STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A ENGLISH PART II ENGLISH …kamarajcollege.ac.in/Department/English/II...

STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A ENGLISH PART – II ENGLISH

SEMESTER - IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21

of 35

UNIT CONTENT PAGE Nr

I PROSE 03

II POETRY 05

III SELECT SCENES FROM SHAKESPEARE 07

IV GRAMMAR 09

V COMMUNICATION SKILLS 18



of 35

UNIT – I PROSE

1. On the Pleasures of No Longer Being Very Young - G.K. Chesterton G.K. Chesterton points out the advantages and pleasures of growing old through his essay “On the Pleasures of No Longer Being Very Young”. Generally old people are pictured with beautiful snowy beards and wisdom. But, some old men retain their childishness and innocence. They are more romantic and adventurous than younger people. Old people begin to see significance in many aspects of life. Proverbs and morals that appear senseless to the young are quite sensible to the older generation. While the young feel like living in a town of tombs, the old people find a regenerating world around them. Youngsters find the surroundings dead and meaningless. But, old age, in wisdom discovers meaning in everything. Young people run after modern fantasy and disrespect ancient heritage. But the old people know the ancient values of life. The young people do not realize the new world. They can understand fundamental values of life only when they move on from their youth to old age. Old people have the advantage of perceiving many things better in the light of their past experience. Thus, Chesterton reveals about certain contradictions about the old people. 2. On Umbrella Morals- Alfred George Gardiner

A.G. Gardiner’s “On Umbrella Morals” describes the common human weakness of taking away other people’s things. Many people have strange umbrella morals. For example, one does not bother to take his own umbrella because his umbrella is the worst one. Later, he tells that he has taken it by mistake. He convinces himself by telling that the umbrella owner would have taken his umbrella instead. Similar is the case with some book borrowers who even go to the extent of setting up a library only with borrowed books. Gardiner cites the example of a man who never lent books to anybody. This was because all the four thousand books in his library were borrowed ones that were never returned. So, from his own experience, he learnt never to lend books. Similar to umbrellas people take away hats too. Gardiner has experienced this for he lost his silk hat in the House of Commons. He also adds his experience where he had taken home the umbrella of a statesman instead of his own. He found the owner’s name engraved on it. Hence, Gardiner sent it back to the owner with an apology letter and received his own umbrella in return. Thus, Gardiner found out that engraving names on the umbrella could help him save his umbrella. 3. My Visions for India- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Abdul Kalam’s “My Visions for India” presents his dreams for a powerful, well-developed India. He has three visions for India. India has been looted during foreign rule by the British, the Greek etc. But India never ruled the other country for it respected the freedom of others. Kalam’s first vision is that India must protect its freedom to be respected by others. Kalam’s second vision for India is development. Developing India should become developed India. He wants India to grow economically. He wants India to become a developed nation with self-reliance. Kalam’s third vision is strength. India can get global respect only through military power and economic power. He highlights the achievements of India and emphasizes how it is not highlighted by media. Media focuses on failures and disaster instead of focusing on achievements. Hence, Kalam



of 35

emphasizes on self-respect and self-reliance. He condemns Indians who are critical of everything without focusing on setting things right. Kalam criticizes the Indians who obey the rules abroad, but break them in India. He wants Indians to respect the rules and regulations. He wants Indians to practice what they preach. He is upset that Indians are selfish and lack social sense and national feeling. He wants Indians not only to be conscious of rights but also to discharge responsibilities. 4. My Financial Career- Stephen Leacock “My Financial Career” by Stephen Leacock narrates the misadventure of a man who went to a bank to open an account. The narrator decided to deposit his savings in a bank account. He was too cautious and wanted to meet the manager alone to discuss regarding his savings. The manager thought he was going to deposit a huge amount. On knowing that it was just 56 dollars, he got irritated. The narrator went to the accountant’s counter and deposited his money. He wanted to confirm if the money was deposited. So, he decided to withdraw 6 dollars. But, mistakenly he had written 56 dollars. He felt miserable at his mistake. But, he did not want to lose his self-respect. So, he withdrew all the 56 dollars.

The narrator was made fun of by the bank clerks for he was very nervous. This shameful experience scared him. He never went again to any bank. He kept money in his trouser pockets and his savings in silver dollars in a sock. Thus Stephen Leacock illustrates the miserable adventures and biter experiences of poor, ignorant people at banks.



of 35

UNIT – II POETRY

1. Where the Mind is Without Fear- Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore was saddened by the miserable lives of his countrymen under the

British rule and the state of his country in their struggle for independence. In this poem, he shows his love for his country and prays to God to help them attain freedom.

The poet envisions India as a country where the people live without any kind of fear or

oppression and hold their head high with pride, dignity and self reliance. Tagore also says that knowledge should be attained without any restriction. There should be no discrimination based on caste, creed, race or religion. India must reach towards its goal of attaining freedom and being an ideal nation. The countrymen must possess noble thoughts and do away with all the superstitious beliefs that defy logic and reason.

The poet envisioned his countrymen to live their lives with honesty and utmost truth. The

poet says that one’s goal should be to attain perfection i.e. to be an ideal country and all those years of struggle would finally reach its goal of attaining freedom and perfection.

The poet prays to God, seeking his support and guidance for his countrymen to have noble

thoughts and actions. He asks God to awaken them into this heaven like place of an independent nation.

2. Ode to Autumn- John Keats

In “Ode to autumn” Keats describes the season of autumn. The ode is an address to the season. It is the season of the mist and in this season fruits is ripened on the partnership with the Sun. Autumn loads the vines with grapes. There are apple trees near the moss growth cottage. The season fills the apples with juice. The hazel-shells also grow plumpy. These are full.

The Sun and the autumn help the flowers to bloom. The bees are humming on these

flowers.They collect honey from them. The beehives are filled with honey. The cells are overflowing with sweet honey. Autumn has been personified and compared to women farmers sitting carefree on the granary floor; there blows a gentle breeze and the hairs of the farmer are fluttering. Again autumn is a reaper. It feels drowsy and sleeps on the half reaped corn. The poppy flowers have made her drowsy.

The worker balances his body while crossing a stream with a bundle on his head. The autumn

is like an onlooker sitting the juicy oozing for hours. The songs and joys of spring are not found in autumn seasons. But Keats says that autumn has its own music and charm. In an autumn evening mournful songs of the gnats are heard in the willows by the river banks. Besides the bleat of the lambs returning from the grassy hills is heard. The whistle of the red breast is heard from the garden. The grasshoppers chirp and swallow twitters in the sky. This indicates that the winter is coming.

“Ode to autumn” is an appreciation of the autumn season. It is an unusual idea that autumn

is a season to rejoice.The theme of ripeness is complemented by the theme of death and rebirth. Autumn is a part of the year as old age is of life.



of 35

3. If You Call Me I Will Come - Sarojini Naidu If You Call Me I Will Come is a love poem in which the beloved is impatiently waiting for the

call of the lover. A mere call from a soul of her beloved will make her run and fly to him without caring for anything. She accepts that she will run to her beloved as swiftly as a mountain deer runs at the call of a mate or a dove flies fast at the cooing of her companion.

The "mountain deer" and "dove" are highly romantic and suggest a meeting of the lover and

the beloved. The cooing of the dove, the running of the mountain deer and the call of her companion are the suggestion of sex symbol and of the physical nearness with each other. They also convey the idea of the inseparableness of the lover and the beloved.

Sarojini Naidu suggests the attraction between the lover and the beloved. The third image is

of a snake flying to the charmer’s thrall. It is more directly sexual. It suggests the direct attachment of charmer’s musical sound and a snake. The poet says that like the creeping of a snake on the sound of charmer’s enthralling music of the flute, her beloved calls her. She will run to him at his call fearlessly without caring for the worldly obstruction.

In the second stanza, the poet states that with the increase in the intensity in the desire to

meet her lover the risk involved in it also becomes greater and intense. She is ready to meet him even at the cost of her life. She is ready to cross “the dark tides, and death deep chasma" if only she received the call from her lover. She is ready to face whatever may happen. Her intense desire to meet her love has a philosophical dimension too. Her desire of meeting has an element of mystic self-surrender.

4. Insensibility- Wilfred Owen

"Insensibility" is one of Owen's longest poems. In the first stanza Owen begins by saying that soldiers are happier when they can desensitize themselves to the war. Compassion is useless, and they certainly should not be looked at as rife with poetry or sentiment. The soldiers are barely men, in fact – just "gaps for filling" and the numbers that make up the losses. No one really cares about them.

In the second stanza he continues, saying that the young men do not care about themselves

or about others anymore. They have dulled their senses and do not try to make heads or tails of their situation. It is easier to take things as they come, and they barely even pay attention to the course of the war.

Owen also says that the soldier who returns home is happy because he does not have to

know more about the battles, and the soldier who never learned the value of emotion or feeling in the first place is happy as well.Owen seems to be contrasting people like himself, the "wise", the poets, who are not yet insensible to what is going on, with the soldiers who are not "sad, nor proud, / Nor curious at all". The question seems to be how a poet can be a poet and a soldier.

In the last stanza Owen says that the insensible "dullards" are cursed and wretched. The

happiness that the soldiers experience has been purchased at a high price, for they no longer have any understanding of humanity. Owen does not outright condemn these soldiers, understanding why they suppress their feelings as they do, but he feels a profound sadness at this lack of pity.



of 35

UNIT - III SELECT SCENES FROM SHAKESPEARE

1. The Trial Scene (The Merchant of Venice) Antonio is brought before the Duke of Venice to stand trial for failing to pay off his debt to

Shylock. The Duke is upset about the penalty, a pound of Antonio's flesh, but cannot find any lawful way of freeing Antonio from his bond. Duke tells Shylock to pardon Antonio and forgive the debt. Shylock refuses.

Bassanio then comes forward and offers to repay the loan. Shylock tells him that even if he

were offered more money he would not take it. The Duke threatens to dismiss the court without settling the suit brought by Shylock if Doctor Bellario fails to arrive. Just then, Nerissa enters dressed as a man with a letter from Bellario that recommends a young and educated lawyer to solve the case. The Duke permits. Portia enters dressed as a man, pretending to be a lawyernamed Balthasar.

Portia asks Antonio if he confesses to signing the contract. She comments that she must

therefore side with Shylock.Shylock is impressed that Portia is supporting his case. Portia rules that Shylock has the right to claim a pound of flesh from next to Antonio's heart according to the bond. Portia asks him if he has a surgeon ready to stop the bleeding once he has taken his pound of flesh. Shylock refuses telling her that it is not mentioned in the plot.

Just as Shylock is about to start cutting, Portia says that the bond does not give him

permission to shed Antonio's blood. The laws of Venice are such that if any Venetian's blood is shed, all the goods and lands of the perpetrator may be taken away by the state. Shylock realizes that he cannot cut the flesh without drawing blood, and instead agrees to take the money instead. However, Portia says that if he takes a tiny bit more or less he will be put to death himself. Shylock decides to withdraw his case.

Portia says that Venice has a further law which says that if any foreigner tries to kill a

Venetian, the foreigner will have half of his property go to the Venetian against whom he plotted, and the state will receive the other half. In addition, the life of the foreigner will be in the hands of the Duke. Shylock asks for mercy and he is pardoned. 2. Othello

Othello, the Moor of Venice, is a brave General. But, he is a miserable bundle of contradictions. He foolishly kills his innocent wife, Desdemona. Othello falls an easy victim to Iago’s villainy. Iago poisons Othello’s mind against his innocent wife Desdemona. She is very fair and Othello is completely black. He develops an inferiority complex. So, he easily suspects that she has an illicit relationship with Cassio. In an emotional mood, he goes to Desdemona’s bedroom to kill her. Othello supposes that Desdemona will betray more men with her passion of love. But his assumption is totally wrong. He decides that he will kill her with great sorrow and love her even after killing her. But the tragedy is that she is noble and his cause is shameful. Suddenly Emilia, Desdemona’s maid, comes. Desdemona cries that she has been falsely murdered. But, Desdemona does not betray her husband. Othello tells Emilia that he has murdered his wife. He tries to justify his action. He calls Desdemona a whore. He tells Emilia that her husband Iago was a witness to Desdemona’s illicit relationship with Cassio. Emilia becomes angry and calls Othello an ignorant fool to have killed the angelic Desdemona. She curses Iago for telling lies against Desdemona. She shouts. Gratiano,



of 35

Brabantio’s brother, and Iago enter. Emilia asks Iago to disprove Othello’s accusation was false. Othello proceeds to prove his wife’s betrayal. He had given his wife a handkerchief as his love-token which was found with cassio. Emilia tries to explain, but Iago tries to kill her. Emilia confesses that she stole it and gave it to iago not knowing his motive. On hearing this Othello sheds tears of grief over his wife’s death and tries to kill iago. But Iago stabs his wife and runs away. Emilia dies. Othello wants to punish himself for his evil deed. He stabs himself with his sword and goes near Desdemona’s body. He falls by his wife’s deadbody and dies. 3. Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet met at a dancing party. Romeo was a Montague and Juliet was a Capulet. The two families had a long-standing enmity. Romeo and Juliet were madly in love with each other. In the Orchard Scene they vow to marry each other.

Romeo developed a passion for Juliet. So, he went to see her secretly at night. He jumped over the wall of Juliet’s garden and climbed over to her window. To his eyes, Juliet was fairer than the moon. Juliet had immense love for Romeo, but she could not reveal it. Thoughts of Romeo filled her heart that she could not sleep. Hence, she came near the window and began to speak to herself. Romeo gazed at Juliet and listened to her from under the window. In her talk she spoke out her love for Romeo. She wished him not to bear the name of the Montague family. She wished Romeo to disown the troublesome family name of Montague and own her. Juliet’s passionate words moved Romeo. He responded that he was ready to renounce his family name for Juliet. This unexpected remark from the dark night surprised Juliet. Juliet recognized Romeo and asked him why he came there risking his life. He replied that he dared to face any danger, to win her love. He was ready to die for her love. He wondered whether his sweet experience was a reality or a dream. Romeo and Juliet loved each other’s company too much to part. Dawn approached. So, Juliet did not want to detain Romeo and cause his death. Their love-making is one of the loveliest scenes in dramatic literature.



of 35

UNIT - IV GRAMMAR

Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences a. A simple sentence consists of only one clause. b. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. c. A complex sentence has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.

Key

Divide the following Sentences into Clauses and state whether they are Simple, Compound, Complex or Compound-Complex

1. The pig got up - Independent Clause and slowly walked away - Independent Clause Compound Sentence

2. While Gopal threw down the hay - Dependent Clause Govind milked the cow - Main Clause and Govardhan cleaned out the barn - Main Clause Compound-Complex Sentence

3. Single Clause with a subject and predicate Simple Sentence

4. The boy went to the manager - Main Clause Whom I met at the circus - Dependent Clause And said - Independent Clause That he wanted to become an acrobat - Dependent Clause Compound-Complex Sentence

5. I wanted to scream - Main Clause but my throat was parched - Independent Clause and I could make no sound - Independent Clause Compound Sentence

6. Where there is a will - Dependent Clause there is a way - Main Clause Complex Sentence

7. Single Clause with a subject and predicate Simple Sentence

8. You can have all the money - Main Clause you require - Dependent Clause Complex Sentence

9. You have a better memory - Main Clause than I have - Dependent Clause



of 35

Complex sentence 10. The man chuckled - Main Clause

as he looked at the picture - Dependent Clause and said - Independent Clause he wondered - Main Clause what modern young things were coming to - Dependent Clause Compound – Complex Sentence

State, which of the following sentences are compound and which are complex ones 1. Donald took out his pen and started writing - Compound Sentence 2. The town in which I live is very large - Complex Sentence 3. This is the house that Jack built - Complex Sentence 4. The commons passed the bill, but the Lords threw it out - Compound Sentence 5. My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky - Complex Sentence 6. God made the country and man made the town - Compound Sentence 7. She must weep or she will die - Compound Sentence 8. He must have done his duty, for he is a conscientious man - Complex Sentence 9. Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise - Complex Sentence 10. I went because I was Invited - Complex Sentence

Convert the following Simple Sentences into Compound Sentences 1. He was innocent and he never thought of running away 2. He was not only thrown into jail, but was also heavily fined 3. A friend intervened and he was later released from jail 4. The old man sat near the fire and smoked and drank 5. The boy had pleasant manner and so he became popular 6. We may go abroad and in that case we shall sell this house 7. They were forbidden to re-enter the country and they would be put to death on re-entry 8. The flood had washed away the bridge and so communications were disrupted 9. He was ill, but he continued to work 10. He not only gives his valuable advice but also gives them financial assistance

Convert the following Simple Sentences into Compound Sentences 1. He got up and walked away 2. He must return the money, otherwise he cannot escape punishment 3. They not only looted the house but also set fire to it 4. He ran away, otherwise he could not escape punishment. 5. You must run fast, otherwise you cannot catch the train. 6. The rain stopped and we continued our journey. 7. He is rich, yet he is unhappy. 8. You must not repeat this, otherwise you will be punished. 9. He climbed up and plucked some mangoes. 10. He was ill and therefore didn’t attend the party.

Convert the following Compound Sentences into Simple Sentences

1. You must take your medicine to get well. 2. The storm having subsided, we continued our journey. 3. Besides the crops, cattle and sheep also were destroyed by the flood. 4. In spite of being rich he is not happy.



of 35

5. In case of repetition of this, you will be dismissed. 6. The sun having set, we decided to go home. 7. Besides robbing the old man, he killed him. 8. In case of not apologizing, you will be punished. 9. We were shocked at all our hopes being shattered. 10. In case of not hurrying up, you will miss the train.

Convert the following Compound Sentences into Simple Sentences

1. Besides being pretty, she is clever. 2. In spite of his illness he attended the classes. 3. He must run fat to catch the train. 4. Being guilty, he went into hiding. 5. Being innocent he never thought of running away. 6. Besides being sent to prison, he was heavily fined. 7. The old man sat in a corner, drinking. 8. On a friend’s intervention he was later released from jail. 9. Being lazy, he failed. 10. Fearing his arrest, he fled.

Convert the following Simple Sentences into Complex Sentences by Changing the Italicized words into clause

1. Sudhir admitted that he was guilty. 2. It is likely that the headmaster will punish him. 3. I have informed him that we have succeeded. 4. It is said that Bhogle is a clever lawyer. 5. His looks proclaim that he is innocent. 6. Why he was arrested is still unknown. 7. Robin is a man who has great talent. 8. Suresh was the first who offered his services. 9. As she is an air hostess, she has seen most of the world. 10. After the fog had lifted, the plane took off.

Convert the following Simple Sentences into Complex Sentences

1. Buy two shirts so that you can get one free. 2. He proved that he was innocent. 3. I saw a dog that was wounded. 4. The girl who is sitting next to Peter is his sister. 5. I was the first who reached the spot. 6. He liked the place which was his former place. 7. We need a house in which to live. 8. Your father is the man who can solve this problem. 9. He bought the house which belonged to his uncle. 10. When the boy heard the noise, he woke up.

Convert the following Complex Sentences into Simple Sentences

1. He insisted on his admission 2. Can you tell me his address? 3. There was no harm done to the car except for the windscreen crack 4. His being seldom sober is well-known



of 35

5. We wanted to know the time of the guest’s arrival 6. My failure once does not discourage me 7. A generous man will have many friends 8. He is a self-made man 9. Gulliver came upon a country of dwarfs 10. Can you find no work to do?

Convert the following Complex Sentences into Simple Sentences

1. We believe in his innocence 2. He sold his father’s house 3. I have no money to lend you 4. The marks of the whip are still visible 5. He prospered by the money inherited from his father 6. A dead man has no worries 7. He liked my suggestion 8. His advice did not prove successful 9. There I saw a beautiful girl 10. A wounded tiger is very fierce

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES Convert the following Exclamatory Sentences into Assertive Sentences

1. She is a very beautiful girl 2. It is a very glorious morning 3. There was a great fall, my countrymen 4. I wish death to the traitors 5. It is a great pity you cannot attend the wedding 6. It is awful shame on you to abuse an old man like this 7. I am very glad that you have come 8. He had to suffer great misfortunes 9. It is an awful disgrace for the family 10. It was very mean of him to have treated her so

Convert the following Assertive Sentences into Exclamatory Sentences

1. What a delightful party it was! 2. How rich he has become in a few years! 3. How many homeless vagabonds there are in a city! 4. How shameful it is that he does not look after his old mother! 5. How I wish I were young again! 6. What a cold morning it is! 7. How stupid of me it is to forget your name! 8. What a miserable life he lives! 9. How beautifully she danced! 10. How I wish I had never met you!

Convert the following Interrogative Sentences into Assertive Sentences

1. Everyone knows that two and two makes four 2. That is not the way a gentleman should behave 3. You would succeed in the first attempt 4. It does not profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses his own soul



of 35

5. You would have never seen such a wonderful monument as the Taj 6. The leopard cannot change its spots 7. She is not my friend 8. He has not finished his work 9. He is not very intelligent 10. The tiger cannot run at 100km per hour

Convert the following Interrogative Sentences into Assertive Sentences 1. He will never forget that experience 2. She was a stupid to do that 3. A leopard cannot change its spots 4. Everyone would like to be rich 5. Man cannot remain immortal 6. Do not waste time like this 7. He was a villain to do such a deed 8. We were not sent to the world simply to make money 9. I shall never forget those happy days 10. Virtue is its own reward

Convert the following Imperative Sentences into Interrogative Sentences and vice versa

1. Will you carry out these orders? 2. Will you pack up your things and leave the place 3. Can you speak loudly? 4. Would you take me to the Director of Institute? 5. Stand up. 6. Keep quiet. 7. Please allow me to use your phone. 8. Please give me a lift 9. Drive slow 10. Can you give me a glass of water?

Convert the following Imperative Sentences into Interrogative Sentences and vice versa

1. Will you please stop it? 2. Can you give me a glass of water? 3. Will you come here? 4. Will you shut up? 5. Will you get out of here? 6. Can you speak loudly? 7. Would you please take me to the director of the Institute? 8. Will you obey my orders? 9. Could you please fasten your seatbelts? 10. Will you drive slowly?

Convert the following Negative Sentences into Affirmative Sentences

1. I shall remember your kindness 2. Where there is smoke there is fire 3. The two friends are like each other 4. I am much puzzled by this 5. It is probable that he will join our party



of 35

6. This is a great matter 7. He is straightforward 8. They were unwilling to sign the agreement 9. He is ignoring my orders 10. Some other cities are bigger than Kolkata in the World

Convert the following Negative Sentences into Affirmative Sentences

1. A man can serve either God or Mammon 2. A young lady should avoid wearing this kind of dress 3. Kovalam beach in Kerala is the best beach in the whole of India 4. Everybody needs food to live 5. We are dissatisfied with your agreement 6. It is useless to have false impression 7. We need to air survive 8. They are unhappy with us 9. The police have failed to catch the thief yet 10. Your intentions are unclear over the issue

Combine each of the following sets of sentences into a simple sentence

1. Winning a lottery, he built a big mansion 2. Standing on tip-toe and reaching for the apple, she plucked it 3. The rain having stopped, we continued the match till sunset 4. The strike having been called off and the workers having gone back to work, the

management increased their wages besides their bonus 5. Going to Bombay, Ratanlal wants to set up a factory there 6. In spite of Caesar being a great conqueror, he failed to unite the various conquered

territories into a well-knit empire 7. Milton, the Homer of England, wrote Paradise Lost, the greatest Epic poem in English 8. The lawyer laughed, having outwitted his opponent, and have received a handsome amount

from his client 9. Being a strong man, Patel brought all the Princely States into the Indian Union, using the

method of coercion 10. Gandhi was the father of the Nation, realizing the danger of violent communal conflicts and

sacrificing his life to bring about unity Combine each of the following sets of sentences into a compound sentence

1. Siraj plays hockey and cricket as well 2. He knows not only Urdu but also Hindi 3. Santhosh is quite friendly, yet he is rather reserved 4. There was little hope of success, yet I tried hard 5. Parents should discipline their children but actually they seem to have little control over

them 6. Perhaps McGill is an American or Australian 7. He will neither attend office regularly nor resign 8. He is wise and scholarly but vain and proud, so he is not very popular 9. It must have been a terrible storm for many trees have been blown down 10. He is a Hard-working young man, so he should be promoted



of 35

Combine each of the following sets of sentences into a complex sentence 1. He told me that the strike was going to be called off. 2. That we can succeed only by combined effort goes without saying 3. I don’t know whether he may become a member 4. Though he is not educated, he has practical knowledge 5. When I sank into the water, I felt great confusion of thought which I cannot describe 6. As Milton thought that one tongue is enough for a woman, he taught his daughters only

English 7. History says that Socrates was given a cup of hemlock, which he drank when his friends were

standing near him 8. Dr. Johnson said that Shakespeare’s comedies were better than his tragedies, which we

cannot agree 9. We stayed the night at an inn because it was a dark stormy night with a cloudy sky 10. As she spoke very clearly, even people standing at a distance could hear her well

Combine each of the following sets of sentences into a complex sentence

1. He told me that the strike was going to be called off 2. That we can succeed only by combined effort goes without saying 3. I don’t know whether he may become a member 4. Though he is not educated he is well experienced 5. When I sank into the water, I felt great confusion of thought which I cannot describe 6. When I went there, I found the door locked 7. As there is heavy rainfall, grapes will not grow here 8. If it rains, the match will be cancelled 9. Since the boy behaved badly, he would be sent out of the school 10. The boy who was none other than my younger brother climbed up the tower that was steep

and old CORRECTION OF SENTENCES Correct the following sentences

1. No sooner had she read the telegram than she fainted 2. We were at the Jubilee hotel last year, weren’t we? 3. The first two rows of chairs are meant for teachers 4. My brother can only read he cannot write 5. Scarcely had I solved one problem when another popped up 6. One should not waste one’s time 7. He fell off the running train 8. He was glad to find a friend among enemies 9. He plays tennis besides basketball and football 10. Where are my spectacles?

1. One must not rely on one’s luck completely 2. Each of the passenger girls must carry her own luggage 3. My stockings are dirty 4. Abha has taken admission in a five year professional course 5. They cut off the wire into two pieces 6. He stood beside me 7. Sylvia was later found living among the natives 8. He put off his shirt as the temperature soured to 42 degrees



of 35

9. Scarcely had I reached the station when the train steamed out 10. Most people weren’t sure where to go, were they?

Exercise 4.25 Correct the following sentences

1. Your scissors are not sharp enough 2. Every passenger must bring his/her luggage 3. One must not discuss one’s personal things in public 4. He died of tuberculosis 5. He was elected the secretary of the committee 6. No sooner had I gone to bed than I fell asleep 7. Scarcely had I stepped out when it started raining 8. The house was beside the river 9. You can pick up a information pack at the hotel, can’t you? 10. She went neither to office nor to market

SPOTTING ERRORS Exercise 4.26

1. A 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C

Exercise 4.27 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A

Exercise 4.28

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. B



of 35

8. C 9. A 10. B



of 35

UNIT – V COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1. Email Writing Start with a greeting State the purpose Thank the recipient Closing remarks Appropriate closing

Format of Personal Mail

To: ID of Recipient

Subject: Purpose of drafting the mail

CC:

Date: Dear ….., Purpose Yours lovingly, (Sender’s Name)

Format of Business/Official Letter

To: ID of Recipient

Subject: Purpose of drafting the mail

CC: IDs of all those who should receive the mails

Attachments: The files to be attached should be added

From (Sender’s Address) To (Recipient’s Address) Sir/Madam, Sub: (Purpose) Ref: (Reference) Message Place: Yours lovingly, Date: (Sender’s Name)



of 35

Exercise 5.1 5a. An email in a business context, complaining to a supplier

To: saratha [email protected]

Subject: Damaged Goods

CC:

Attachments: Photos of the Damaged Goods

From The Principal AXN School Chennai To Saratha Enterprises Govindanaika Pillai Street Chennai Sir/Madam, Sub: Complain regarding the supply of damaged goods Ref: Your DC No. 1075, dated 14th March 2020 We had placed orders with you for the supply of chemistry lab items. We are highly satisfied with your prompt supply of materials. But, we are sorry to inform you that we found around 25 test tubes broken. So, we kindly request you to replace them or deduct the amount of the same while billing. Thank you, Place: Chennai Yours truly, Date: 16.03.2020 Saratha Enterprises



of 35

5b. Draft an email to a supplier using the information below:

To: [email protected]

Subject: Faulty Goods and Deficient Services

CC: [email protected]

Attachments: Photos of the Damaged Goods

01 April 2020 Sir/Madam, Sub: Complain about supply of faulty goods and poor service – reg. Ref: Our PO No.:1274, dated 18 January 2020 We had placed orders with you for the supply of 1000 pieces of desks, but we have received only 800 desks so far. But, we received your consignment only yesterday. We can decide on our admissions only after we receive all the desks. So, we need the pieces urgently. We are also sorry to inform you that we found around 5 to 10 desks broken. So, we kindly request you to replace them. We had been trying to call the people concerned but we have not received any proper response so far. Hence we request you to deal with the matter urgently. Thank you, Chennai Yours truly, 01 April 2020 S. Stephen Dharmaraj (Principal)



of 35


Subject: Miscreants’ rash bike driving

CC:

Attachments: Video Clippings

01 April 2020 Sir/Madam, Sub: Complain about miscreants’ rash bike driving – reg. As a member of the residential society, Vishwa Nagar, I lodge this complaint on behalf of the residents of Vishwa Nagar. There are about 300 houses in our locality. The population is around 1500. It is a busy area. The streets are crowded with school-going children in the morning and evening. In recent times, some miscreants are roaming around their locality on their bikes. They drive rashly with roaring sounds and blaring horns. They scare the children. They are a kind of nuisance to the people. So, we request you to take necessary steps to stop this nuisance immediately. Thank you, Vishwa Nagar Yours truly, 01 April 2020 S. Rajendran

7.


Subject: Poor service facilities

CC:

Attachments:

01 April 2020 Sir/Madam, Sub: Lack of proper service facilities – reg. I bought Porsche from your company recently. I could not operate some new mechanisms. I have been trying to receive guidance from your service section. But I have not received proper response. Moreover there are very few service centres. Your company is a major car dealer hence, it would be nice if you could open service centres in different parts of the city and provide all facilities to customers. Hope you would solve customers’ problems and fulfill their needs promptly and satisfy the customers. Thank you, Mayiladuthurai Yours truly, 01 April 2020 Chopra



of 35

8.


Subject: Progress report

CC:

Attachments:

01 April 2020 Sir/Madam, Sub: Internship progress report – reg. I express my gratitude for giving me internship at ABC consulting C Pvt. Ltd. It is quite challenging. The schedule is rather tight. I am well supported and encouraged by my superiors. They guide me well to execute any project. I hope to complete my internship successfully. Thank you for your support and encouragement. Thank you, Hosur Yours truly, 01 April 2020 Ben

2. AGENDA WRITING

Title Header Brief statement of Meeting Objective Schedule outlining the main elements of the meeting Question Answer Session Outline of discussion topics

Exercise 5.2 Hyderabad University Department of English Staff Meeting Date & Time: 24 September 2016, 11am Venue: Department Conference Hall Purpose: Use of Modern Visual-aids in Teaching

AGENDA Apologies from Absent Members Minutes of the Previous meeting: Matters arising from the minutes Confirmation of the minutes Current Matters: Introduction of Modern technology in teaching Smart Classroom – Audio-visual aids – Language Lab Demo classes by representatives selling audio-visual equipments Decision to purchase audio-visual equipments Other matters, if any



of 35

Resolutions: Regarding the matters discussed 20 September 2016

Signature HOD of English

St. George College Department of English Staff Meeting Date & Time: 5 September 2016, 10am Venue: Department Conference Hall Purpose: Training to encourage teachers to use Technology

AGENDA Apologies from Absent Members Minutes of the Previous meeting:

a. Matters arising from the minutes b. Confirmation of the minutes

Current Matters: Introduction of Modern technology in teaching Smart Classroom – Audio-visual aids – Language Lab Demo classes by representatives selling audio-visual equipments Plea to Management to provide financial support to procure updated equipments Other matters, if any Resolutions: Regarding the matters discussed 3 September 2016 Signature

HOD of English 3. AXN College Department of Physical Education Sports Committee Meeting Date & Time: 16 July 2016 Venue: Indoor Stadium Purpose: To plan for the current year sports activities AGENDA Apologies from Absent Members Minutes of the Previous meeting:


Current Matters:

Review of Previous Year’s Sports activities Plans for the current year’s Sports Activities Details of games and sports activities for Staff and students Provision of Facilities – Purchase of equipment and Materials Allocation of time for games Special coaching for talented athletes Organising tournaments



of 35

Forming sub-committees Other matters, if any Resolutions: Regarding the matters discussed 13 July 2016

Signature Signature Sports Committee Secretary Physical Director

RADHA & CO. General Body Meeting Date & Time: 15 July 2016 Venue: Corporate Conference Hall Purpose: To Introduce New machines, Bonus, Training and Overtime

AGENDA 1.Apologies from Absent Members 2. Minutes of the previous meeting:


3. Current Matters: Introduction of new machines – updating techniques – production and marketing – quality improvement – large scale production – cost reduction Workers’ skill development - training in latest technology Worker’s Welfare – bonus, overtime, remuneration, incentive for qualitative and quantitative turnover and health care facilities Suggestion from staff tees 4. Other matters, if any Resolutions: Regarding the matters discussed

12 July 2016 Signature Signature Proprietor Manager



of 35

AXN College

Students’ Union Organizing Committee Meeting Date & Time: 27 December 2016, 3pm Venue: College Conference Hall Purpose: To Plan for College Day Function AGENDA

a. Review of the previous year’s college day celebration b. Plan of the current year’s College Day Function c. Fixing the Date of the Function d. Fixing the Chief Guest and other Invitees e. Formation of sub-committees for various wors f. Communication and Correspondence g. Programme Monitoring h. Reception of Chief guests and VIPs i. Providing Tea j. Stage set up, Seating arrangement, stage decoration k. Conducting competitions l. Prizes m. Entertainment n. Discipline

Resolutions: Regarding the matters discussed 23 December 2016

Signature Signature Students’ Union Chairman Principal



of 35

RAJA MULTINATIONAL COMPANY

Board Meeting Date & Time: 20 August 2016, 11 am Venue: Company Conference Hall, Chennai Head Office Purpose: Acquisition of ABC Ltd., Launch of New Products and Declaration of Bonus AGENDA 1.Apologies from Absent Members 2.Minutes of the previous meeting:


3. Current Matters: a. Acquisition of ABC Ltd. - Absorption of Employees - Terms and Conditions of Service, Salary,

Retirement Benefits - VRS b. Expansion of Business - New Products - New Machinery - New Markets - Opening New

Branches c. Declaration of Bonus Shares to Employees

4. Other matters, if any Resolutions: Regarding the matters discussed 18 August 2016 Signature Signature President Secretary

AXN College Teachers’ Union Special Meeting Date & Time: 22 September, 2016, 11am Venue: College Conference Hall Purpose: To conduct an agitation for teachers’ demands for better service conditions AGENDA

a. Plan for agitation b. Preparation of memorandum of Demands – Better service conditions – Regular Increments –

Leave facilities c. Submission of memorandum of demands to the College Management d. Course of Action e. Gate Meeting f. Mass Casual Leave g. Hunger Strike h. Indefinite Strike i. Formation of Sub-committees: j. Preparation of Memorandum of demands k. Media Contacts l. Arrangements for Course of Action m. Deputation of the College Management and Government Authorities

22 September 2016 Signature Signature Secretary Teachers’ Union Chairman



of 35

Resident Welfare Association General Body Meeting Date & Time: 15 May 2016 Venue: Reception Purpose: Urgent civic needs of the area

AGENDA Annual Report of the previous year Plans for the current year: Security of the locality

a. Installation of CCTV b. High Patrol c. Night Watchmen d. Public vigilance

Water Supply a. Connstruction of overhead tank b. Installation of street hand pumps

Sewage Problem a. Open drainage b. Demand for underground drainage pipeline c. Construction of a Community Centre

3. Other matters, if any 13 May 2016

Signature

Secretary

XYZ University Department of English Staff Meeting Date & Time: 4 September 2016, 10 am Venue: Conference Hall Purpose: Conference on Women Empowerment

AGENDA 1.Apologies from Absent Members 2. Minutes of the previous meeting:


3. Current Matters: a. Organising a conference on women’s empowerment b. Date c. Delegates/participants d. Chief guest/ Special Speakers

4.Formation of sub-committees for making arrangements: Communication/ Media Contacts Programme Monitoring Reception and registration



of 35

Stage Setting and hall Arrangement Publication Other matters, if any 3 September 2016

Signature HOD of English

RAJA TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY Staff Meeting Date & Time: 25 November 2016, 11 am Venue: Company Conference Hall, Corporate Office Purpose: Extension of business operations

AGENDA Review of Company’s work and achievements Proposals for Future:

a. Cost Cutting b. Extension of business operations in new telecom circles c. Construction of new towers in existing service areas

Suggestions from staff for expanding business, efficient functioning and winning wide popularity Other matters, if any Resolutions: Regarding the matters discussed

23 November 2016 Signature

Manager 3. Minutes Writing Date and time of the Meeting The purpose of the meeting Chair’s name Assigned Action Items Decisions taken

Members Present: Dr. N. Mohideen (HOD – Chairperson) All Faculty Members Proceedings:

a. The meeting commenced with a word of welcome by the HOD. b. Confirmation / approval of the Minutes of the previous meeting: c. The second senior-most member of the English Department read the Minutes of the previous

meeting. The Minutes were confirmed and approved, and were duly signed by the HOD. Agenda for the current meeting:

a. Starting an integrated course in English and Creative Writing b. Campus interview for placement of the successful students of the course c. Creation of new hostel facility

Discussion:



of 35

The items on the agenda were discussed. All felt that the new course was job-oriented and would be very beneficial to the students. So they pressed for its immediate introduction. They made the following decisions and resolutions:

Decisions and Resolutions: a. It was decided to introduce an integrated course in English and Creative Writing. b. Resolved to request the College Management to provide necessary infrastructure facilities

for the new course – smart class rooms and equipment. c. Resolved to request the College Management to build a new hostel soon as a lot of students

were waiting for hostel accommodation. d. Resolved to arrange for campus interviews and help students secure jobs.

Date of next meeting:

It was decided to review the action taken, after a week. The HOD thanked the Staff for their interest in the new venture and the meeting came to a close.

09 October 2016 Mohaideen Chairman 1. Members present: Dr M. Jack – Chairman Mr. N. Singh – Vice-Chairman Mr. Pradhap Mr. Praveen Mr. Ramesh Mrs. Dheepa Ms. Kavitha – Secretary 2. Members Absent: Ms. Ambujam 3. Confirmation of the Minutes of the previous meeting: The secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting. The minutes were confirmed and approved, and were duly signed by the Secretary and the Chairman 4. Agenda for the current meeting: a. Annual Report b. Auditor’s Report c. Chairman’s Address d. Declaration of Dividend and Incentives to Workers e. Proposals for future activities 5. Proceedings The Chairman presented the annual report

a. Copies of the Auditor’s Report were distributed b. Chairman specified the company’s developmental activities and profits. He pointed out the

company’s growing popularity among the public. He focused on the expansion programmes for the future. He proposd dividend and welfare schemes for the employees.



of 35

The Board members discussed the proposals, made suggestions, took decisions and passed the following resolutions:

i. Dividend of 10% to shareholders ii. To launch new products iii. To set up a production unit in Hyderabad iv. To grant bonus to workers on the basis of quality and quantity of their work The meeting ended with a vote of thanks by the secretary

Trichy Kavitha N. Singh 20 December 2016 Secretary Chairman 1. Members present: Dr M. Jack – President Mr. N. Singh – Vice-President Mr. Pradhap - Secretary Mr. Praveen - treasurer Mr. Ramesh Mrs. Dheepa Ms. Kavitha 2. Members Absent: Ms. Ambujam 3. Confirmation of the Minutes of the previous meeting: The secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting. The minutes were confirmed and approved, and were duly signed by the President and the Vice-president 4. Agenda for the current meeting: a. Annual Report b. Presidential Address c. Discussions on important issues – security of the area – installation of separate transformer for shops in the market – construction of a public toilet –provision for parking facility in the market d. suggestions – decisions and resolutions 5. Proceedings a. The Secretary presented the annual report

b. The President spoke about the condition of the market and pointed out the urgent issues – security of the area - installation of separate transformer for shops in the market – construction of a public toilet –provision for parking facility in the market c. After discussions and suggestions, the following decisions were made: i. It was decided to have a compound wall ii. To appoint 2 night watchmen iii. To install a separate transformer for shops in the market iv. To construct a public toilet v. To provide parking facility in the market

The Secretary Proposed the vote of thanks and the meeting ended with dinner Trichy Pradhap M. Jack 10 March 2016 Secretary President



of 35

1. Members present: a. Dr. M. Jack – President b. Mr. N. Singh – Vice-President c. Mr. Pradhap - Secretary d. Mr. Praveen - treasurer e. Mr. Ramesh f. Mrs. Dheepa g. Ms. Kavitha

2. Members Absent: Ms. Ambujam 3. Confirmation of the Minutes of the previous meeting: The secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting. The minutes were confirmed and approved, and were duly signed by the President and the Vice-President 4. Agenda for the current meeting:

a. Annual Report b. Presidential Address c. Discussions on important issues - Company’s developmental activities - proposal of a joint

venture with Sony Television and Co. - 10% dividend to share holders d. suggestions – decisions and resolutions

5. Proceedings

a. The Secretary presented the annual report b. The President spoke about Company’s developmental activities – proposal of a joint venture

with Sony Television and Co. – 10% dividend to share holders - c. After discussions and suggestions, the following decisions were made:

i. To declare 10% dividend to share holders ii. To have a joint venture with Sony Television and Co. iii. To grant bonus to workers on the basis of quality and quantity of their work

The Secretary proposed the vote of thanks

Trichy Pradhap M. Jack 20 August 2016 Secretary President 4. Resume Writing Components of a Resume

Contact details Opening Statement Key Skills Technical Skills Employment Skills Educational History References Testimonials



of 35

Exercise 5.4

From

Kannan

99, Water Tank Road

Salem

To

The Personal Manager

XYZ Developers

Chennai

Sir,

Sub: Application for the post of Chief Engineer – reg.

Ref: Your Advertisement in “The Hindu” dated 17.3.2020

With reference to your advertisement cited above, I wish to apply for the post of Chief Engineer in

your reputed company.

As a post-graduate in civil engineering, I am trained in construction work. I have rich

experience in this field. I am young, energetic and honest. I am ready to serve in any one of your

branches anywhere in India. I have provided necessary particulars in the resume. I am ready to

appear for an interview any time.

Thank you

Salem yours truly,

20 March 2020 Kannan

ATTACHMENT

1.Resume

Name : M. Kannan

Date of Birth : 09.03.1982

Nationality : Indian

Religion : Hindu

Address :99, Water Tank Road, Salem

Email :[email protected]

Mobile Number: 9783456678

mailto:[email protected]



of 35

Languages Known: English, Tamil and Hindi

Educational Qualification:

Course Institution Year of

Passing

Percentage

ME Civil AXN College of Engineering 2006 85

BE Civil AXN College of Engineering 2004 78

Technical Qualification:

Computer Skills: Tally, MS Word and C++

Previous Work Experience:

XYZ Developers - Civil Engineer - 10years

Salary Expected: As per norms

Declaration

I assure that all the details given above are true to the best of my knowledge.

Yours sincerely,

Date Kannan



of 35

2.Resume

Name : M. Kannan



Religion : Hindu



Mobile Number : 9783456678

Languages Known: English, Tamil and Hindhi



Passing

Percentage

MA English ABC College 2016 85

BA English ABC College 2014 78




Sub Editor – Gnana Boomi : From 1.6.2016 till date


Declaration


Yours sincerely,

Date Kannan




of 35

3. Resume

Name : M. Kannan



Religion : Hindu




Languages Known: English, Tamil and Hindhi


Course Institution Year of Passing

Percentage

MA English ABC College 2016 85

BA English ABC College 2014 78




Content Writer in “Exam Funda” from June 2016 to December 2018

Creative Writer for a website portal “fantancv.com” from January 2019 till date


Declaration


Yours sincerely,

Date Kannan

4. Resume

Name : M. Kannan



Religion : Hindu








of 35

Languages Known: English, Tamil and Hindi



Passing

Percentage

M.A. Tourism ABC College 2016 85

B.Sc. Hotel Management ABC College 2014 78



Activities: Interested in Organising Tours


June 2016 till date: Receptionist, Hotel Rajasugam, Chennai


Declaration


Yours sincerely,

Date Kannan

STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A ENGLISH PART II ENGLISH …kamarajcollege.ac.in/Department/English/II...

Documents

Transcript of STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A ENGLISH PART II ENGLISH …kamarajcollege.ac.in/Department/English/II...