Study of physics at the Study of physics at the University of LeipzigUniversity of Leipzig(1963 – 1968 )(1963 – 1968 )

1967:1967:Start of a phd thesis Start of a phd thesis at the Academy of at the Academy of Sciences in BerlinSciences in Berlin(Prof. Treder)(Prof. Treder)(on Gravity)(on Gravity)

November 1967:November 1967:

Travel to Bulgaria (Sofia, Travel to Bulgaria (Sofia, Varna)Varna)

Study of the coast near Study of the coast near Varna and of the security Varna and of the security systems near the coastsystems near the coast

W. Ulbricht (prime W. Ulbricht (prime minister of East minister of East Germany): Germany):

March 1968: March 1968: Decision of the parlament (Volkskammer)Decision of the parlament (Volkskammer)

Protest by Westgerman chancellor KiesingerProtest by Westgerman chancellor Kiesinger and by the and by theAmerican president Johnson.American president Johnson.

May 1968: May 1968: Preparations for the destruction of the Pauliner Preparations for the destruction of the Pauliner church church

May 30: May 30: Destruction Destruction

June 1968: Preparation of a June 1968: Preparation of a protest action by me and a friendprotest action by me and a friend

June 20, 1968:June 20, 1968:A big transparent, showing theA big transparent, showing thePauliner church and requesting Pauliner church and requesting reconstruction, was displayed by reconstruction, was displayed by an automatic clock at the final an automatic clock at the final concert of the Bach festival in concert of the Bach festival in Leipzig, in the presence of the Leipzig, in the presence of the government and of many TV government and of many TV teams. I wasteams. I wasin the concert.in the concert.

Ulbricht gave a Ulbricht gave a special special order to the STASI order to the STASI (security police) to (security police) to find the originators find the originators of the transparentof the transparent

July 22, about 6 am:July 22, about 6 am:

Encounter with a RussianEncounter with a Russianwar ship. They passed us war ship. They passed us in a distance of about 300 in a distance of about 300 m,m,but did not see our kayak.but did not see our kayak.

Turkish soldiers observed Turkish soldiers observed our our arrival.arrival.We were brought to an army We were brought to an army camp.camp.Next morning: interrogations Next morning: interrogations bybyan army officer ( in German)an army officer ( in German)Later transport to KirklareliLater transport to Kirklareli(capital of European part of (capital of European part of Turkey)Turkey)

Next day:Next day:Interrogations again.Interrogations again.Transport to Istanbul.Transport to Istanbul.Hotel, where the room Hotel, where the room was guarded by was guarded by a soldier.a soldier.Interrogations in the Interrogations in the police headquarter.police headquarter.

Two days later:Two days later:We escaped from the hotel We escaped from the hotel and went by taxi to the and went by taxi to the German consulate.German consulate.The consul helped us and The consul helped us and gave us shelter in the gave us shelter in the consulate.consulate.Interrogations with Turkish Interrogations with Turkish security officers in the next security officers in the next days.days.

July 29, 1968:July 29, 1968:

Flight from Istanbul to Flight from Istanbul to MunichMunich

I went to Prof. Heisenberg I went to Prof. Heisenberg at the MPI and obtained a at the MPI and obtained a scholarship as a phd. scholarship as a phd. student.student.

September 1968 – Sept. September 1968 – Sept. 1970:1970:phd. Student in Munichphd. Student in Munich

Sept. 1970: Invitation by Sept. 1970: Invitation by SLACSLACMeeting with Gell-Mann in Meeting with Gell-Mann in AspenAspen

Start of a collaboration with Start of a collaboration with M. Gell-MannM. Gell-Mann

Sept. 1971: Fellowship at Sept. 1971: Fellowship at CERNCERN

Collaboration with Gell-Mann Collaboration with Gell-Mann

at CERNat CERN

Sept. 1972: Move to Sept. 1972: Move to PasadenaPasadena(Caltech)(Caltech)

March 1976: Return to CERNMarch 1976: Return to CERN

1978: Professor at 1978: Professor at the University of the University of BernBern

May 1980:May 1980:Chair at theChair at the

Univ. of MunichUniv. of Munich

I declined, but agreed to beI declined, but agreed to bea close advisor on the a close advisor on the problemsproblemsof unification ( 1990 – of unification ( 1990 – 1993).1993).

I worked on the reform of the I worked on the reform of the academic system in the Eastacademic system in the East(universities, academy of science, (universities, academy of science, e.g. Institute Zeuthen => DESY)e.g. Institute Zeuthen => DESY)

Cosmic Accidents?Cosmic Accidents?Determined by Dynamics?Determined by Dynamics?

Changing in Time?Changing in Time?

nG

sem

Sommerfeld, 1916………Sommerfeld, 1916………

Pauli (1958): Nr 137, Pauli (1958): Nr 137, Zürich.............Zürich.............

L. Lederman, 137 Eola RoadL. Lederman, 137 Eola Road

Feynman: 137–how little we Feynman: 137–how little we

knowknow

137/1

/22

hce

Nucleon Mass in limit of Nucleon Mass in limit of vanishing quark vanishing quark masses:masses:

const. calculable, but large errors at const. calculable, but large errors at present.present.

Exp: 938.272 MeVExp: 938.272 MeV

cconstM .

MeV3835213

6 Constants for stable matter

d

u

m

m

Atoms, Nuclei

em

G

um

s

w

dm

tmbm

em

m

cm

u

d

sm

m

wM

HM

Constants in theStandard Model

2m

1m

3m

sun

atm

choozl

2

3

Observation offine structure of atomic levels

Quasars5-7 billion years back

Fine structure of Fe, Ni, Mg, Sn, A - Fine structure of Fe, Ni, Mg, Sn, A -

Quasars, back to 11 bn years in timeQuasars, back to 11 bn years in time

(challenged by Reimers, Chile, investigating only (challenged by Reimers, Chile, investigating only one quasar)one quasar)

5

15

/ ( 0.54 0.12)10

_ .: / : 1.2 10 _ _Linear App d dt per year

SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)<SO(10)SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)<SO(10)(Fritzsch - Minkowski, Georgi : 1975)(Fritzsch - Minkowski, Georgi : 1975)

O(10)

143,9 10

2 28/ : / :

3 s sd dt d dt

/ : 38,8 _ / :d dt d dt

Can this be tested Can this be tested byby

experiments?experiments?

Time: measured by Cesium Time: measured by Cesium clocksclocks

Hyperfine transition, Hyperfine transition, involving the magnetic involving the magnetic moment of the cesium moment of the cesium nucleus.nucleus.

Would be affected by time Would be affected by time change of QCD scalechange of QCD scale

Comparison

Cs-

clockHydrogen

clock

Difference: 3 CS oscillations per day

Experiment at MPQ Munichand NIST Boulder

MPQ-ExperimentMPQ-Experiment

486 nm dye laser in hydrogen486 nm dye laser in hydrogenspectrometerspectrometer

Reference: cesium clock Pharao LPTFReference: cesium clock Pharao LPTFParisParis

Hydrogen: 1s-2s transitionHydrogen: 1s-2s transition2 466 061 413 187 127 (18) Hz2 466 061 413 187 127 (18) Hz

Expected in simplest model:Expected in simplest model:about 10 times moreabout 10 times more

Measurement:Measurement:15 1/ : (2.4 6.8) 10d dt yr

14/ : 2 10d dt

Partial cancellation?Partial cancellation?

Indication for effect in the new Indication for effect in the new exp. at MPQ:exp. at MPQ:

15/ : (3 1) 10 /d dt year

If true:If true: All masses of atomic nuclei will depend on

cosmic time!