been the cause of some provincial Qohestan small and lack political and social importance and credibility required in South Khorasan know the ancient era. 8 Of course, this means painting location is low. As some European traveler Marco Polo told , this region consists of two independent provincial as flourish, TUN and Qayen and said credit means TUNOQAEN .9 One of the authors of the fourth century / tenth century, the insecurity in this region a thousand years ago, and said that robbers pirates and other surrounding wilderness are inclined to attempt to plunder Posts convoy. 10 Not causeless occasion if lack of central government control in this region, some security on occasions be provided and argument strength, claiming the presence of some areas of the province. Including the presence can be strongly in this region, especially the Ismailid deployment Qayen pointed mountain fortress. 2 - consolidation and establishment of Ismailid in Castle Mountain: Although the historical background to the Achaemenid castles and asylum Zoroastrian it goes, but mostly it Ismailid known as settlement now. Historical sources also confirm the fact that the mountain fortress of the most important centers of power(similar Qayen Ismailid) in Iran


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has been considered. After the appearance of Hassan Sabbah,Malekshah Seljoghi ,one of its commander that named Ghezel Sarugh ,send for consolidation and discipline affairs , means the region can be deployed to a central disposal Nazari Ismailid .11 This castle before melee, this area Symjuriyan family were under the hegemony and the relative peace enjoyed .12 But special features natural fortress, it was the Ismailis to also take refuge in this castle resort to stabilize his right and central to their religious and political operations in East Iran. Some historians reports, Ismailid significant expansion and prosperity and the mountainous area to build their fences in defense and military castles Qohestan particular supporters around the city today Qayen .13 Therefore, after the invitation of Hasan Sabbah began, invited the pectoral region Qohestan immediately followed him. He sent at 484 AM / 1092 M, one of her motive to the invitation that named Hossein Ghaeni Qhstan and settle in the mountain castle Qayen .14 This group invited the mass was actually comply Qohestan Castle Mountain,as one of the prominent and prestigious castle Ismailid were in cachexia. As to where this castle later Demographics of Iran was very rich and valuable cultural centers and libraries and will have extensive. Many books of around Iran and even Muslim world was upside down castle. The packer was led gradually to the central castle for outstanding books and writing in different fields such as ethics and philosophy is wisdom. So do not doubt that this castle remained there impassable mountainous earth, the formation of a central field staff was also formed. Ismaild rulers of the castle stand slowly adding staff and staff sculares and celebrities for their presence in this era castle and the use of their capacity brought invited. Growth of moral and philosophical books translated from Arabic to Persian attempts another motive to this castle has been considered .15 Invite of Khajeh Nasir Tousi to use the large library this castle, and the use of the motive Khajeh presence, and he was finally possible that the head takes Tous, scientific reputation because it was means that this castle. Some reliable sources of historical presence in Khajeh Nasir in Qayen mountain fortress this time, according conditions of time .16 Khajeh went to near Naseroddin Mohtasham Qhstani and translated and began writing books. Including encouraging Nasir al-Din, pirated books Altaharah from Arabic to Persian that wrote by Moskoveyh and returned and some additional extensions added to it and to Nasser it ethical to bring AKHLAGHE NASERI in writing. 17 Even Khajeh Nasir in ode eulogy Al-mostasam Bellahe Abbasid Khalif , wrote and sent to caliphate transmitted port. Theorem related to the cause of political connection and device Minister of Khalif , caliphate Qohestan castles can provide some correspondence between the Minister Khalifa (Ibne- ALqamy) and Nasser al-Din Mohtasham and Khajeh Nasir was performed. 18 Although the correspondence Khajeh Nasir cause rejection of the castle was Qayen after some of Nasir al-Din because he was suspicious of him with a range Alamut until the end of the Mongol invasion castles Ismailid, Khajeh Nasir was released and also served Hulaghukhan .19 Therefore with models as Khajeh Nasir, clear evidence of the prosperity of this historic castle is in different periods. Because and point characters in the region and spent the castle that they only mention their names will to become lenghtly .20

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That enough to be noted that Nasser , Khusrow in travel to Qayen city has seen a man who was aware of any scientific, medicine, astronomy and logic palaver also that this man has done in his travel is tip means .21 This much suggests that perhaps this district of Khorasan, because there is Ismaild motives of Qayen Castle Mountain, the growth and development staff have over other areas . Apparently in the next periods less clear news does not get this castle and the Mongol invasion, led to what the color of the Ismailid is awarded to the cast. Therefore, this castle to the glorious memory of lost gradually and approach to our era, day by day was added to destroy it. However in recent years, the Cultural Heritage, a good effort to restore and rebuild the castle has accepted this space so that you can now welcome domestic and foreign tourists were there. 3 - Profile building and its material:

Castle mentioned longitudinal extent of more than five hundred meters in width and much less, is built on the heights, (plan comes into the castle). This area to the smaller area of several different applications have apparently has been divided. The military is uses such as settlement and warfare, residential and comfort from Castle Place, culture or location, and teaching and library, and the animals of the location such as horse riding and wagon and mule There is a floor and two floor buildings as well as visible currently available. There are several rooms with different dimensions of wood cover is fully confirmed.


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These buildings and the rooms of stone, brick, plaster and mortar have been made. Required water from the spring rain to a warehouse in water depth of five meters long, four and three meters wide, which was built of brick and plaster was provided. Use of mud and plaster of straw wall building castles in the surface is visible. Many of the rooms was ceiling plaster and lime apparently . As the writer of this castle has seen nearly, two-floor room that appear to apparently school must be made for residents. At all levels of walls, architecture is a way that inside bricks and stones is also pointing . Containers, broken pieces of colored clay surface area to mass Castle, the story of life in this place is long term.

Conclusion: Castle Mountain Qayen can be the most important cultural centers and even the civilization of East considered significant enough role in the development of science and religion had the land. Role in the papers on Color this castle, this castle valuable indicator position in the past and the forgotten role in the present. If this work be properly introduced to visitors, especially with the exposure of the main highway south of Khorasan, for many interesting and even tourists will be controversial memory. Failed at the heart of the region castles share appropriate for attracting tourism to the area in and where we value the natural and historic , innocence washed the dust and world see the it .


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Notes Sources( To Persian) : 1 - Abolfada’: Taghwim al-Buldan, translation by Abd ol-mohamad Ayati, Tehran, Iran Cultural

Foundation, 1349, p. 512; Hamavi, yaghut : Mo `jam al-Buldan, Beirut, Daresader, unmatched, p. 416.

2- Lestreng, Gay: Historical Geography of the eastern territories Caliph, translation Mahmoud Erfan, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural, 1377, p. 377.

3 – Asadi Toosi, Ali ibn Ahmad: Garshasb Nameh, By try Habib Yaghmaei, Tehran, World Book, 1386, p. 373.

4 – Ferdowsi Toosi, Abu'l ghasem : Shahnameh, By try Jalal khaleghi moghadam, Tehran, Iran Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1386, c. 2, p. 211.

5 – Ismael Nejad, Mohammad: Qayn history, Qom, Beleghat, 1388, p. 155.

6 – Maghdasi : Ahsano-al taqhasym Fi Marefatol- Aqhalym, translation Alinaghi monzavi, Edit. 2, Tehran, Iran authors and translators, 1361, c. 2, p. 436; also. نafez Abrow : Gographiaye rabee Harat, by edited najib maiel Heravi, Tehran, Iran Cultural Foundation, 1349, p. 35.

7 - Sistani, Malek shah Hussein: Ehya al- moluk, Manouchehr Setoodeh the effort, Tehran, Broadcasting translation and publication of books, 1344, p. 18.

8 - Ibn Huwqhal, Abul Muhammad: Safarnameh Ibn Huwqhal, translation Jafar shear, Tehran, Iran Cultural Foundation, 1345, p. 180.

9 - Marco Polo: travel, translations Habibol allah sahihi, Tehran, Broadcasting translation and publication of books, 1350, p. 35.

10 - Estakhry, Abu eshagh : Masalek va Mamalek, the effort Iraj Afshar, edit 3, Tehran, Elmi, 1368, p. 185.

11 - Hafez abrow - Rashid al-Din Fazl Allah – Abulghasem Kashani: Majmao -al Altavarykhe Alsoltanieh, the effort Mohammad Modarres University, Tehran, Institute of Information, 1364, p. 201.

12 - Shabankarehey, Mohamad bn Ali : Majmao-al Ansab, to correct Mirhashem Mohaddes, Tehran, Amir Kabir, 1363, p. 27, also increased knowledge in this field;. C. To; Author (Heravi ,javad): Tarikhe Samanid (Golden Age of Islamic iran), edit 3, Tehran, Amir Kabir, 1388, p. 415.

13 - Menhâj Seraj: Tabaghate Nasseri , corrected by abdol al-hay Habibi, Tehran, World Book, 1363, c. 2, p. 183.

14 - Kashani, Jamal al-Din: Zobdato al- tavarykh, the efforts Mohammad Taqi Daneshpazhuh, edit 2, Tehran, Institute of Cultural Studies, 1366, p. 144.

15 - Khajeh Nasir Toosi: Shiveh danesh pazhuhi(translation and description of Adabo al-motaallemin paper), translation and description of the bagher Ghobari, Tehran, kokab, 1364, p. 25.

16 - Khandmyr, Ghiyathoddin: Dastoor al- vozara’ order to correct Sa'id Nafisi, Tehran, Iqbal, 1317, p. 99.

17 - Khajeh Nasir Toosi : Akhlaghe Naseri, Mojtaba Minovi corrected and Alireza Heidari, Tehran, Kharazmi, 1379.

18 – Khandmyr : Dastoor al- vozara, p. 100-99.

19 - Haeri, Abdolhadi : Iran va jahane Islamic, Mashhad, Astan-e Qods Razavi, 1368, p. 109.

20 - to expand awareness; Saeydzadh, S,M: Bozorgane Qayn, Qom, Naser, 1369.

21 - Naser Khosrow:Safarnameh( travel), to try Mohammad dabir siaghi, Tehran, zavvar, 1375, p. 171.

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Geo-Ecological Assessment Of Yerevan’s Environment

Asmaryan Sh.G., Sahakyan L.V.

The Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Abovian Str.- 68, Armenia, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The goal of this research was assessing geo-ecological state of Yerevan’s environment through collation of long-term eco-geochemical and eco-geomorphological research data obtained in the Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies NAS RA.The research included 4 stages: ecogeochemical assessment, ecogeomorphological assessment, collating ecogeochemical and ecogeomorphological data, revealing risk groups in the population. Systemizing and analyzing the obtained water environment, soil and snow blanket pollution data underlay selection of soil cover as a depositing medium - an indicator of long-term man-made load. For the city’s soil cover geochemical survey was done (following a schematic plan, sc. 1:10000, from soil horizon A1). As a quantity index of pollution applied was a summary index of concentration of elements. Based on geochemical database and employing the IDW method of ArcView GIS software a schematic map of summary pollution of Yerevan’s soils with HM has been produced. As a result of collation of eco-geochemical and eco-geomorphological data, a complex assessment map of Yerevan’s geo-ecological state has been produced and the city’s territory – zoned by ecological stability and risk levels. INTRODUCTION Today, cities are treated as a special habitat for humans, a unique product of civilization, a special nature-based environment which brings together all spheres of social life, interrelations between the nature and human beings and their socio-economic and political activities. Urban sites covering as much as 1% of dry land and homing some 45% of the entire population of the Earth produces up to 80-85% of GDP. Global urbanization and its consequences may be visually demonstrated on the case of Armenia and her capital city of Yerevan in particular. The city occupies as much as 1% of the entire area of the Republic and is a home to over 30% of population and some 50-60% of industries. Such a concentration and load has resulted in origination of a number of geoecological problems including those connected with the disturbance of natural geochemical equilibrium and stability of the relief. The latter is one of major present-day concerns. Mainly, the disturbance of geochemical equilibrium of chemical elements manifests itself in pollution of all environmental compartments with not typical and alien chemical elements, in the case of Yerevan – with heavy metals (HM).The problem of stability of urban relief is seen in the disturbance of natural state and process of development of natural conditions. The goal of this research is to assess geoecological state of Yerevan’s environment through collation of data on long-term ecogeochemical and ecogeomorphological investigations performed at the Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies NAS RA (CENS NAS RA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study object is the capital of Armenia – ancient Yerevan (782BC) - the administrative, cultural and political center of the Republic. The city with a population 1101.9 covers an area

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of 227sq.km and lies in the southwest of Armenia, on the northeastern portion of the Ararat valley. The studies were performed by 4 stages: ecogeochemical assessment, ecogeomorphological assessment, collation of ecogeochmical and ecogeomorphological data, identification of risk groups in the population. Ecogeochemical assessment. Systemizing and analyzing data on pollution of water and soil mediums and snow blanket of the city’s territory underpinned selection of the major study object – soil cover as a depositing medium which serves as an indicator of long-term man-made load. A geochemical survey was performed of the city’s soil cover (by a schematic plan sc. 1:10 000 from soil horizon A1). The sampling net is maximally approached to the even one. Soil sampling and treatment was implemented by methods developed at IMGRE [1]. The collected sampled were analyzed then in IGS and CENS NAS RA laboratories. Indicated was the major spectrum of pollutants - heavy metals: available are data on 21 elements, however this work focuses on 8 of them: Pb, Ag, Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr, Co, Zn. On the basis of a relevant geochemical database implemented was ecologo-geochemical mapping of the city’s territory employing the IDW method in ArcView GIS environment. As a quantitative index of pollution we applied a summary index of concentration (SIC) of elements. To reflect spatial distribution of SIC values on the city’s territory applied was a gradation scale according to Yu. E. Saet and E.P. Yanin [1,2]. Ecogeomorphological assessment. The morpho-lithological system of Yerevan as integrity of natural structure and man-made cover represents a complex combination of morphogenetically different natural and man-made components. The assessment of morpho-lithological system of Yerevan was provided on the basis of methodic tools developed by E.A.Likhachiova through separating out necessary natural and man-made components [3]. For the assessment we used a topographic map of Yerevan (sc.: 1:25000), a spectrazonal satellite image of high resolution (62cm “QuickBird”), case-specific maps produced between the 80s and 90s of XX cent., data on drilling bores, etc. All the information was processed in the environment of a program product ESRI ArcView GIS using building norms and regulations (BNR). As a result, employing instrumental tools of ArcView GIS and particularly the Model Builder extension through the weighted overlay a synthetic map of the assessment of stability of morpho-lithological system of Yerevan was produced (fig.1). Collation of ecogeochemical and ecogeomorphological data. As a result, a GIS database was complied which allowed to provide scientifically justified treatment, synthesis and analysis of data on that stage with a help of a Model Builder attachment of a program product ArcView GIS and create a complex assessment map of Yerevan’s geoecological state. Finally, the territory of Yerevan was ranged by the level of ecological stability and risk. Identification of risk groups in the population. The produced complex assessment map enabled us to calculate both the number and spatial distribution of the population residing in the bounds of separate fields characterized by definite level of ecological risk.

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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Ecogeochemical assessment. The geological structure of Yerevan’s territory predetermined natural near-clarke contents of heavy metals on the soil cover: Zn(9,4) – Cu(2,9) – Co(1,8) (in brackets, excesses vs. clarke are given). The natural picture of the city’s geochemical landscape is strongly complicated by intense and continuous process of technogenesis, which results in an increase in element concentrations typical of given geochemical landscape and the intense entering of heavy metals alien to the landscape [4,5]. Ecogeochemical studies of

Fig. 1 The creation of the model using Weighted Overlay in Model Builder

levels of heavy metal pollution of soils on the territory of Yerevan indicated that the major part of the city’s territory is characterized by high levels of heavy metal pollution. Calculated by background contents of elements in soils a geochemical qualitative series Ag(32.0) – Pb(3.2) – Ni(2.3) – Cu, Mo(1.8) – Cr(1.6) – Co(1.5) – Zn(1.2) has indicated that dominating pollutants of Yerevan’s soils are Ag, Pb, Ni despite a common inclination to a decrease of heavy metal contents for the recent years. An integral characteristic of heavy metal pollution of the territory is given by SIC. While systemizing geochemical indices of heavy metals and in the complex of ecogeochemical mapping techniques, schematic maps have been produced of distribution of SIC values [2]. A cartographic reflection of SIC values is a territorial generalization of levels and degrees of pollution risk; it disclosed spatial differentiation of the city and finally allows ranging its territory by features of definite level of ecological risk. A result of ranging the territory is a schematic map, which ranges the city’s territory by 5-level fields, pollution level ad respective level of ecological risk. Ecogeomorphological assessment. An outcome of a detailed analysis of natural and man-made constituents is the assessment of stability of the city’s morpholithosystem. According to calculation technique relative to a geoecological index, each index was given an expert weight. While distributing the weights, priority was given to morphogenetic indices. This may be explained by the fact that on separate morphogenetic types of relief one distinguishes special morphological and morphometric forms, which – from positions of stability – differently respond to the course of man-made processes. As a result, a map has been

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produced of the assessment of stability of urban morpho-lithosystem with reflection of three types of territories: stable, relatively stable and instable. Collation of ecogeochemical and ecogeomorphological data. The ultimate result of geoecological investigations implies getting a generalized, integral picture of ecological state of the studied territory. Integral indices allow demonstration of a complex and multi-component information in a more visual, better generalized and accessible form. Collating the results of ecogeochemical and ecogeomorphological investigations allowed indicating that the major part of the city – predominantly central, eastern, western and northeastern - is covered by fields of medium and high level of pollution risk – respectively, 49.9 and 46.6% with corresponding level of ecological risk. Relatively favorable ecological conditions are found on the northwestern portion of the city. Territories with extremely hazardous ecological risk are found in a dispersed form and are timed predominantly to the canyons of Rivers Hrazdan and Getar, adding V-shaped valleys in the east and southeast of the city. Identification of risk groups in the population. Using calculation means, we calculated the quantity of population residing on the territories with definite degree of hazard and level of ecological risk. A resulting outcome was that some 50% of the population is exposed to a hazardous level of ecological risk.

Fig. 2 A map of assessment of ecological state of the territory of the city of Yerevan.

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CONCLUSION 1. The obtained research outcomes support a conclusion that the territory of the city of Yerevan clearly manifests both ecogeomorphological and ecogeochemical problems. 2. The research allowed development of approaches to collation of geomorphological and geochemical, ecologically valuable information. 3. Collating the results of ecomorphological and ecogeochemical investigations underpins an integral assessment of ecological state of the city’s territory. 4. According to data of a complex assessment map, the major part of the city – 46.6 % homing 47% of citizens - displays high degree of hazard and level of ecological risk 5. The produced assessment map and a relevant database may be used in creation of city development projects, for instance, with a goal to select sites for development of recreational areas as well as in the work of insurance companies. 6. The provided model may serve as a platform for further investigations, may be renewed and complemented by ecologically valuable information and thus is a basis for organization of environmental state monitoring for the city of Yerevan. REFERENCES

1- Ревич Б.А., Сает Ю.Е., Смирнова Р.С. и др. Методические рекомендации по геохимической оценке загрязнения территории города химическими элементами.-М.: Изд.-во ИМГРЭ, 1982, 112с. (in russian)

2- Перельман А.И., Касимов Н.С. Геохимия ландшафта.-М.: Изд-во “Астеря-2000”, 1999, 768с. (in russian)

3-Рельеф среды жизни человека (экологическая геоморфология). 2002, М.: Медия-Пресс, т. 1-2, 640с. (in russian)

4-Сагателян А.К. Ососбенности распределения тяжелых металлов на территории Армении. Моногр. 2004, Ер.: Изд-во ЦЭНИ НАН РА, 157 с. (in russian)

5-Saghatelyan A.K., Arevshatyan S.H., Sahakyan L.V. 2003, Ecological-geochemical assessment of heavy metal pollution of the territory of Yerevan. / New Electronic Journal dedicated to the 60th anniversary of NAS RA “Natural Sciences”. Yerevan, pp. 36-41.

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The Mesozoic karst of masses and relationsheep drainage system sensitivity in kharkat-kardeh basin in north of Mashhad

(northeast of IRAN)

Dr.Aboulfazle Behniafar3

Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch

Dr.Hadi Qanbarzadeh4

Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch Email: A. Behniafar @ yahoo.com

Email: Hadi [email protected]

Abstract Karst zones in north of Mashhad provins witch are Mesozoic Karsts, have specific importance in provision of water for the city of Mashhad. Currently, by utilizing of Live water wells in karst formation of kharkat-kardeh basin (547.10 km2) and also stored water behind kardeh Dam (about 46km north of Mashhad), part of drinking water of Mashhad. Will be provided. Hydrologic system of karst has a high sensitivity to pollutants. Thus, various factors including burying of garbage's in singholes and karst shafts, entrance of wast water and sewages to hydrologic system of springs and karst rivers, entrance of wast water containing chemical fertilizers and poisons (pesticides and herbicides), and also environmental hazards resulting from tourism in this region, have caused the pollution of ground water and surface water resources. The purpose of this paper is recognition of effective factors on pollution of karst areas of kharkat-kardeh Basin, in eastern part of kopeh-Dagh zone. (Northeast of Iran). Five percent of the drinking water of Mashhad in north-west of the city is provided by water resources of karst of kardeh Basin. In summer, due to increase of concentration of the pollutants and environmental problems, transfer of water from kardeh Dam to Mashhad is blocked and odor and taste of the water change entirely. Because of transfer of pollutants to water reservoir of the dam. Usage of GIS techniques and Field operations especially in karsts of northern and central parts of the basin, and also execution of several experiments, the effective factors of pollution of the water resources of the karst in the region, have been recognized. Generally, %80 of drinking water which is necessary for rural residents and suburbs of kardeh basin is provided by karst water resources and %20 by the rivers. There fore, the entrance of pollutants to limestone aquifers and karst drainage system in this area can have an direct effect on consumers, health. Key worlds: karst zones, limestone aquifers, water resource pollutants, drainage system.

3 - Assistant in Geomorphology 2- Assistant in Climatology

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Introduction Karst territories in eastern part of kope-Dagh zone usually are unable to filter water and their filtration coefficient is low. (Eshghi,2004.p94). Because the network of fissures in limestone and dolomite masses is vast and the secondary porosity is high. Furthermore, the pollutants in hydrologic system of karst are transferred faster than non-karst areas to calcareous aquifers. (Queen land etal, 2004). Currently the drinking water of, %25 of world population is provided from karst water resources (Velayati & Behniafar, 2007) and it is increasing. The size of the karst masses in Khorasan Razavi province is over 17000km2

which are used as karst water resources in order, to provide drinking water for the cities and suburbs of Khorasan Razavi. (Mashhad and other cities). The karst of koph-Dagh zone are mostly Mesozoic (like karsts of Zagros range) from Jurassic and Triassic.(Servati & oskani, 2004). Tourism in kharkat-kardeh basin and other pollutants of karst water resources, including permeation of house sewage into rivers, burying of garbages in karst landforms, permeation of wast waters and animal excrement into karst surface water and ground water resources worsen the quality of water reservoir of kardeh Dam. About %80 percent of the drinking water of rural residents of this basin is provided by springs and karst water resources (Badiei Nameghi, 2002) and is transferred to Mashhad through seven water well in calcareous aquifers and also with water reservoir of kardeh Dam. Never the less, the problem of water pollution has occurred. Meanwhile, permeation of sewage into surface waters and drinking basin of springs sewage wells in this basin which %65 of them are located in singhols and karst shafts, might occur (Servati & Eshghi, 2005). As a result, karsti fication process has been intensified by the dissolution of calcite and dolomite in Mozdouran (1) and Mozdouran (2) formations:

322323 HCoCaCoHCaCo +→+

3422322)3( CoMgCaCoHCoCaMg +++→+

Location of Case study: Under study area is located in northern part of Mashhad Township and Khorasan Razavi province (northeast of IRAN). Topographically, karst area of kharkat-kardeh Basin is located Hezar Masjed Mountains in eastern part of Kopet-Dagh zone (figure 1). Kharkat-kardeh Basin is 547.10km2, which about %70 of this basin is karstic (Limestone and dolomite).

Geographical coordinates of this basin is 7336 ′− to 8536 ′− North latitude

and 6259 ′− to 6459 ′− East longitude. This basin has six subbasin and the highest point in north of kharkat village is 2900 (m) and the lowest at the exit of kardeh Basin is 1250 meters. (topographic map, Defence Ministry, 2009). The karsts in this area are mountainous and semi-arid regions.

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Figure (1). Location of kharkat-kardeh basin in Mashad IRAN

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Methology: Due to deterioration of quality of water in the springs and rivers, especially water reservoirs of kardeh Dam in the dry seasons of the years and also increase of children diseases (diarrhea, stomach infection), it was decided to make a relation between karst hydrologic system and entrance of the pollutants (garbages and waste matters) through field operations and water experiments. Research tools included: topography, geology, land use, distribution of rural area, and pedology, layers which were prepared in GIS. Moreover, the relation between recognition of pollutants of karst water resources and other pollutants which enter the reservoir of dam were studied and assessed by aerial photographs and field operations. Tracking test were executed by colored materials in three of the basin and in karst area in order to link the penetrative wells to the springs basin. The results were prepared in the from of maps called type of water pollutants. The relation between the entrances of pollutant with karst landforms: The pollutants enter hydrologic system of karst through karst landform. (Ford and Williams, 1998). According to table (1) which was prepared by surveying karst domains in kharkat-kardeh basin, there are three limestone-dolomite formations. A. Mozduran (1), (contains layered limestone and dolomite). B. Mozduran (2), (contains massive limestone and dolomite, related to upper Jurassic and Early cretaceous) (Iranian Geology organization, 2009). C. Chamanbid formation (contains thin-layered limestone with marl interlayer related to lower Jurassic). Totally, karst area over %50 of the basin most of the karst features are located in Mozduran (1) and (2) formations (table, 1). As shown in figure 2, the size of karst formations of Mozduran (1) and (2) in the basin is more than other formations.

Table (1), Geological formations of kharkat-kardeh basin in koppet-Dagh zone

Formation Name Lithology Area (%) Mozduran (1) Mozduran (2) Chamanbid

Shorijeh

others

Mz1

Mz2

Jch ksh

---

Linear limestone Block limestone, dolomite

Limestone, marl Conglomerate, sandstone, and linear

limestone ---

21.69 32.80 26.51 10.5

85 Total 100

Karst features including linear and vacuolated karens, funnel-shaped (Aven) and singholes, karst shafts, caverns and polygenic features, are chiefly formed in these two formations. Karst do lines and sing holes, especially limestone shafts are suitable places for burying garbage and wast matters. According to the fields survey of the shaft limestone in close proximity to the Aāl village and three sinkhole limestone dolinite in Balghoor village revealed that according to the table (2), various rubbish materials as remainders of plastic materials, nutrous rubbish and pile of carpet wearing were buried into this karst landforms.

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Throwing away rubbish and trash by tourists around kardeh dam and route of basin upstream rivers, have intensified water pollution risk. Raining infiltration and snow melting have caves decomposing and deterioration of trash in shafts of karst and with penetrating runoff into karst hydrologic system is one of the important sources of water pollution, ferrous oxide especially oxidation of metallic materials (a Tin cans).

Table 2: important kinds of karst land forms in relation with drainage system of karst zonation in kardeh*

Raw Karst landforms Relating with drainage

system of karst

1 Linear karren and diffuses

solution Drainage of defuses currents in hydrologic system

2 Rinnen karren (hole and hive) Related Epi-karst Endo-karst (danger of latex transmit ion)

3 Solution and collapsing do

lines Transmitter of domestic animal dropping and latex in

drainage basin of cave streams 4 Caves Place of trashes and metallic oxides danger risk 5 Karst shafts and breakages Human pollutant transmitter, latex and detergent

6 Small sinkholes Gathering place of manure or domestic animal watering

place * The source: field studies and tracking experiments of kardeh to kharkat village (2009).

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Various pollutants in karst zonations of basin: Considering mountainous region and having very karst landform and shapes especially in upstream villages of basin. Tourism has developed to a great extent during last decade. Also the presence of native and nonnative nomadic tribes on the way of main river, basin of karst spring and also a sewer infiltrator. Wells in 13 village of basin and township of kardeh are among the main karst hydrologic system disasters. We can totally classify potential pollutants of karst water resources as followers: 1) Transfer of sewage and effluents by karst shapes and landforms into rivers and limestone aquifers, totally 547.1 square kilometer of basin extent, There are 620 sewer infiltrator well rings in rural areas 65% of there wells are places in sink holes and karst diffuses that become of soil loss and sedimentation material are not any water filtration Rural areas effluents divertly inter The main river or diffuse and karst breakage. 2) The bury of trash in karst sinkholes and throwing rubbish in rivers suburbs and kardeh reservoir dam by tourists and basin rural these rubbishes and consist of fruit peel and vegetables, plastic and disposable materials, metallic material, glass bit, food stuffs remains and charcoal. 3) Enter of polluted flows with fertilizer and chemical poisons from forming and garden into the main river as usually dam lake. Traditional cultivating ways and the lack appropriate agricultural management on the one hand and mountainous region on the other hand, bring about manure and chemical, fertilizer's entrance from terraces alluvial of river suburb to words of kardeh dam reservoir and karst aquifer. 4) Transmission of detergents by rural into karst drainage basin especially in kardeh branch toward kowshk-abād (southwest of basin). Detergents from of washer and detergent from powders remain longtime in rivers and aquifers (craw ford 2002, p.196). According to investigations that we recon ducted on year 2008, the average of detergents entered in rivers of kardeh to Marreshk route were the movement of 956 liters liquid detergent and 1155kg. Detergent powders considering that lack of natural filtration in karst area, is serious danger of water pollution and environmental hazard in Lang-term. 5) Domestic animal wasts that spread in the river route by nomadic tribes' domestic animal passage Dr Gather around of spring manifestation. Domestic animal wasts have vital role in deteriorating water quality especially water of spring and river. Traditional livestock breeding is one of the main environmental problems in karst areas and has influenced region ecology (cupver 2003, p.311). Considering the tracking experiments in various karst springs in route of Aāl to Balghoor revealed that many of pollutant materials as animal dropping and detergents can inter hydrologic system of karst and main river via sink holes and karst diffuses. The cave stream number of karst masses in many areas of basin as Aāl and kharkat have very much movement. The paper , shows different kinds of potential pollutants for karst water resources in the studied area. This is a result of field researches, tracking trial effect and result of extracting question ires as well that concerned to detergents usage. It reveals main problems of basin as the factors that threaten karst water resources.

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Conclusion and suggesting: A portion of drinking water of Mashad is provided by karst aquifers and kardeh dam reservoir in 45km north of this region. Transfer of pollutants in karst mountainous basin of kardeh to karst drainage system especially in kardeh downstream river has brought up many environmental problems related to the deteriorated water quality. Also %80 of consumption water of basin residents is provided by springs and karst water resources. This problem can create deceases resulting from water pollution especially in late of spring and summer seasons. Deterioration of water quality in summer season prevents transition of water from dam reservoir towards Mashad. Conclusively, this inters more pressure on another underground of city region. Therefore, short-term and Long-term strategy of karst aquifer water resources management in country and regional level as well is essential now days, there is no policy making related to the karst water resources management from an environmental hazard and sanitary issues. Karst aquifers have special importance in coastal borders of Queshm an Kish islands addition to interval part of country. This part needs a conscious management in the case of pollutants control with its hydrologic system. Legislation in the field of karst water resources protection on the country level will play a vital role in this case. We are in need of controllable laws in the karst zonations management and protection point of view, especially in the mountainous karsts (Zagross, Alborz, Kopt-Dogh and central IRAN) a number of controllable important working methods in this case as follows: A: Planning in the field tourists control entrance in the place of dam lake and environments of karst wells. B: Setting up dustbins to collect trash gathering and to prevent throwing rubbish in sinkholes or rubbish burring. C: Gathering of rural sewag by septic especially in the surrounding of rivers and karst spring route. D: Prevention of domestic animal wasts in springs drainage basin place or karst sinkholes. E: Non-transition of detergents into the river route, dam lake and springs drainage basin. F: Setting up of warning boards in order in form pollutant risk of karst aquifer. References

1) Badiei Nameghi, seyyed Hamzeh (2002). Project of natural resources. Management in kardeh dam. Khorassan Razavi general office of natural resources.

2) Crawford, s (2002). Hydrology and Geomorphology of the paparoa karst. North Westland, New Zealand. University of Auckland.

3) Culver. D.C. (2003) cave life. Evolution and ecology. Cambridge. MA. Harvard University press.

4) Defense Ministry Geographical organization (2009) Topographic Maps, 1:250,000 and 1:50,000, kardeh dranage basin.

5) Eshghi, Abolfazl, (2004) karst Geomorphology is koppet-Dagh zone, Journal of humanities, Mashhad Islamic Azād University, No.2, Department of Geography.

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6) Ford. D.C. and Williams. S.P.W. (1998) karst Geomorphology and Hydrology. Department of Geography.M.C. Master University.

7) Iranian surveying organization (2009), topographic Map, scale, 1:25000 kardeh regions.

8) Iranian surveying organization. (2009) kardeh block Aerial photo.1:40,000.

9) Iranian Geology organization, (2009) North Eastern branch, Geology Map 1:100,000.

10) Khorassan regional water organization (2009) outflow in formation and Hydrographic carve of Kardeh River.

11) Mashhad National climatology center (2008) Meteorological information and statistics of kardeh station.

12) Quinland. J.F. and Evers.R.O. (2004) subsurface drainage the Mammoth cave area.

13) Servati, M. and oskani. G. (2004) karst Geomorphology in khaviz anticline, North Eastern of Behniafar, journal of sarzamin, Islamic Azad University, Tehran No.3 Branch.

14) Servati. M. and Eshgi. A (2004) Geomorphology of kopet-dagh zone, Geographical Research Journal, Tehran University.

15) Velayati, S, and Behniafar, A. (2007) Speleology and caves, Mashhad, IRAN, Department of Geography, Islamic Azad University Mashhad Branch.

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APPLIED PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY AND INORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY, A TOOL FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF THE

GULF OF MEXICO ORIGIN

JAIME RUEDA-GAXIOLA

Geology, Unidad de Ciencias de la Tierra-ESIA.IPN,

Calzada Ticomán # 600. Del. Gustavo A. Madero. Col. San José Ticomán, México, D.F. 07330 Mexico, [email protected]

Abstract in extenso Based on their own lithologic characteristics, redbeds and salt have been considered as azoic and problematic rocks. Nevertheless, as we are going to see, Paleopalynology and Inorganic Geochemestry proved to be two very useful sciences in order to place red beds in time and space.

FIGURE 1 Mexican redbeds and salt units localities (Del Valle-Reyes, A., 1997). Mesozoic Mexican red beds and salt units are mainly localized arround the Gulf of México (FIGURE 1).

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FIGURE 2. Ancient chronostratigraphical position of redbeds in NE Mexico.

Up to the early last century, in the Mexican NE region, three Mesozoic redbed units were differentiated (Huizachal, La Joya and Cahuasas), chronologically placed from Late Triassic to Late Jurassic (FIGURE 2).

FIGURE 3. Anticlinoria, oil productive and non productive Mexican basins.

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As they were considered the basement of the marine petroliferous sequence in some Mexican Gulf of Mexico sub-basins, it was important stratigraphically to place them properly, where they were found not alone. Since 1969, palynological analyses allowed to place in Middle Jurassic the Cahuasas Formation in the Tampico-Misantla sub-basin. The best outcropping of Mesozoic red beds are found in the Huizachal-Peregrina Anticlinoium, at Sierra Madre Oriental (FIGURE 3). The longest sequence of red beds is exposed at De La Boca Canyon and the redbed La Joya Formation at Huizachal Dome. From 1988 to 2004, the Redbeds and La Joya units, were described, sampled and palynostratigraphically analysed, resulting the existence of not two but three superposed redbed units. Calcareous intervals appeared among the redbeds, in fine grain rocks. These Units were formed by palynozones defined on abundance and color of palynological residues (FIGURE 4): Huizachal and La Boca alloformations and La Joya Formation.

FIGURE 4. Sample 359 position (red circle) into the redbed palynozones from La Escondida- La Boca composite sequence, based on rock samples, facies code and colour and abundance of palynological residues. Columns of the right shown the colour of ethyl alcohol and depositional environment (continental, transitional, shallow and deep marine) deduced after the analyses of lithological and palynostratigraphical data (Based on Rueda-Gaxiola, J. et al. 1999).

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The 359 sample, at the base of La Boca Alloformation, was the most important because it had an abundant brown palynological residue, algaceous matter and palynomorphs. These three Units were dated by marine and continental palynomorphs content: Huizachal (Late Triassic) and La Boca (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian) alloformations and La Joya Formation (Middle Jurassic, equivalent in part to Cahuasas Formation). Palynomorphs found at the base of La Boca Alloformation are pollenospores, dinoflagellates and acritarchs, considered as evidences of marine sedimentary condition during Liassic Time (FIGURE 5).

FIGURE 5. Sinemurian-Pliensbachian age, based on the marine and continental palynomorphs content of sample 359.

Based on these data, it was possible to establish that La Boca and Huizachal Alloformations were fluvial deposits in a half-graben with marine transgressions. These data were important but, as regionally isolated, it was difficult to use them for regional paleogeographic reconstruction (FIGURE 6).

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FIGURE 6. Huizachal-Peregrina half-graben sedimentation, showing the marine transgression during Liassic.

In order to prove the existence of an ancient marine environment among redbeds, selected rock samples and palynological residues were, from redbed units, by X ray analysed. X ray analyses proved that the palynological characterization of redbed units was well done (FIGURE 7).

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FIGURE 7. Lithological units X ray characterization. Using the mineral and elemental contents obtained from diffraction and fluorescence X ray analyses, the complete regional sedimentary sequence was characterized. Successfully, they also proved that marine determination was correct, because of the presence of glauconite, dolomite and calcite in some greenish limolites and shales containing also abundant illite, just below the palynological sample with marine palynomorphs (FIGURE 8).

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FIGURE 8. Glauconite, Hieratite and Ralstonite in selected rock and palynological residue samples from La Boca Canyon and Huizachal Dome.

Glauconite was found at the same stratigraphic levels in La Boca Alloformation from rocks of two localities. Hieratite and Ralstonite, in palynological residues, permitted to differenciate sedimentary anvironments. Regional distribution of glauconite allowed explain the presence of a Liassic piscivore pterosaure at the base of the La Boca Alloformation in Huizachal Dome (FIGURE 9).

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FIGURE 9. Glauconite was found in five Huizchal-Peregrina Anticlinorium localities

All X ray data were used for knowing the paleoclimatic and tectonic conditions during the origin of redbed units and the related marine transgressive-regressive sediments (FIGURE 10).

1843


FIGURE 10. Geological interpretation based on CHAMLEY, H., 1989 and KÛBLER. B., 1968, 1973.

In order to reconstruct the paleogeographic distribution of these red beds, they were correlated with other Liassic sequences, from the S and SW of Mexico, outcropping at Huayacocotla and Tlaxiaco anticlinoria (see FIGURE 3). The continuation of the Huizachal-Peregina half-graben was not found at the Tampico-Misantla Basin as it was considered, but southward in the Huayacocotla half-graben, separated by the Late Liassic Tampico-Lázaro Cárdenas Megashear (FIGURE 11). Also the Late Liassic Tezoatlán-Acapulco Megashear was later found southward, separating the Huayacocotla half-graben and the Liassic Tlaxiaco half-graben.

1844


FIGURE 11. The Tampico-Lázaro Cárdenas Megashear limited the Huizachal-Peregrina and uayacocotla blocks. The SW movement of Huayacocotla Block formed the Tampico-Misantla oil basin. Liassic sequences correlation from three anticlinoria permitted to conclude that they were deposited in a long half-graben cut in three fragments by two Late Liassic megashears (FIGURE 12). It was now possible to reconstruct the Liassic Paleogeography, just before the Gulf of Mexico origin.

FIGURE 12. Recently, it was possible to know that in Tlaxiaco and Huizachal-Peregrina anticlinoria the Consuelo Group and the Los San Pedros Alloformation upward gradually change to a formation (Cuarcítica Cualac) constituted by mainly metamorphic quartz and other metamorphic rocks fragments. Nevertheless, only in the Tlaxiaco Anticlinorium sedimentation was continued during all the Middle Jurassic.

1845


Stratigaphic data permitted to correlate the sedimentary sequences deposited in the three portions (outcropping at the Huizachal-Peregrina, Huayacocotla and Tlaxiaco anticlinoria) from the NE half-graben, known as the El Alamar-Tlaxiaco Basin and to interpret their origin and evolution. Initially, during Pangea, three main blocks existed separated by three Paleozoic huge faults (FIGURE 13).

FIGURE 13. During Late Triassic marine influence was only present on SW North America (see blue circles); the Huizachal-Peregrina and Huayacocotla blocks permitted the Pacific Ocean transgression. The first one was a deeper epicontinental sea and ammonites (stars) were present there. Later, two graben basins originated in parallel position to the Pacific coast, and filled with volcanic and fluvial sediments (red and green circles).

Liassic units were deposited in two half-grabens (Huayacocotla-El Alamar) connected to an Epicontinental Sinemurian Sea, named the Portal del Balsas, joined at the SW with the Pacific Ocean (FIGURE 14).

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FIGURE 14. During Sinemurian-Pliensbachian Time, the Huayacocotla block became deeper at SW, and an epicontinental sea connected the Pacific Ocean to the graben basins depositing marine sediments among redbeds. A hot spot and a doming stage began to lift the NE region, depositing metamorfic quartz fragments among redbeds in Huizacha-Peregrina and Tlaxiaco graben basins.

During Late Liassic, they were broken in three fractions when, originated by a hot spot, an initial RRR triple junction system was formed near NE Tampico, composed by the SE-NW Texas-Boquillas-Sabinas, the SW-NE Campeche Escarpement and the N-S Nautla-Pico de Orizaba arms, bordering the Texas-Louisiana, Western Region of Mexico, and Chiapas-Yucatán subplates. This last one was joined to South American plate and remained stable during Jurassic. So, only Texas-Louisiana and Western Region of Mexico subplates were able to be displaced northwestward, the first one faster than the second one (FIGURE 15). The Jurassic Hot Spot is still present at the central part of the Gulf of Mexico.

FIGURE 15. During Toarcian-Aalenian, Atlantic waters went into the NE region from the present Gulf of Mexico. Abundant metamorphic quartz fragments were deposited above redbed sequences because of the erosion of metamorphic rocks exposed by the lifting during the doming tectonic stage.

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This correlation allowed know that these units were deposited in a half-graben connected to an Epicontinental Sinemurian Sea, during the Middle Jurassic, invaded from NE by the tethysian waters coming through the Hispanic Corridor across the new Gulf of Mexico, formed by a triple junction origin (FIGURE 16).

FIGURE 16. During Bajocian-Oxfordian Time, the Hispanic Corridor was formed through the Golf of Mexico, along the Huayacocotla block. Pacific and Atlantic waters permitted the mélange of ammonites from these two affinities; their fossils are found in the Taberna Formation at the Tlaxiaco Anticlinorium. This Time was represented by the end of rifting, sinking and the beginning of drifting tectonic stages.

Keywords: Glauconite, X ray analyses, Palynostratigraphy, Gulf of Mexico Origin.

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