Study of Planning of Public Buildings

Study of Planning of Public Buildings

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Urban India today, faces serious challenges of growth and its management. Across

geographies, the issues of urbanization manifest in the form of overcrowding, congestion,

insufficient infrastructure, inadequate service provisioning mainly in terms of drinking water,

sanitation, energy, transport, solid waste management, environmental degradation, and pollution,

etc. These, along with the poor management of rapid growth, affect the socioeconomic

development of the country.

So by using newly and broadly available technique in construction infrastructure town

planning engineer or planner can establish well developed buildings. Which are good in asthetic

safety proof and any disaster free. Public buildings are old in construction such as famous

auditorium markets schools colleges are good in construction but sometimes safety issues are

creates for such kind of view it is necessary to study and built safer public building. Again with

safety there are lot of energy systems are used in public buildings such as lights fuels gas water

etc. Due to urbanization these things are very much required to human beings but these things

are non renewable or pollution making things so it is need to use concept of green buildings used

in the public buildings.


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Plan of the building is the assembling and grouping and arranging its component parts in

systematic manner and in proper order. So as to form a meaningful wholesome and

homogeneous body with a comprehensive look out to meet its functional purpose.

Planning of building depends on :

1. Its functional objects and requirements

2. Its component parts, their sizes and relationship between the different rooms

3. Shape of plot, topography

4. Climatic conditions of the place

5. Its location and neighborhood

6. Whether single storeyed or multi-storeyed, detached or semi-detachedor row houses.

Planning of building pre-supposes certain principles. Most of our buildings are constructed as

dwellings and as such the principles providing guidance in the planning of such buildings have

been given here. The basic principles have been enunciated on broad lines only and may be

applied to the problems on its individual merits.

The factors or principles which govern the theory of planning are given below:

1. Aspect

2. Prospect

3. Privacy

4. Furniture requirements

5. Roominess

6. Grouping

7. Circulation

8. Sanitation

9. Flexibility

10. Elegance

11. Economy


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12. Practical considerations

Anne Taylor is Professor and Director of The Institute for Environmental Education,

University of New Mexico, and co-founder (with architect George Vlastos) of the School Zone

Institute, a body created in order to combine the curricular and child development goals of

education with the design elements of architecture. In a recent paper she pointed out that the

prime focus of the School Zone model is that the physical setting of the learning environment

does make a difference in, and directly contributes to, a child’s behavior and learning [8].

Planning research focussed on a scenario of greater numbers and intensities of floods as a

consequence of climate change, such that the research plan was strongly influenced by the flood

events of 2011.

The Cyclone Testing Station grew out of the same research group as the Centre for

Disaster Studies in the 1970s and comprises engineers who specialise in wind-loading [9].

A net zero-energy building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly

reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be

supplied with renewable technologies. Despite the excitement over the phrase “zero energy,” we

lack a common definition, or even a common understanding, of what it means. In this paper, we

use a sample of current generation low-energy buildings to explore the concept of zero energy:

what it means, why a clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we have progressed

toward the ZEB goal.

The way the zero energy goal is defined affects the choices designers make to achieve

this goal and whether they can claim success. The ZEB definition can emphasize demand-side or

supply strategies and whether fuel switching and conversion accounting are appropriate to meet a

ZEB goal. Four well-documented definitions—net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, net-

zero energy costs, and net-zero energy emissions—are studied; pluses and minuses of each are

discussed. These definitions are applied to a set of low-energy buildings for which extensive

energy data are available. This study shows the design impacts of the definition used for ZEB

and the large difference between definitions. It also looks at sample utility rate structures and

their impact on the zero energy scenarios.[10]


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CHAPTER 3

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Building is a structure which consist of walls doors windows roof floor beams column

staircase and many of the structural and non-structural members used for residence commercial

industrial and educational purpose.

3.1 Types of Buildings

• Agricultural buildings

• Educational buildings

• Industrial building

• Commercial building

• Military building

• Parking structure and storage

• Religious building

• Transport building

Among this types of buildings industries commercial complexes schools college’s

hospitals auditoriums are public buildings. "The term 'public building' means any structure,

including exterior parts of such building, such as a porch, exterior platform or steps providing

means of ingress or egress, used in whole or in part as a place of resort, assemblage, lodging,

trade, traffic, occupancy, or use by the public or by 3 or more tenants."

3.2 Site selection criteria of Public Buildings

Grouping: Buildings whose functions are related with each other that should located on

same site.

Foreground: Building should have sufficient foreground for achieving better result.

Parking space: The various PB such as town hall, hospitals have lot of crowding of

peoples due to which it is necessary study parking space around site for construction.

3.3 Classification of public buildings


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Dependent buildings: These buildings are those whose function are related to each other

such as civic centers art gallery.

Independent buildings: These are the buildings which have to stand alone such as

monumental buildings.

Institutional buildings: Specially consist of school colleges etc.

3.4Principles of Design of Public Buildings

Adequate sites

Approaches

Comprehensive study

Business buildings

Markets

Shops

Fire stations

3.5 Basic parts of public buildings

Sanitary blocks

Circulation

Entrance or Reception

Parking space, garages & cycle stands

Watchmen’s room

Public telephone

Sanitary block:

The sanitary block includes W.C, wash hand basins, urinals. The number required for each

building varies according to requirements. Such as,

Bathroom 1.2m*2.1m

1.5m*2.4m

WC 0.9m*1.2m

1m*1.2m


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Urinals 0.9m*0.75m

Passage 0.9-1.5m wide

Circulation: Various units are joined together horizontally by passages, corridors, verandahs.

Passage/corridor: 1-2.5m Verandahs: 1.8-3.5m wide stair: 1.2m width

Lifts: Lifts are provided for quick and efficient vertical circulation. Types of lifts and no. of lift

depends upon the character of one building.

Entrance & Reception: For every PB some space is required for entrance it depends on no. of

persons entering at one time general sizes are 3m*6m, 3.5m*7m, 4m*5m and 8m*10m.

Parking space, Garages & Cycle stands: Open parking space is essential around any type of

building. The area required will depend upon the nature of building & no. of persons visiting the

building. For cars 20sqm/vehicle, motorcycles 3sqm/vehicle, cycles 1.2sqm/cycle area is

required.


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CHAPTER 4

PLANNING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Never in the history of man, planning has been so much in forefront as it is today.

Without planning nothing succeeds. So we have defense planning at national level, regional

planning, urban and rural planning at the state level so on and so forth to family planning at

domestic level. Our india has so far already implemented its eleventh five year plan for the

development of country in all fields. Planning means pre-thing and pre-arranging things before

an event takes place so as to achieve good results in health, convenience, comfort and happiness

of all livings beings.

We know that schools, colleges ,banks, markets, library, hostels are the public buildings

so let us discuss the planning of these buildings respectively.

4.1 School

School is a place of learning. The national objective of education is to create conductive

environment in school where children are stimulated to go in search of knowledge and develop

their creative abilities. To achieve this, all concerned with education, have to play their

respective roles effectively. The classroom environment has a direct bearing on the development

of personality of children. Its shape, size, flexibility, intensity, ventilation and adaptability to new

teaching aids do influence pupils comprehension irrespective of the teacher’s ability. Therefore

proper planning of school building plays a vital role in imparting meaningful education and in

creating ideal teaching environment.

4.1.1 Site Selection

The school site is the first and foremost educational tool in providing quiet, healthy

and pleasant environment. Its size depends upon the requirement for different activities. The

school site be adequate enough to meet the future needs of the school, i.e., healthy facilities,

physical education requirements, community, cultural and recreational programs, teachers houses

with scope for future expansion. Recommended size of the sites for different education programs

are presented in table 1. Minimum open spaces around the school buildings except for nursery

level shall not be less than 6m wide according to NBC 2005.


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Fig. 4.1: School Building

Table No. 4.1: Recommended Sizes of the Sites

No. Type of school Area in hectares

1

2

3

4

Rural primary school

Single teacher school up to 60 pupils

Two teachers school up to 100 pupils

Five teachers school up to 200 pupils

Community school complex

0.1to 0.12

0.2 to 0.30

0.5 to 0.60

6

1

2

3

Urban primary school

Residential density

500 persons/hectare

Residential density

250 to 375 person/hectare

Higher secondary school

0.2/200 pupils

0.4/400 pupils

0.5/600 pupils

0.4/200 pupils

0.7/400 pupils

0.9/600 pupils

2/840 pupils


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The following essential conditions are to be satisfied for the site selection of any school:

1. The surroundings must be quiet, calm, peaceful, gleeful and cheerful with adequate

natural breeze and sunlight.

2. It should be away from dust and busy traffic and from ghastly as those of cemeteries and

slaughter houses.

3. The site should be gently sloping and well drained.

4. The site should be at a minimum distance of 300 m from continuous source of sound as a

workshop if no obstruction exists in between.

4.1.2 Principles of planning

1. Built in area of a school should not exceed 25% of the site area. The remaining 75% of land is

to be used for sports fields and gardens.

2. It should be single storeyed, double storeyed and rarely storeyed.

3. Minimum plinth height of any building should be 750 mm.

4.1.3Components of school

The school building mainly comprises of

(i) Class rooms

(ii) Laboratories, drawing halls, library, auditorium, gymnasium

(iii) Administrative area, staff rooms

(iv) Play fields, assembly

4.1.4 Design of a class room

With the rapid advancement in teaching technics, education in primary schools and

secondary schools is being reoriented to meet the ever growing needs of the day. In recent years

education policy emphasizes to educate children through activities related to life. A class room

should not be a mere enclosure of space but should meet the diverse needs of multifarious

activities of the students.

To arrive at a suitable size and shape of class room, the following factors should be taken into

consideration:

1. Basic dimensions of children and their space requirement.

2. Arrangement of furniture and equipment.


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3. Number of students to be accommodated.

4. Type of activities to be carried out.

5. Diverse seating arrangements essential for these activities.

6. Comfortable angle of vision of the black board from any position in the class room.

The class room is to be designed at the rate of 0.9sq m per pupil of primary schools, 1.11sq m

per pupil of middle schools and the rate of 1.2sq m to 1.5sq m per pupil of secondary schools.

The width of a class room may be restricted to 6m for effective teaching. The length of a class

room should not be more than 9m. A minimum class room size of 6.1m*7.3m is recommended

for primary school, with furniture and 6.8m*7.3m for middle and higher secondary schools with

furniture.

4.1.5 Assembly or multipurpose room:

The purpose of this hall is for multifarious activities as:

1. For morning prayer

2. Indoor games

3. Drawing hall

4. Auditorium

5. Drawing hall

Fig. 4.2 Educational buildings at baramati


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It should have a minimum length of 20 m and minimum width of 9 m excluding the stage

and green room with toilet.

A minimum head room of 6 m is required. Longitudinal slope may be provided. Balconies

are not desirable. Stage floor is to be kept 1.1 m above the floor level of the first row of seats.

Depth of the stage is 2.1 m to 2.4 m if only to be used for lectures. It should be a minimum of 6

m when used for dances and dramas.

4.2 Hospital:

Hospital is place where people are treated for various diseases and also given advices

for healthy living. Human health and environmental hygiene are the two vital prerequisites for

the growth of strong and prosperous nation. While planning health buildings, factors as

psychology of patients, lighting, ventilation and acoustics, orientation and thermal comfort,

aesthetics and color scheme; circulation, entry and exit traffic flow control play a vital role. The

buildings for health may be classified as clinics, health centers, maternity homes, nursing

homes, general hospitals, super specialty hospitals etc. A dispensary is a small health center

where medicines are prescribed and given to the patients. A clinic is place for medical

examination and treatment. Private doctors have their own clinics. Primary health centers also

run by government. These are suitable for population of 800 to 1000.

4.2.1 Site selection for hospital:

1. General should be located centrally in a quiet place which is well connected by

convenient means of transport.

2. The infectious diseases like T.B. hospitals are located away from the city with

convenient means for transport. Generally these are established at a place, of healthy

atmosphere, like a hill station.

The size of a site for a hospital should be large enough to permit open planning which is essential

in tropical countries.

4.2.2 Planning: Hospitals essentially are divided into two main units:

1. Out-patient care

2. In-patient care


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Further essential units are diagonals and treatment, administration, education and research. It is

desirable to design the hospital with horizontal spread type of two or three stories. The vertical

spread type of layout in the form of multi-storeyed buildings is really adopted except in big cities

in big cities where land cost is very high.

(i) Out-patient department

Out-patient department (OPD) provides consultation, investigation, diagnosis and treatment

for patients who require little or no recovery services and not admitted into the wards. It consists

of a spacious waiting hall, consulting rooms, dispensary, emergency section, office, stores and

sanitary units. Consulting rooms for medicine, surgical, E.N.T., Dentistry, Gynecology,

Pediatrics, Orthopedic, Psychiatrics, Family planning, Skin, Venereal diseases, Urology and

Radiology are required. Ophthalmic room requires a minimum length of 6.3 m for eye testing

and hence, a length of 7 m is required for it. The floor area of each consultant is 10 sq. m. to 12

sq. m. Its entrance is designed to suit the disabled in wheel chair. The waiting hall space is

provided at the rate of 1.4 sq. m. per patient and is a minimum of 36 sq. m. The area for

emergency section and dispensary are 10 sq. m. to 15 sq. m. and 20 sq. m. to 30 sq. m

respectively.

(ii) In-patient department (IPD)

It consists of all facilities required for treatment of patients admitted into wards. These

are wards, operating theaters, radiology department, pathology department, psychiatric

department, accident and emergency department, intensive care unit, pathology laboratory, post

modem rooms and mortuary.

4.2.3 Wards:

These are the specious halls in which patients are admitted by the advise of the doctors.

The following measures should be kept in mind while planning and design of wards.

1. Area of ward per bed is 8 to 10sq m. Number of beds to be provided per ward is 24to 30.

2. Maximum distance from bed to wc is 12 m and from working room of nurse to the farthest

bed is 20m.

3. Noise level should not be more than 40dB to 45dB during the day an35 to 40dB at night

times.

4. Circulation area is 25% to 40% of floor area and depends on ward layout.


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5. Operation theatres: The size and equipment of operating theatres varies according to the

requirements of each hospital. It should have easy access from surgical and ophthalmic

wards. Area is generally 20sq m to 30sq m. Operating theatres have single corridor or

double corridor which are used for patients, and equipment. The width of corridor for

patient trolleys is 3m to 4m and other corridor is 1.5m.

6. Sanitary units: Sanitary unit should be provided on the scale recommended by the building

bye laws. According to NBC 2005, the following sanitary units to be provided for indoor

and outdoor patient wards.

Table no 4.2:Sanitary and Water fittings for Hospitals

Unit For males and females

Water-closet

Ablution taps

Wash basins

Bedpan washing sinks

Cleaners sinks

Kitchen sinks and dish washers

1 for every 8 beds or pats thereof

1 in each water-closet

2 up to 30beds, add 1 for every additional

30 beds or parts thereof

1 for each ward

1 for each wards

1 for each wards

(a)


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(b)

(c)

Figure 4.3 Hospital building at baramati


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4.3 Cinema Building:

A cinema building is used for cinematographic exhibition. In India the number of cinema

buildings is quite inadequate to meet the needs of public also many existing cinema buildings do

not have minimum basic requirements such as ventilation, clear audibility, fire safety, sanitary

units, lighting, well d’esigned exists etc.

4.3.1 Site selection: The construction of cinema buildings is not allowed in residential areas and

streets of heavy traffic because these create problems to the public and also to the local

authorities. The following points should be kept in mind while selecting site for a cinema

building.

1. Site is easily accessible from all locations and approachable by local transport.

2. The area of the site should be sufficient to locate cinema building, drive ways, water

fountain, garden, car-parks and cycle stand. It should be a minimum of 0.2 to 0.4

hectares.

3. It should be at a minimum distance of 185 m from schools, hospitals and places of

worship.

According to building bye-laws, the minimum size of plot for cinema buildings used for

public entertainment with fixed seats shall be on the basis of the number of seats at the rate of

3sq m per seat. Open space at front shall not be less than 6m wide.

The cinema building may be divided into three parts:

1. Reception: Entrance, booking hall, office etc.

2. Auditorium

3. Stage

4.3.2Auditorium:

Auditorium is an enclosure where people can assemble for watching a picture projected on a

screen through exhibition of cinematographic films. The size of the auditorium is decided by the

number of seats to be accommodated. The rates of tickets are different for different positions of

chair increases from the screen. The volume of auditorium is decided on the basis of the sound

that is generated in it. It is observed that auditoriums designed with the capacity of 3.50 m cube

to 4.20 m cube per person gives better acoustical performance. Floor area should be a minimum


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of 0.6sq m to 0.9sq m per person. This includes the area of aisle, gangways, stage etc. For

cinema auditorium, ratio of height to width to length is taken as 1:2:3.

4.3.3 Screen system:

Cinema screen in past was fitted into adapted theatre. Now a days increased picture size

determines interior design. Traditional cinemas had small picture. The width of screen for it is

7.5m whereas 3 projector original cinema system has 30.5m screen. This surpassed by new

single projector IMAX system with 70mm film used horizontally to enlarge frame size and

provide 36m picture, seating being placed close, screen preventing whole picture being seen

without both vertical and horizontal movement of head. The bottom of the screen above the floor

at the first row of seat is 2m.The screen and rows of seat are to be arranged such that the

horizontal vision is not greater than 12degree. The rear most row of seats should be at a

minimum horizontal distance of two times the width of the screen from the screen.

4.3.4 Projection room:

The projection room should be large enough to enable the operator to work freely at the film

projection and any other equipment. The projection room consist of two 35mm projectors, a

lantern for commercial and cinema advertisements and a record player. The line of projection

should not make an angle of less than 80 degrees with screen. In projection room, considerable

heat is generated by the arc-lamps of the projectors and hence, it should possess excessive

ventilation. Separate room should be provided for rewinding the films. Usually a minimum of 16

to 20 sq m area is considered sufficient for a projection room.

Fig. 4.4 Auditorium at baramati


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4.3.5 Sanitary units:

According to NBC 2005 the following sanitary units should be provided for male and

female in cinema theatre see table no 4.

Table no 4.3:Sanitary and Water fittings

No. Fitment Male Female

1

2

3

4

5

Water closet

Ablution taps

Urinals

Wash basins

Drinking water taps

1 per 100 persons up to 400

persons

1 in each water closet

1 for 250 persons

1 for 200 persons

1 per 100 person

3 per 100 persons up to

200 persons


-

1 for every 200 persons

1 per 100 person

4.4 A Hostel:

A hostel is a building providing residential accommodation with or without food facility

for a selected group of people such as:

1. Students

2. Unmarried employees

3. Tourists

Students hostels are attached to the concerned school or college and are run by the

respective managements.

Students of kindergarten level of an elementary school to research scholars of an

university are to be provided with both residential accommodation and food facility in the hostel.

4.4.1 Site selection:

1. Site should be neat pleasant less noisy

2. The site should be pollution free


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3. Post telephone fax facilities should be available at the sit

4. Walking distance between the hostel and school or college should never exceed

five to seven minutes.

4.4.2 Main components

1. Main Entrance Hall: It is a spacious area incorporating General notice board, Notice board

containing the particulars of inmates

2. Warden office: Warden may be provided with separate residential accommodation close to

the hostel. Separate hostel office building may be provided in case of bigger hostel complex. But

in some cases as an isolated hostel building separate rooms for residential warden of floor area

not less than 20sq m , committee room of floor area not less than 30sq m. house keeper of floor

area not less than 10sq m are provided .

3.Residential Area: In a students hostel accommodation is to be provided for 210 days to 230

days in a year. The accommodation can be

1. Single seater rooms 10sq m to 15sq m

2. Double seater rooms 15sq m to 20sq m

3. Three seater rooms 20sq m to 25sq m

4. Four seater 25sq m to 36sq m

4.Dining Hall: It is either incorporated along with the residential rooms or separately provided

such that it involves not more than five minutes walk from the residential block. Dining hall

should be so designed such that it can accommodate 33% to 50% of strength of the hostel at a

time.The design value is 1.2sq m per resident of the hostel. Single table of 6 seater tables are

provided with chairs. More than six per table may not be convenient for easy serving and

cleaning.

5.Kitchen: It should have a minimum area of 8sq m to 12sq m. It should be well ventilated and

provided with exhaust Fans to expel hot air and smoke. The windows and door shutters are to be

provided with fly proof meshes. It should be well illuminated both day and night. The floor

should be smooth, non-slippery, easily cleaned and non-absorbent. The walls should be easily get

cleaned as they easily get tarnished because of the smokes and fumes of the kitchen.


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4.Sanitary units :According to NBC 2005 the following sanitary units should be provided for

males and females.

Table no. 4.4: Sanitary and Water Fittings

Units Males Females

Water Closet

Ablution taps

Urinals






-

Fig. 4.5 Hostel Building at baramati

4.5 An Office Building:

The office work primarily involves handling information and making decisions based

upon information. This definition hides enormous variations in size of office organizations,

office technology and styles of management. Its range includes multi nationals which employ

thousands of people in only one of many buildings to a one man enterprises. Much of office

work is secondary but office also includes space for machinery, canteen, meetings, filling,

libraries and other ancilliary activities which may take up around 1/3 of space required by the


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organization. The interfacing of various units of office and accommodation requirements are

given bellow.

4.5.1 Entrance: The size type and location of the entrance is dependent on whether the whole

building is to be occupied by one office, number of firms or whether the lower floors are

accommodating shops and stores and the upper floors are allotted for the office. For security

point of view in office building there is one entrance of 2m to 4m is provided.

4.5.2 Corridors:The main circulation corridors should be sufficient width and not less than 1.8m

and not more than 3m wide. A central corridor with rooms on either side is very economical.

Though, the central corridor system is economical, office rooms from sun, wind and rain. The

corridors should be well ventilated and lighted by natural or artificial means.

4.5.3Storage: Filling cabinets are still predominant method of storing office papers, but many

other possibilities exist including suspended and lateral filling, which can be considerably more

efficient in space use. Microfilm can be used to reduce bulk of paper held in offices, but it may

not always be acceptable substitute because of complexity, cost, legal requirements to preserve

original copy.

4.5.4Sanitary units:Sanitary blocks should be provided on every floor separately for either male

or female. For offices either w.c. toilets are attached to their rooms or placed in a separate room.

Sanitary units should be provided on the scale recommended by the building bye laws.

According to NBC2005 the following units should be provided for male and female.

Fig. 4.6 Office building


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Table no. 4.5:Sanitary and Water Fittings

Units For male For Female

w.c.

Urinals

Wash basins

1 for every 25

1 for 7to 20, 2for 21to 45


1 for every 15

-

Same

4.6 A Bank

Banks are of three categories: Savings banks, Commercial banks and Agricultural banks.

The savings banks in addition to savings account transaction, may provide its clients with lockers

in the safe deposits vault. Commercial banks in addition to saving accounts, cash credits,

collecting bills and cheque against receipts , shall be having transactions as advancing loan

against mortgages of the goods kept in the custody of the banks. Agricultural banks additional to

saving account transaction, shall be having loan sanction for agricultural development. The

operations of each are differentiated by law, but all are primarily depositaries of the peoples

money reinvested by the bank in the form of loans or by the purchase of government or private

companies bonds.

The banking space includes all areas common to the public and bank officials and

employees.

4.6.1 Selection of Sites The selection of a site for a bank depends of business. Saving banks are

generally located in residential suburban and rural areas. Commercial banks are located in a

business locality, where commercial forms conduct their business and carry on trade

4.6.2Functional units

Banking: The activity of banking needs areas for public space, working spaces for tellers

counter and officers platform. The size of public space will be decided by the volume of bank

business and the span of working hours. The public lounges may be provided with

accompanying toilet facilities for convenience of the customer. Writing desk of at least 600mm

width and 450mm depth per person are to be provided. The basis for provision for working space


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and public space may be adopted as 5sq m to 6.5sq m per counter window. The length of counter

is about 1.2m to 1.5m per clerk and height from the floor is usually kept at 1.6m to 1.8m. Width

of the cabinet or depth of the counter may be varying from 450 mm to 900 mm depending upon

the requirement. The space below the counters can be used for drawers or cabinets for keeping

ledgers, pass-books, signature cards etc. The width of the working space leaving 450 mm for

chair varies from 1.2 m to 3 m according to the requirement.

The officer’s platform is set apart from the public space by a minimum barrier of some

sort, such as change in level, of different floor material or covering, low rails, low partitions etc.

It should be near main entrance where officers can see the incoming customers. Senior officers

are placed in more remote parts of the platform for greater privacy. And area of 9.25 sq. m. to 11

sq. m. per officer is generally provided.

Various spacing standards for planning a new bank building are given below:

1. Entrance and moving space- 2m wide

2. Counter height- 1.6 m to 1.8 m

Counter width- 0.4 m to 0.8 m

3. Working space behind the counter- 3 m wide

4. Managers room- 10 m2

to 15 m2

5. Meeting hall- 20 m2 to 40 m

2

6. Working space per clerk- 8 m2

to 10 m2


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CHAPTER 5

FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY

Fire Prevention Classification of Building Based on Occupancy

All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected shall be classified according to the use

or the character of occupancy in one of the following groups:

Group A Residential

Group B Educational

Group C Institutional

Group D Assembly

Group E Business

Group F Mercantile

Group G Industrial

Group H Storage

Group J Hazardous

Group E Business Buildings

These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for transaction of business

(other than that covered by Group F and part of buildings covered for keeping of accounts and

records and similar purposes, professional establishments, service facilities, etc. City halls, town

halls, court houses and libraries shall be classified in this group so far as the principal function of

these is transaction of public business and keeping of books and records. Business buildings shall

be further sub-divided as follows:

E-1 Offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of architects, engineers,

doctors, lawyers and police stations.

5.1 Fire Zones

The fire zones shall be made use of in land use development plan and shall be designated

as follows:


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a) Fire Zone No. 1 — This shall comprise areas having residential (Group A), educational

(Group B), institutional (Group C), and assembly (Group D), small business (Subdivisions E-1 )

and retail mercantile (Group F) buildings, or mess which are under development such

occupancies.

5.2Restrictions on the Type of Construction for New Buildings

Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall conform to construction of Type 1, 2, 3 or 4.

5.3 Openings in Separating Walls and Floors

At the time of designing openings in separating walls and floors, particular attention shall

be paid to all such factors as will limit fire spread through these openings and maintain fire rating

of the structural member. For Types 1 to 3 construction, a doorway or opening in a separating

wall on any floor shall be limited to 5.6 m2 in area with a maximum height /width of 2.75 m.

Every wall opening shall be protected with fire-resisting doors having the fire rating of not less

than 2 hr. All openings in the floors shall be protected by vertical enclosures extending above

and below such openings, the walls of such enclosures having a fire resistance of not less than 2

h. Openings in walls or floors which are necessary to be provided to allow passages of all

building services like cables, electrical wirings, telephone cables, plumbing pipes, etc, shall be

protected by enclosure in the form of ducts/shafts having a fire resistance not less than 2 h.

5.4 Vertical Opening

Every vertical opening between the floors of a building shall be suitably enclosed or

protected, as necessary, to provide the following:

a) Reasonable safety to the occupants while using the means of egress by preventing spread of

fire, smoke, or fumes through vertical openings from floor to floor to allow occupants to

complete their use of the means provide a clear height of 2 100 mm in the passage/escape path of

the occupants.

5.5 Fire Stop or Enclosure of Openings

Where openings are permitted, they shall not exceed three-fourths the area of the wall in

the case of an external wall and they shall be protected with fire resisting assemblies or

enclosures having a fire resistance equal to that of the wall or floor in which these are situated.


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5.6 Air-conditioning and Ventilation

Air-conditioning and ventilating systems shall be so installed and maintained as to

minimize the danger of spread of fire, smoke or fumes from one floor to other or from outside to

any occupied building Air-conditioning and ventilating systems circulating air to more than one

floor or fire area shall be provided with dampers designed to close automatically in case of fire.

5.7 Arrangement of Exits

Exits shall be so located that the travel, distance on the floor shall not exceed the

distancen given in Table. The travel distance to an exit from the dead end of a corridor shall not

exceed half the distance specified

Travel Distance for Occupancy and

Type of Construction

(Clauses 4.4.1,4.5.1 and 4.5.2)

S1 Group of Occupancy

Maximum Travel Distance

i) Mercantile 30m

All buildings, which are 15 m in height or above, and all buildings with any of the occupancies,

having area more than 500 sq.m. on each floor shall have a minimum of two staircases. They

shall be of enclosed type; at least one of them shall be on external walls of buildings and shall

open directly to the exterior, interior open space or to an open place of safety.

Internal Staircases

Office Building Shall Have Staircase Width 1.5 M

The exit sign with arrow indicating the way to the escape route shall be provided at a suitable

height from the floor level on the wall and shall be illuminated by electric light connected to

corridor circuits.


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Horizontal Exits

The width of horizontal exit shall be same as for the exit doorways. A horizontal exit shall be

equipped with at least one fire/smoke door of minimum 1 h fire resistance, of self-closing type.

Further, it is required to have direct connectivity to the fire escape staircase for evacuation.

Refuge Area

For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 SQ.M. or an area equivalent to 0.3

SQ.M.per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors, whichever is higher,

shall be provided as under:

The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever

projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings.

floors above 24 m and Up to 39 m —

One refuge area on the floor immediately above 24m.

For floors above 39 m —

One refuge area on the floor immediately above 39 m and so on after every 15 m. Refuge area

provided in excess of the requirements shall be counted towards FAR.

Fire Lifts

Where applicable, fire lifts shall be provided with a minimum capacity for 8 passengers and fully

automated with emergency switch on ground level. In general, buildings 15 m in height or above

shall be provided with fire lifts.

Fire Detection and Warning

In buildings of such size, arrangement or occupancy where a fire may not itself provide adequate

warning to occupants, automatic fire detection and alarm facilities shall be provided, where

necessity, to warn occupants early of the existence of fire, so that they may escape, and to

facilitate the orderly conduct of fire exit drills.


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Fire Protection

Fire Extinguishers/Fixed Fire Fighting Installations

All buildings depending upon the occupancy use and height shall be protected by fire

extinguishers, wet riser, down-comer, automatic sprinkler installation, high/medium velocity

water spray, foam, gaseous or dry powder system in accordance with the provisions.


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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS

Planning is very important part while the construction of any building. The public

buildings are so planned such that environment is ideally for learning, teaching and working

together. The principles of planning are aspect, prospect, roominess, grouping, furniture, air

conditioning, etc. While planning of any building it is necessary to consider the part of safety

because there is the crowding of very large peoples inside or outside the building. Public

building is also crowded by peoples so it is necessary to study part of safety while planning.


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REFERENCES

1. National building code 2005.

2. Development control rules.

3. Building, planning and drawing, Charotar publications by Dr. N. Kumara Swami and A.

Kameshwara Rao

4. Town and country planning by Rangawala

5. Handbook of planning of office building by central public work department.

6. https://urban.maharashtra.gov.in/

7. http://moud.gov.in/

8. Journal of proff. Anne Taylor new Mexico on Design of school building

9. Published by the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility 2013

ISBN: 978-1-921609-75-6 NCCARF Publication 05/13.

10. Conference Paper NREL/CP-550-39833 June 2006 of Net zero energy building

https://urban.maharashtra.gov.in/

http://moud.gov.in/

Study of Planning of Public Buildings

Engineering

Transcript of Study of Planning of Public Buildings