Study of Life Chapter 1 Themes
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AP Biology AP Bio
Study of LifeChapter 1
Themes
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AP Biology
Pre Assessment 1. Name the kingdoms of life.2. Name 3 types of cells. Contrast these cells. 3. What are the 3 domains of all living things.4. Name 1 scientist whose research led to the
development of the cell theory. 5. What scientists led to the development of the DNA
model?6. Name 5 characteristics that all living things
posess.7. Who is the father of evolution?8. What is the purpose of a control group?9. What are protein catalysts?
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AP Biology
OBJECTIVES1. Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.3. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.4. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.5. Distinguish between holism and reductionism.6. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of thecell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.7. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.8. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function."9. List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them.10. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework
of biology.11. Outline the scientific method.12. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.13. Explain how science and technology are interdependent
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Why study themes of Biology? Biology is an ever expanding body of
knowledge too much to memorize it all need to generalize create a framework upon which to organize
new knowledge themes are the key to understanding the
nature of living organisms
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AP Biology
Unifying Themes Emergent Properties~ hierarchy of life The Cell~ all organism’s basic structure Heritable Information~ DNA Structure & Function~ form and function Environmental Interaction~ organisms are open
systems Regulation~ feedback mechanisms Unity & Diversity~ universal genetic code Evolution~ biology’s core theme; differential
reproductive success Scientific Inquiry~ observation; testing; repeatability Science, Technology & Society~ functions of our world
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AP Biology
Emergent Properties/Characteristics of Life
1. Order. Organisms are highly organized, and other characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization.
2. Cells. All living organisms are made of cells3. Reproduction. Organisms reproduce; life comes
only from life (biogenesis).4. Growth and Development. 5. Heredity
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AP Biology
6. Energy Utilization. Organisms take in and transform energy to do work, including the maintenance of their ordered state.
7. Response to Environment. Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment.
8. Homeostasis. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a steady-state, even in the face of a fluctuating external environment.
9. Evolutionary Adaptation. Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms and their environment.
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AP Biology
I. Life’s Hierarchical Order The living world is a hierarchy, with each
level of biological structure building on the level below it
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AP Biology
I. Hierarchy of Organization
Atoms Molecule Organelle Cells Tissues Organ Organism
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AP Biology
Levels of organization beyond the individual organism:•Populations
• Localized group of organisms belonging to the same species
•Community• Populations of species living in the same area
Ecosystems An energy-processing system ofi community
interactions that include abiotic environmental factors•Biosphere
• The sum of all the planet's ecosystems
AP Bio
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AP Biology
Form follows function The alignment of structure & function is
seen at all levels of biology Levels of organization animation
organism
cell organelle
organ
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AP Biology
Check Point Diagram the hierarchy of structural
levels in biology beginning with an Atom.
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AP Biology
II. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function
Lowest level of structure capable of performing all activities of life. All organisms are composed of cells.
unicellular or multi cellular The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell and
the formulation of the cell theory.
Robert Hooke (1665) examination of cork- tiny boxes which he called "cells" (really cell walls).
Antonie van Leeuwenhok (1600's) used the microscope to observe living organisms
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839) ~all living things are made of cells.
This formed the basis for the cell theory.
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AP Biology
Two major kinds of cells Prokaryotic cell = Cell lacking membrane-bound organelles
and a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Archaebacteria and bacteria Generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells Contains DNA that is not separated from the rest of the
cell, as there is no membrane-bound nucleus Most have tough external walls
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AP Biology
Two major kinds of cells Eukaryotic cell = Cell with a membrane-enclosed
nucleus and membrane-enclosedOrganelles.
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals DNA is segregated from the rest of the cell within
the nucleus Some cells have a tough cell wall outside the
plasma membrane (e.g., plant cells). Animal cells lack cell walls.
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AP Biology
Check Point Explain how technological
breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
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AP Biology
Check Point Distinguish between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
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AP Biology
III. Reproduction Asexual Binary Fission~ bacteria Sexual Gametes Fruiting Bodies Flowers Meiosis
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AP Biology
IV. Growth and Development Growth Development Metamorphosis Puberty
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AP Biology
V. Heredity Heritable information in the form of DNA
DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next
You can make more,a lot like you!
TRAIT
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AP Biology
Heredity
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AP Biology
Heredity DNA gene chromosomes Role of DNA
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AP Biology
VI. Energy transfer Life is an open system
need input of energy energy flows through energy comes in,
energy goes out need a constant input
need input of materials nutrients are recycled
around & around
ENTROPY RULES!DECOMPOSERS RULE, too!
nutrients
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AP Biology
Check Point What type of energy enters the
atmosphere? What type of energy leaves the
atmosphere?
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AP Biology
Energy utilization
You think they’re eating…
They’re harvestingenergy!
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AP Biology
Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with theirenvironments
Organisms interact with their environment, which includes other organisms as well as abiotic factors.
Both organism and environment are affected by the interaction between them.
Ecosystem dynamics include two major processes: 1. Nutrient cycling 2. Energy flow
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AP Biology
VII. Responsiveness Stimuli Response Nervous System Endocrine System Electrical Impulses
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AP Biology
VIII. Homeostasis Organisms need to maintain a “steady state”
in the face of changing conditions maintain homeostasis achieve this through feedback
monitor the body like a thermostat turn on when it’s needed, off when its not
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AP Biology
Feedback Positive feedback speeds a process up Negative feedback slows a process down Organisms and cells also use chemical mediators to
help regulate processes
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AP Biology
Feedback Regulation: Negative
Accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process
Example: sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Feedback Regulation: Positive
An end product speeds up its production
Example: blood clotting in response to injury
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AP Biology
Examples of Regulation The hormone insulin, for example, signals
cells in vertebrate organisms to take up glucose. As a result, blood glucose levels go down.
In certain forms of diabetes mellitus, insulin is deficient and cells do not take up glucose as they should, and as a result, blood glucose levels remain high.
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AP Biology
Provide an example of positive and negative feedback processes. Ex. Positive~ During pregnancy
contractions increase until the baby is delivered.
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AP Biology
Metabolism Sum of all chemical reactions in an
organism Enzymes Activation energy Anabolism- builds Catabolism- breaks down
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AP Biology
Metabolism
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AP Biology
IX. Evolution Core theme of biology
Charles Darwin
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AP Biology
Evolution explains unity & diversity Unity
what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist? common biochemistry & physiology
evolutionary relationships connected through common ancestor
Diversity but why are there
differences? natural selection adaptations allow different
individuals to survive in different environments
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AP Biology AP Bio
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
-- Theodosius DobzhanskyMarch 1973
Geneticist, Columbia University(1900-1975)
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AP Biology
Examples Bacterial resistance to antibiotics Peppered Moths
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AP Biology
Taxonomy
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AP Biology
Taxonomy Need for a
universal system Carolus Linnaeus Three Domains1. Bacteria2. Arachae3. Eukaryotes
Kingdom-most inclusive
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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AP Biology
3 Domains of Life- 6 KingdomsBacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
EukaryaBacteria Archaea
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AP Biology
Organizing systems Making sense out of the diversity Hierarchical
scheme
Eastern gray squirrelSciurus carolinensis
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AP Biology
Scientific Name Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name Genus species Examples
Homo Sapien
System is based on Phylogenetic relationships.
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AP Biology
Science as a process of inquiry
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AP Biology
Science as a process of inquiry Built on repeatable observations &
testable, falsifiable hypotheses
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AP Biology
Scientific Method Process which outlines a series of steps used to answer
questions. Not a rigid procedure. Based on the conviction that natural phenomena have
natural causes. Requires evidence to logically solve problems.
The key ingredient of the scientific process is the hypothetico-deductive method Involves:1. Asking a question and formulating a tentative answer or
hypothesis by inductive reasoning.2. Using deductive reasoning to make predictions from the
hypothesis and then testing the validity of those predictions.
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AP Biology
Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning = Making an inference from a set
of specific observations to reach a general conclusion.
Deductive reasoning = Making an inference from general premises to specific consequences
Usually takes the form of If...then logic. Usually involves predicting experimental results
that are expected if the hypothesis is true
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AP Biology
Provide an example of Inductive & Deductive reasoning
Ex. Deductive reasoning- If I step on the gas and turn the ignition, the car will start. Predicting results from a hypothesis
Ex. Inductive-observations lead to generalizations
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AP Biology
Holism vs ReductionismHolism The principle that a higher level
of order cannot be meaningfully explained by examining component parts in isolation.
• An organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts.
Ex- A cell dismantled to its chemical ingredients is no longer a cell.
It is also difficult to analyze a complex process without taking it apart.
Reductionism A complex system can be
understood by studying its component parts.
Ex- Watson and Crick deduced the role of DNA in inheritance by studying its molecular structure.
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AP Biology
Provide an Example of Reductionism
Ex. In order to understand inheritance, one must understand the molecular structure of DNA
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AP Biology
Science, technology & society Science & technology must function within
the rules of society Ethics
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AP Biology
We have a love-hate relationship with technology.
Pros Improved our standard of living.
Cons Creation of new problems
Ie. Increased population growth, acid rain, deforestation, global warming, nuclear accidents, ozone holes, toxic wastes, and endangered species.
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AP Biology
Phylogeny Branching tree of life. Species that are very similar share a
common ancestor at a recent branch point on the phylogenetic tree.
• Less closely related organisms share a more ancient common ancestor.
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AP Biology
Where all life began……. All life is connected and can be traced back to
primeval prokaryotes that existed more than 3 billion years ago.
In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in which he made two major points:
1. Species change, and contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors through a process of "descent with modification."
2. A mechanism of evolutionary change is natural selection.
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AP Biology
Natural selection
Organisms don’t adapt;
Organisms have adaptations.
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AP Biology
Requirements for Natural Selection Requirements for
Natural Selection All species have the
potential to overpopulate the earth.
Many must die at an early age.
Variation exists within the members of a species.
Those with better adapted traits live longer and reproduce more often (differential reproduction)
(Fecundity) Traits are inheritable. Process can account for new species and
diversity.
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AP Biology
Post Assessment Describe seven emergent properties associated with life. Distinguish between holism and reductionism. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the
formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function.“ List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the
conceptual framework of biology. Outline the scientific method. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
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AP Biology AP Bio
ANY QUESTIONS?