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Study Guide Notes THE UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM

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WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC THEORY? An explanation that is supported by repeated experimentation or testing. It has evidence to back it up.

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GEOCENTRIC THEORY: GEO (EARTH) CENTRIC (CENTERED) Theory that stated the Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars. proposed by ancient Greeks accepted for about 2000 years! This was not correct. - Observing the Solar System

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IN 1543, NICOLAUS COPERNICUS HAD ANOTHER IDEA.

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HELIOCENTRIC THEORY: HELIO (SUN) CENTRIC (CENTERED) Theory that states the sun was the center of the revolving planets and stars. Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus and later proven by Galileo Galilei in 1614. THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE TODAY.

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Kepler Galileo At first, Copernicuss theory was resisted, even considered heresy. But, these two provided the needed evidence.

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YouTube - Galileo Sun-Centered System BIG IDEA: SCIENTIFIC THEORIES CHANGE AS NEW EVIDENCE COMES ALONG!

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrU LOOK AT THE DIFFERENCE IN HOW THE PLANETS WOULD HAVE TO MOVE IN THE GEOCENTRIC AND THE HELIOCENTRIC MODELS.

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HOW DOES THE EARTH MOVE? Revolution is the length of time required for a planet to make one complete trip around the Sun. Rotation is the length of time required for a planet to make one complete turn on its axis.

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FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust called a nebula. - The Expanding Universe

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NEBULA

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OUR SOLAR SYSTEM Is divided into Inner and Outer Planets. Inner Planets are closest to the sun and include: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Outer Planets are farthest from the sun and include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Dwarf Planet Pluto An Asteroid Belt divides the Inner and Outer Planets. Remember: My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos!

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THE INNER PLANETS Smaller Planets Rocky surfaces No to few moons Atmospheres are made of heavier elements. Faster orbits around sun

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THE OUTER PLANETS (NICKNAMED GAS GIANTS) Larger Gas surfaces Many moons Atmospheres are made of lightweight elements Slower orbit around the sun

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RELATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANETS COMPARED TO EARTH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1Yi58jtNdY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEheh1BH3 4Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEheh1BH3 4Q

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ONLY EARTH HAS THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS TO SUPPORT HUMAN LIFE Oxygen, liquid water, and perfect temperatures! The pull of gravity on Earth is a direct result of the mass of Earth. The ozone layer in the Earths upper atmosphere is important to living organisms because it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

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MERCURY Mercury has a large range of temperatures because the planet lacks an atmosphere to hold heat. Mercury would NOT be considered a gas giant because it is dense and rocky like the other inner planets.

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VENUS Venus is sometimes called Earths twin because it is the same size and density. Venus also has the highest surface temperature because its atmosphere has thick clouds and carbon dioxide.

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MARS Mars may once have had a warmer climate because it has features like dry river beds. Mars may have had surface water or flowing rivers at one time.

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JUPITER Jupiter has a hurricane-type cloud known as the Great Red Spot.

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SATURN Saturn has the most spectacular rings of any planet.

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URANUS Uranus is considered a gas giant because it has a deep, massive atmosphere.

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NEPTUNE Neptune is a cold, blue planet. Its atmosphere contains visible clouds.

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THE ASTRONOMICAL UNIT The astronomical unit is most useful for measuring distances within the solar system.

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IS THERE ANYTHING ELSE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM BESIDES THE PLANETS?

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OTHER SMALL BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM: Comets: A small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the sun. It gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it passes close to the sun. The tail always points away from the sun due to solar winds. comet animations

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STRUCTURE OF A COMET The main parts of a comet are the nucleus, the coma, and the tail. Most comets have two tailsa bluish gas tail and a white dust tail. - Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors

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COMET ORBITS Most comets revolve around the sun in very long, narrow orbits. Gas and dust tails form as the comet approaches the sun. - Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors

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ASTEROID a small, rocky object that orbits the sun, usually in a band between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.

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THE ASTEROID BELT

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Meteoroid: small, rocky body that travels through space. Meteor : bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in the Earths atmosphere- sometimes called a shooting star (we see it in the sky) Meteorite : A meteoroid that reaches Earths surface without burning up completely (we see it on the ground)

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REMEMBER: A METEOR O ID IS IN O UTER SPACE!

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A METEOR IS A METEOROID WITH ITS OID BURNING IN THE ATMOSPHERE

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METEORS

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A METEOR ITE HAS TAKEN A B ITE OUT OF THE EARTH!

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Planets or moons with atmospheres have fewer impacts because the air in the atmosphere slows and burns up small objects. Stars begin to glow when the neutrons in the star begin to spin.

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BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS OUR GALAXY Galaxies: a collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.

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OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS PART OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY. IT IS SPIRAL IN SHAPE. NOT

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MILKY WAY Our solar system is located about 2/3 of the way out in one of the curved arms.

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THE THREE TYPES OF GALAXIES IDENTIFIED BY EDWIN HUBBLE ARE SPIRAL, ELLIPTICAL, AND IRREGULAR. Irregular Elliptical Spiral

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WHAT IS YOUR GALACTIC ADDRESS? WJMS is located in Jackson County, Georgia.

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GEORGIA IS LOCATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

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THE UNITED STATES IS LOCATED IN NORTH AMERICA.

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NORTH AMERICA IS LOCATED ON PLANET EARTH.

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PLANET EARTH IS LOCATED IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

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THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS LOCATED IN THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.

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THE MILKY WAY GALAXYS LOCATION IN OUR GALACTIC CLUSTER--THE LOCAL GROUP

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THE LOCAL GROUP GALACTIC CLUSTERS LOCATION IN OUR SUPER GALACTIC CLUSTER-- VIRGO

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THE UNIVERSE WITHIN 14 BILLION VISIBLE LIGHT YEARS

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OUR SUPERCLUSTER AND SURROUNDING SUPERCLUSTERS. CAN YOU FIND THE HERCULES SUPERCLUSTER?

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SO HOW DID IT ALL START? BIG BANG Theory: theory that states that the universe began with a tremendous explosion where all matter and energy was concentrated. The universe is expanding outward. According to this theory, the universe is about 13.7 billion years old. One way scientists calculate the age of the universe is measure the distance from Earth to various galaxies.

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LARGEST TO SMALLEST- Universe Galaxy Solar System Sun Planets

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Universe Big Bang Galaxy Solar system Other objects 12-15 billion yrs ago All matter exploded From a single point Universe is expanding Red shift Means Galaxies are Farther apart Our galaxy Is Milky Way Our solar system Is found in the outer arm A group of stars, Gas and dust Held together By gravity Formed from A nebula Cloud of dust And gas Heliocentric- Sun centered Geocentric Earth centered Meteoroids Debris from leftover comets Comets frozen rock and ice Asteroids chunks Of rock most found between Mars And Jupiter