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IJRREST

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH REVIEW IN ENGINEERING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(ISSN 2278–6643)

VOLUME-4, ISSUE-3, November - 2015

IJRREST, ijrrest.org 67 | P a g e

STUDY OF DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRID CONNECTED DOUBLY FED

INDUCTION GENERATOR 1Rupak Sharma,

2Dr. Amit Manocha

1Department of Electrical Engineering, GIMT, Kanipla, Haryana, India

2Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, GIMT, Kanipla, Haryana, India

Abstract- The work is carried out with the objective to study the operational aspects of grid connected DFIG and simulate the dynamic

performance of grid connected DFIG. The various aspects of aerodynamic conversion using wind turbine, dynamic model, converter

model has been studied. The dynamic model and control scheme of grid connected DFIG has been realized under simulink environment.

The stator flux oriented (SFO) and stator voltage oriented (SVO) control scheme are implemented on the rotor and grid side converter

respectively. The DFIG is operated in speed control mode. The modeling and dynamic performance of the wind driven DFIG system is

studied for change in wind speed and change in reference speed. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely used in variable

speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). This paper presents a review on study of dynamic performance of grid connected

doubly fed induction generator. The operation of DFIG based on both slip ring and brushless arrangement has been discussed. The grid

integration of DFIG and its influence on system stability, system reliability, power quality and power transmission is also reviewed.

Keywords—

Doubly-fed induction generator, DFIG, wind energy conversion system, WECS, MPPT, grid operation.

1. INTRODUCTION

Wind is a renewable form of energy, as most of the

renewable sources of energy come from the sun „directly‟ or

„indirectly‟ wind comes under „indirect solar energy. About

1 to 2 per cent of the energy coming from the sun is

converted into wind energy. Wind energy is energy

collected from motion caused by heavy winds. Air in motion

arises from a pressure gradient. On a global basis one

primary forcing function causing surface winds from the

poles toward the equator is convective circulation. Solar

radiation heat the air near the equator, and this low density

heated air is buoyed up. At the surface is displaced by more

dense higher pressure air flowing from the poles. In the

upper atmosphere near the equator the air thus tends to flow

back towards the poles and away from the equator. So it is

clear that wind is basically caused by the solar energy

irradiating the earth.

Now this wind energy is collected in turbines with

propellers that spin when the wind blows and turn the

motion of the propeller into energy that can be used in the

electrical grid. Wind energy is a clean, renewable

energy source that is abundant in windy areas. Large wind

farms are often located outside of cities, supplying power

for electrical grids within the city [1].Wind turbines come in

a variety of sizes that can be used to supply power to

individual buildings or feed electricity into a grid system.

They must be located above nearby buildings and trees to

work effectively for a home or building. Considerations to

be taken when installing a wind turbine include location,

average wind speed, the height of the surrounding buildings

and trees, and the building‟s connection to the electrical

grid.

The present work should be carried out to study the

dynamics of grid connected doubly fed induction generator

by doing mathematical modelling of components and

Further, the performance of doubly fed induction generator

is observed by changing various system parameters like base

wind speed, line length and grid voltage. The complete

study should be done in matlab & simulink environment.

The stator is directly connected to the AC mains, while the

wound rotor is fed from the Power Electronics Converter via

slip rings to allow DIFG to operate at a variety of speeds in

response to changing wind speed. Indeed, the basic concept

is to interpose a frequency converter between the variable

frequency induction generator and fixed frequency grid.

The DC capacitor linking stator- and rotor-side converters

allows the storage of power from induction generator for

further generation. To achieve full control of grid current,

the DC-link voltage must be boosted to a level higher than

the amplitude of grid line-to-line voltage. The slip power

can flow in both directions, i.e. to the rotor from the supply

and from supply to the rotor and hence the speed of the

machine can be controlled from either rotor- or stator-side

converter in both super and sub-synchronous speed ranges.

As a result, the machine can be controlled as a generator or a

motor in both super and sub-synchronous operating modes

realizing four operating modes. Below the synchronous

speed in the motoring mode and above the synchronous

speed in the generating mode, rotor-side converter operates

as a rectifier and stator-side converter as an inverter, where

slip power is returned to the stator. Below the synchronous

speed in the generating mode and above the synchronous

speed in the motoring mode, rotor-side converter operates as

an inverter and stator side converter as a rectifier, where slip

power is supplied to the rotor. At the synchronous speed,

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slip power is taken from supply to excite the rotor windings

and in this case machine behaves as a synchronous machine.

A schematic of power flow in DFIG wind energy conversion

system is shown in fig. 1 below.

Fig. 1 Power flow in DFIG WECS

2. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF INDUCTION

GENERATOR

The mechanical power and the stator electric power output

are computed as

Pm = Tem* ωm

(1)

*s em sP T

(2)

For a loss less generator the mechanical equation is:

rm em

dJ T T

dx

(3)

In steady-state at fixed speed for a loss less generator

m emT T and m s rP P P

And it follows that:

r m s m r em s sP P P T T sP

Where

r s

s

S

„S‟ is defined as the slip of the generator. Generally the

absolute value of slip is much lower than 1 and,

consequently, Pr is only a fraction of Ps. Since Tm is positive

for power generation and since ωs is positive and constant

for a constant frequency grid voltage, the sign of Pr is a

function of the slip sign. Pr is positive for negative slip

(speed greater than synchronous speed) and it is negative for

positive slip (speed lower than synchronous speed).

For super synchronous speed operation, Pr is transmitted to

DC bus capacitor and tends to rise the DC voltage. For sub-

synchronous speed operation, Pr is taken out of DC bus

capacitor and tends to decrease the DC voltage. Cgrid is used

to generate or absorb the power Pgc in order to keep the DC

voltage constant. In steady-state for a lossless AC/DC/AC

converter Pgc is equal to Pr and the speed of the wind turbine

is determined by the power Pr absorbed or generated by

Crotor.

The phase-sequence of the AC voltage generated by Crotor is

positive for sub-synchronous speed and negative for super

synchronous speed. The frequency of this voltage is equal to

the product of the grid frequency and the absolute value of

the slip. Crotor and Cgrid have the capability for generating or

absorbing reactive power and could be used to control the

reactive power or the voltage at the grid terminals.

2.1 Dynamic model of Induction Machine

There are two commonly used dynamic models for the

induction generator. One is based on space vector theory

and the other is the d-q axis model derived from the space

vector model. The space vector model features compact

mathematical expressions and a single equivalent circuit but

requires complex (real and imaginary part) variables,

whereas the d-q frame model is composed of two equivalent

circuits, one for each axis.

These models are closely related to each other and are

equally valid for the analysis of transient and steady-state

performance of the induction generator. But here only dq-

frame model of induction machine is discussed.

2.1.1 D-Q model of induction machine

The Asynchronous Machine block operates in either

generator or motor mode. The mode of operation is dictated

by the sign of the mechanical torque:

When Tm is positive, the machine acts as a motor.

When Tm is negative, the machine acts as a

generator.

The electrical part of the machine is represented by a fourth-

order state-space model and the mechanical part by a

second-order system. All electrical variables and parameters

are referred to the stator. This is indicated by the prime signs

in the machine equations given below. All stator and rotor

quantities are in the arbitrary two-axis reference frame (d-q

frame) as shown in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b).

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Fig.2a Equivalent Representation of D-Q model of

induction machine.(q-axis) [34]

Fig.2b Equivalent Representation of D-Q model of

induction machine.(d-axis) [34]

(a) Voltage equations:

Stator Voltage Equations:

qs s qs qs dsV R i p (4)

ds s ds ds s qsV R i p

(5)

Rotor Voltage Equations:

qr r qr qr r drV R i p (6)

dr r dr dr r qrV R i p

(7)

(b) Flux Linkage Equations:

Stator Flux Equations:

qs ls m qs m qrL L i L i (8)

ds ls m ds m drL L i L i (9)

Rotor Flux Equations:

qr lr m qr m qsL L i L i (10)

dr ls m dr m dsL L i L i (11)

(c) Power and Torque Equations:

All the equations above are induction motor equations.

When the induction motor operates as a generator, current

direction will be opposite. Assuming negligible power

losses in stator and rotor resistances, the active and reactive

power outputs from stator and rotor side are given as:

3/ 2 s ds ds qs sP V i V i (12)

3 / 2 s qs ds ds qsQ V i V i (13)

3 / 2 r dr dr qr rP V i V i (14)

3 / 2 s qr dr dr qrQ V i V i (15)

The total active and reactive power generated by DFIG is:

Total s rP P P (16)

Total s rQ Q Q (17)

If PTotal and QTotal is positive, DFIG is supplying power to

the power grid, else it is drawing power from the grid. Total

P Total Q. In the induction machine, the electromagnetic

torque is developed by the interaction of air-gap flux and the

rotor magneto-motive force (MMF).

At synchronous speed, the rotor cannot see the moving

magnetic field; as a result, there is no question of induced

EMF as well as the rotor current, so the torque becomes

zero. But at any speed other than synchronous speed, the

machine will experience torque. That is true in case of

motor, where as in case of wind turbine generator;

electromechanical torque is provided by means of prime

mover which is wind turbine in DFIG-based WECS. The

rotor speed dynamics of the DFIG is given as:

( )2

r m e r

d PT T F

dt J

(18)

where P is the number of poles of the machine, is friction

coefficient, J is inertia of the rotor, Tm is the mechanical

torque generated by wind turbine, and Te is the

electromagnetic torque generated by the machine which can

be written in terms of flux linkages and currents as follows:

3 / 2 e qs ds ds qsT i i (19)

Where, negative (positive) values of Te means DFIG works

as a generator (motor).

3. SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF GRID CONNECTED DFIG

The performance is analyzed for the wind speed of 9 m/s

and 12 m/s at a constant rotor speed of ωref = 1.05pu.

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Fig. 3 Model of Grid Connected DFIG

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4. E 4. EFF ECT OF WIND SPEED ON DFIG PERFORMANCE

4. EFFECT OF WIND SPEED ON DFIG PERFORMANCE

The performance for ωref = 1.05 pu for different wind

speeds as 9 m/s and 12 m/s are shown in following

result analysis.

4.1 Effect of Wind Speed on Turbine torque at 9 m/s

and 12 m/s is shown below in fig 4 and 5 respectively

Fig. 4 Turbine torque at 9 m/s

Fig. 5 Turbine torque at 12 m/s

As shown in Fig.4 & 5 with the increase in wind speeds

the torque generated by the wind turbine increases. The

initial transients of about 0.1 sec duration are also

resulted.

4.2 Effect of Wind Speed on electromagnetic torque at

9 m/s and 12 m/s shown in fig.6 & fig.7 respectively.

Fig. 6 Electromagnetic torque at 9 m/s

Fig. 7 Electromagnetic torque at 12 m/s

As shown in Fig.6 & 7 after the initial transients of 0.15

sec, the steady state value is violated, electromagnetic

torque increases with increase in wind speed as shown

in the above figures. the steady state value of 0.27 and

0.6 N/m is resulted for wind speed of 9 m/s and 12 m/s

respectively.

4.3 Effect of Wind Speed on the active power

generated by DFIG

As shown in Fig. 8 & 9 the active power generated by

the DFIG also increases with the increase in wind

speed.

Fig 8 Active power at 9 m/s

Fig. 9 Active power at 12 m/s

In line with the observation of Fig.8 and 9, initially due

to operation in the motoring mode and settles to

negative value due to operation in generating mode.

Increase in active power with increase in speed takes

place up to a certain speed of wind, after that the

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-0.35

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

Time

Tu

rb

ine

To

rq

ue

Tm

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

Time

Tu

rb

ine

To

rq

ue

Tm

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5-5

0

5

10

15

20

Time

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic T

orq

ue

(T

em

)

Tem

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Time

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic to

rqu

e(T

em

)

Tem

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Time

Active

Po

we

r

Active Power

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

Time

Active

Po

we

r

Active Powerdata1

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generated power will saturate and will not increase

further. In case the wind speed exceeds the safe limit,

the turbine will enter into parking mode and no

generation of power takes place.

4.4 Effect of Wind Speed on the reactive power

The nature of reactive power for different speeds is

depicted in Fig.10 & 11. The reactive power in the

system increases in magnitude and frequency as the

wind speed increases. As observed from Fig.10,

although the frequency and magnitude of reactive

power is changing, the pattern is symmetric to „zero‟

value. Thus average will be „zero‟.

Fig. 10 Reactive power steady state at 9 m/s

Fig. 11 Reactive Power steady state at 12 m/s

4.5 Rotor Speed, stator voltage and dc link voltage

Fig. 12 Rotor speed

Fig. 13 Stator voltage

Fig. 14 DC link voltage

The rotor speed, stator voltage and DC-link voltage is

illustrated in Fig.12, 13 and 14 respectively. It is

observed that, these parameters remain unchanged due

to change in wind speed. This is because the system is

used in speed control mode.

4.6 Effect of Wind Speed on 3- phase stator current

Transient State

The effect of different speeds on 3-phase stator currents

is shown in Fig 15 to 18 for both initial transient and

after attaining steady state. The steady state value of

stator current is increased from 0.6 to 0.9. It is observed

that with the increase in speed the current at the stator

terminal increases. On observing the effect of different

speeds on stator current it is concluded that with the

increase in speed the current at the stator terminal

increases. This is in agreement with the increase in

electromagnetic torque and active power as observed in

pervious results.

Fig. 15 Isabc at 9 m/s

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5-0.01

-0.008

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

Time

Re

active

Po

we

r

reactive Power

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5-0.01

-0.008

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

Time

Re

active

Po

we

r

reactive power

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.5

1

1.5

Time

Ro

tor S

pe

ed

Rotor speed

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Time

Vsa

bc

Vsa

Vsb

Vsc

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 51198.4

1198.6

1198.8

1199

1199.2

1199.4

1199.6

1199.8

1200

1200.2

Time

DC

Lin

k V

olta

ge

DC link v/g

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Time

Isb

c

Isa

Isb

Isc

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Fig. 16 Isabc at 12m/s Steady state

Fig. 17 Isabc at 9 m/s

Fig. 18 Isabc at 12m/s

4.7 Effect of Wind Speed on 3- phase rotor current

Transient state

Fig. 19 Irabc at 9 m/s


4.8 Steady state

Fig 21 Irabc at 9 m/s


The effect of wind speed on 3-phase rotor currents is

shown in Fig.19 to 22. It is evident that the magnitude

and frequency of rotor current increases with increase in

wind speed. It is similar to the pattern of reactive power

shown in previous results. The rotor current at steady

state vary from 0.2 to 0.5 at 9 and 12 m/s wind speed,

respectively.

4.9 Influence of Wind Speed on rotor and stator

current in terms of d-q components

The influence of wind speed on the d-q components of

rotor current and stator current is shown in results. The

magnitude of rotor current (Idr,Iqr) and stator currents

(Ids,Iqs) are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2

respectively. No significant change in transients is

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Time

Isa

bc

Isa

Isb

Isc

4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Time

Isa

bc

Isa

Isb

Isc

4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Time

Isa

bc

Isa

Isb

Isc

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Time

Irabc

Ira

Irb

Irc

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Time

Ira

bc

Ira

Irb

Irc

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observed.

Table 1- Summary of rotor current in d-q terms

Wind speed

(m/s)

Magnitude

of Iqr (pu)

Magnitude of Idr

(pu)

9 0.21 0.003

12 0.54 0.006

Table 2- Summary of stator current in d-q terms

Wind speed

(m/s)

Magnitude of Ids

(pu)

Magnitude of

Iqs (pu)

9 -0.78 -0.11

12 -0.78 -0.22

It is observed, from Table 1, that „Idr‟ is around to zero

which control the reactive power and maintain it around

„zero‟ while the „Iqr‟control the active power. On steady

state, the Ids assume the same value for all two wind

speeds. Since on grid side „Ids‟ control the DC link

voltage and maintain it so its magnitude remains the

same, while „Iqs‟ control the reactive power of the grid,

so its value vary around zero, to maintain the reactive

power.

5. CONCLUSION

During this work the operational aspects of grid

connected DFIG has been studied and the dynamic

performance of grid connected DFIG has been

simulated. The dynamic model and control scheme has

been realized under simulink environment. The stator

flux oriented and stator voltage oriented control

schemes are implemented on the rotor and grid side

converter respectively while the DFIG is operated in

speed control mode. The performance for change in

wind speed is analyzed. The following conclusions are

drawn-

For the given reference speed, the performance

characteristics is affected by wind speed. The higher

wind speed results in higher amount of torque and

power.

The rotor speed under steady state follows the

reference speed irrespective to the varying wind

speed.

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