1 Studying Adaptation Evolutionary Analysis of Form and Function Ch. 9.
Studying Adaptation: Evolutionary Analysis of Form and Function.
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Transcript of Studying Adaptation: Evolutionary Analysis of Form and Function.
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Studying Adaptation:Evolutionary Analysis
ofForm and Function
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I. Experimental manipulation of traits
One can isolate and test the effect of single (or multiple factors) on fitness using well-designed experiments.
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Adaptive significance of hooked beak
Relationship of overhang length to breakage. The overhangs of 13 birds that suffered breaks were initially longer than those of 111 birds without breaks;
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Quantifying the role of pollinator-mediated selection onSilene virginica, S. stellata, and S. caroliniana
S. caroliniana S. virginica S. stellata
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Artificial manipulations:Effect of Corolla Tube Length on
Male Reproductive Success
X + 2 STD
X + 2 STD
X
Beak Insertion Difference5
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Selection on corolla tube length via male reproductive success
S,M,L S,M,L S,M,L
Hummingbirds are agents of selection on S. virginica:-Corolla tube length (++ MRS), p < 0.0001
Dudash et al. 2011 AJB
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Fly that mimics its own predator, the jumping spider
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No effect of treatments on the behavior of OTHER PREDATORS
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II. Tests of association (within population)
Desert iguanaDipsosaurus dorsalis
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Garter SnakeThamnophis elegans
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Percent of C4 species in the Cyperaceae in 25 regions of the USA and Mexico (Teeri et al. Oecolgia 1980
III. Tests of association Across species
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Phylogenetic approaches
Grey-headed flying foxPteropus poliocephalus
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Variation in testis size among fruit bats and flying foxes
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Scatter diagram of hypothetical data from 40 species, showing the relationship between Y and X
1 2 … 39 40
Treating each species independently reflects a phylogenywhere each species and traits, x and y evolved independently
Adapted from J. Felsenstein)
Phylogenetic Comparisons
(Am. Nat, 1985, 125: 1-15,
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N = 17 N = 11
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Pollination and breeding system evolution in Caribbean Gesnerieae
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G. decapleura Hispaniola
G. viridiflora Puerto Rico
G. fruticosa Hispaniola
Marten-Rodriguez, 2010, New Phytologist
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IV. Constraints to Adaptation- lack of genetic variation
Evolution of Heavy Metal Tolerance by Grasses
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Lack of genetic variation explains lack of adaptation of heavy metal tolerance, from Bradshaw, Proc. Roy. Soc. Biol. Ser. B. 1991
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Host Shifts in an Herbivorous Beetle
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V. ConclusionsHow to test for an adaptation
• Experimental manipulation of trait within species
• Tests of associations
• Phylogenetic analysis of trait association with an environment (group size, etc.)
• Type and amount of genetic variation