STUDY GUIDE

FOUNDATION MODULE

JINNAH SINDH MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

FIRST YEAR MBBS 2018, SEMESTER 1

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

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Duration: 8 weeks (Dates)

Credit hours: 6 +1

MODULE INTEGRATED COMMITTEE

DEPARTMENTS INVOLVED

BASIC HEALTH SCIENCES ANATOMY BIOCHEMISTRY COMMUNITY MEDICINE MICROBIOLOGY PATHOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

INTRODUCTION

This module has been designed to introduce you to the basic concepts essential for understanding a number of

topics in basic medical sciences. It aims to provide ‘foundation’ knowledge to the new medical students so that

they are able to apply it when they come across more advanced topics. This module hence provides a framework

within which learners are expected to build future competencies.

Most of the learning time will be taken up by various basic sciences. Clinical sciences will offer context relevant to

the current needs of the learners. The course starts with the molecular level of cell biology including genetics and

its role in embryology, microbiology and pathology. Disciplines of community medicine, health issues and policies

on disease control at the national level will be discussed.

RATIONALE

Before students go on to complex issues related to organ systems, it becomes necessary for them to have

clear knowledge about concepts underlying them. This module provides that opportunity to the new entrants.

It is designed so that it proceeds from simple (cell biology) to more complex basic issues like transfer of

genetic material in bacteria. Concepts dealt with in this module will be revisited in many other modules in the

future. For example, students will learn about the process of inflammation in this module. Students will learn

more about inflammation when they study various body systems like Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular system

or Central Nervous System.

MODULE OUTCOMES

By the end of the module, students should be able to:

appreciate the importance of each discipline and its relation with other disciplines

describe main concepts from each of the disciplines taught

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

MODULE OBJECTIVES

By the end of the module, students will be able to:

ANATOMY

GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Define Histology and its importance

Explain the concept of organization of cells to tissue, tissues to organ and organs to

system.

Describe the parts of microscope Describe the structural organization of cell membrane and discuss the function of the

components

Describe the structure and functions of the following cytoplasmic organelles: Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Cellular inclusions, Mitochondria, Nucleus,

Describe the ultra-structure and function of the cytoskeleton Describe cell junction complex Describe the microscopic features of the following basic tissues of the body:

Epithelium, Connective tissue, Muscles, Bones, Cartilage, Neural tissue

Name the basic histological stains.

Define the following terms: Fixation, Embedding, Sectioning, Staining

Describe the microscopic features of connective tissues

Differentiate among types of connective tissues: loose, Adipose, reticular, dense( regular and

irregular)

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

Define Embryology, its divisions (general and special) and its importance Explain cell cycle, division, abnormal cell division and mutations Differentiate between the stages of mitosis and meiosis Discuss male and female reproductive organs and their functions Describe the processes of spermiogenesis, oogenesis and ovulation Summarise the phases of female reproductive cycles

Correlate the cyclic changes occurring in the ovary with that of uterus with their

endocrine control

Describe the phases and results of fertilization Describe cleavage and blastocyst formation Discuss the results of implantation at abnormal site Describe the events of the second week of development including: i) Formation of amniotic

cavity, amnion, bilaminar embryonic disc, yolk sac, chorionic sac and primary chorionic villi

Describe the following events of the third week of development. i) Formation of primitive

streak and notochord ii) Gastrulation iii) Formation of neural tube iv) Formation of somites

v) Formation of intra embryonic coelom vi) Formation of blood cells and blood vessels vii)

Formation of secondary and tertiary chorionic villi

Describe folding of embryo and its results Discuss the derivatives of germ layers and neural crest cells Describe the structure, development and functions of placenta and fetal membranes Explain the developmental process during the first three weeks of gestation

Discuss the important events of embryonic period from 4th week to 8th week and during the organo-genetic period

Discuss the events of fetal period

Describe the types of twin / multiple pregnancies Define teratogenesis.

Classify the teratogens.

Describe the basic principles of teratogenesis Define common congenital anamolies Identify the placenta, fetal membranes, umbilical cord, germ layers, stages of fertilization on

a given model, photograph or specimen

GENERAL ANATOMY

Discuss the history of anatomy Discuss anatomy including its various branches and state their practical application in

different fields of medicine

Define the various techniques related to living anatomy such as: Plain and contrast radiographs, Radio-opaque media, Special X-ray techniques like Barium meal and Angiography, Ultrasonography, Computerised Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Endoscopy

Discuss the integration of structures and functions of human body by relating with the

arrangement of different levels organization

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

Identify the different anatomical planes Describe the parts of appendicular and axial skeleton Discuss the functions of bone Classify bones on the basis of shape, development, region and structure Describe general concepts of development and ossification of bones List the parts of young bone Explain the blood supply of long bones Classify joint on the basis of structure, regions and functions. Discuss the characteristics of synovial joints Classify synovial joints on the basis of structure and movement Define dislocation, sprain and inflammation of joints

Classify muscles Describe the following terms: Ossification, Ligament, Aponeurosis, Raphe, Fascia, Tendon,

Synovial sheath, Bursa Define the following: Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Veins, Venules, Anastomosis,

Lymphatics

Discuss the general organization of nervous system

Classify nervous system on the basis of structure and function

Discuss the general organization of Autonomic Nervous System Describe reflex arc and its components Describe gross anatomy of vascular system Correlate the function of the human body defence mechanism with the general

anatomy of lymph nodes and lymphatics

Explain the function of support and protection by using the general anatomy of skin and

fascias

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

BIOCHEMISTRY

Introduction to Biochemistry Define Biochemistry

Discuss its role, importance and applications in medical practice

Cell

Explain the cell organelles with their biochemical function.

Discuss the biochemical composition and functions of the cell membrane

Water & pH

Discuss the physicochemical properties of water ( eg surface tension, viscosity, adsorption)

Describe the mechanism of dissociation of water and maintenance of normal pH

Chemistry of Carbohydrates Classify Carbohydrates.

Explain structure, functions and biochemical importance (in health and disease) of

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Chemistry of Lipids Classify Lipids

Define Lipids

Explain the chemistry, structure and functions of fatty acids.

Describe properties and biological functions of simple lipids (TAG) & compound lipids (PL)

Explain sterols (Cholesterol), their chemistry, structure and biochemical importance in health

and disease

Chemistry of Proteins

Classify Proteins with their biochemical importance

Classify Amino Acids on the basis of structure, properties, nutritional significance & their

biological role.

Define peptides, polypeptides

Discuss the biomedical importance of peptides and polypeptides

Explain the structure of proteins Chemistry of Nucleic Acids

Explain the nucleotide chemistry with their biomedical importance

Explain DNA & RNA structure and types

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

Introduction to Public Health

Define community medicine and public health

Compare community medicine with clinical medicine

Describe development of Public Health in national and international Scenario (Health promotion, Endemic disease, Social engineering, Comprehensive Health Care and Health for All)

Discuss Public Health Professional qualities (Five Star Doctor)

Describe the concept of social, mental and physical health

Describe the concept of Community diagnosis and Community Treatment

Determinants of Disease

Define disease

Differentiate between disease, illness and sickness

Discuss the Social determinants of disease

Explain natural history of disease & Spectrum of disease and health

Describe Mckeown’s concept, germ theory, web of causation and wheel model

Primary Health Care (PHC)

Define PHC

Describe the history, components, types, pillars of PHC

Discuss issues of PHC in pakistan and globally

Explain the reforms of PHC

Health System Define a System, Health System and health care system

Describe the components, goal, function and building blocks of Health System

Describe the structure of Health system of Pakistan

Describe health indicators

Discuss health Needs and issues in health system of Pakistan

Health Care System

Define Healthcare system

Describe Healthcare system structure, Integrated Health Services, District Healthcare System

and District Management Team

Explain the services delivery component of Health care system

World Health Organization and International Agencies

Describe the functions, structure, members and regions of WHO as International Organization

Describe the functions of UNICEF, UNDP and US AID

Healthy Cities

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

WHO define Healthy City based on WHO criteria

Discuss the vision of Healthy City

Describe Built Environment and its role in disease

Discuss the importance of Multi-sectoral Collaboration in development of healthy cities

Levels of Prevention

Describe Primary, secondary and tertiary levels Prevention along with their components

Describe the application of Level of prevention in natural history of disease

Iceberg of Disease

Classify Infectious Disease

Define Exposure & Incubation

Identify the approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease

Describe the concept of Iceberg diseases

Differentiate between communicable diseases and Non communicable diseases

Describe the mode of Transmission of Infectious Diseases

Different approaches for prevention and control of infectious diseases.

Describe the concept of screening of diseases

MICROBIOLOGY

Differentiate between Eukaryote and Prokaryotic cells Describe basic microbiological components, shapes and sizes of viruses and bacteria Describe microbiological structures of bacterial cells and cytoskeleton extensions

outside the cell wall

Define bacterial genetics and Human DNA Describe and elaborate mode of transfer of genetic material among bacteria and types of

mutation. Describe different phases of growth cycle of bacteria and their importance Classify bacteria according to structure and growth characteristics.

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Cell Injury

Define Pathology & pathologic calcification Define adaptations of cell growth and differentiation with appropriate physiologic

and pathologic examples Describe the four aspects of disease process List the different categories of cell injury and their causes List the different disease examples of intracellular lipid, protein and carbohydrate

accumulations

List the various molecular genetic diagnostic tests for genetic and acquired genetic anomalies.

Explain the morphologic and functional alterations following reversible cell injury Describe the morphologic features in necrosis and its patterns with examples Describe the biochemical mechanisms of cell injury Explain how ischemic injury progresses from irreversible injury to necrosis Explain mechanisms of ischemia reperfusion injury Describe apoptosis with different examples in physiologic and pathologic situation Describe the morphologic and biochemical changes in apoptosis Explain in detail the mechanism of apoptosis Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis Differentiate between dystrophic and metastatic calcification Describe the four main processes responsible for intracellular accumulations Describe the different endogenous and exogenous intracellular pigments Explain the role of genes in various human disease Describe terms used in basic genetic Explain the Mendelian and Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns Describe selected examples of Mendelian disorders Describe the chromosomal mutations and common diseases caused by them

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

PHARMACOLOGY

Introduction To Pharmacology

Define the common terms and abbreviations used in Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacotherapeutics, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy, Pharmacogenomics, Drug, Placebo etc.,

Explain the different sources, active principles, doses and dosage forms of drugs. Describe the different types of drug preparations and dosageforms

Routes Of Drug Administration

Classify the different routes of drug administration.

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different routes of drug administration.

Give examples of drugs administered through various routes.

Pharmacokinetics: Drug Absorption Explain the mechanisms by which drugs cross biological cell membranes.

List the pharmacokinetic drug parameters and their significance.

Define and explain drug absorption and its bioavailability.

Discuss factors that affect drug bioavailability and absorption.

Explain first-pass effect.

Drug Distribution

Explain volume of distribution.

Discuss the factors that modify drug distribution.

Explain plasma protein binding of drugs and its effect on drug distribution and drug interactions.

Calculate Vd and explain drug characteristics on basis of Vd value Drug Metabolism

Explain the purpose of drug metabolism List the various phases and reactions of drug metabolism and role of CYP 450 enzymes

Discuss the factors affecting drug metabolism

Define hepatic enzyme induction and inhibitors with examples. Explain clinical consequences of enzyme induction and inhibition.

Give examples of some drugs with well-defined genetically-induced differences in rates of drug metabolism

Drug Half-Life Define half-life of drugs.

Explain factors affecting half-life of drugs.

Explain steady state dug concentration (Css ) and calculate the time required to reach steady- state levels.

Calculate half-life of drugs and drug concentration in plasma at different times after drug administration.

Calculate loading and maintenance dose of drugs and importance of giving loading dose

Drug Excretion

List the different routes of drug elimination

Explain hepatic and renal drug elimination

Define drug clearance

Explain the relationship between clearance, volume of distribution and half-life of drugs

Explain and compare first and zero-order elimination of drugs

Pharmacodynamics: Drug Receptors

1ST YEAR MBBS, SEMESTER 1- 2018, FOUNDATION MODULE

List the different drug receptor super-families with examples of each type.

Explain the molecular mechanism of drug action.

receptors

Drug dosage calculation

Explain different formulas used to calculate the drug dosage.

Dose Response Curves

Explain the graded and quantal dose-response curves. Define the terms ED50, LD50, TD50.

Define the terms affinity, efficacy and potency and compare the efficacy and potency of drugs on the basis of dose-response curves.

Classify the different types of pharmacologic drug agonists.

Classify the different types of drug antagonists with examples.

Explain the terms therapeutic index, therapeutic window and explain their importance with examples.

Calculate therapeutic index of drug.

List the factors that modify the doses and actions of drugs.

Drug Interactions Explain pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with examples.

Define summation, potentiation, synergism, additive effects and antagonism with examples.

Discuss different types of drug interactions with examples.

Adverse Drug Reactions Classify the adverse drug reactions with examples Define and explain terms: teratogeic drugs, idiosyncracy, anaphylaxis, tachyphylaxis,

hypersensitivity, super-sensitivity and de-sensitization

Power Lab

Define the different types of pharmacological experiments

Explain the parts of a power-lab Explain physiological solution – composition and role of components of Tyrode’s solution

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PHYSIOLOGY

Recognize the importance of Physiology in modern medicine Describe functional organization of human body and fluid compartments Explain the role of physiochemical aspects for the maintenance of homeostasis Discus Homeostasis

Explain positive feedback mechanism with special reference to the cyclical

changes occurring in the uterus with ovulation

Explain composition and basic structure of cell membrane, its functional importance

and adaptation

Describe the different types of transport mechanism through cell membrane

Describe diffusion and its physical basis

Define the term tonicity

Distinguish among isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions

Discuss the chemistry of signals, receptors and importance of lipid and proteins in membranes

Describe the structure and functions of various cell organelles

Explain intercellular connection and communication

Define the apoptosis

Discuss the mechanism of cell repair

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SESSIONS IN PRACTICAL LABS

ANATOMY: Identify the following anatomical positions on a mannequin or a live human

subject:

o Anterior / Posterior

o Ventral / Dorsal

o Superior / Inferior

o Caudal / Rostral

o Medial / Lateral

o Proximal / Distal

o Palmar / plantar

o Superficial /Deep

Demonstrate the following movements at joints:

o Flexion / Extension

o Abduction / Adduction

o Lateral rotation / Medial rotation

o Pronation / Supination

o Plantar flexion / Dorsal flexion

o Circumduction

o Eversion / Inversion

BIOCHEMISTRY

o Discuss the clinical importance of Biochemistry

o Prepare solutions with different concentrations

o Demonstrate safety measures while working in the Biochemistry lab

o Detect the following:

Carbohydrates (Scheme & polysaccharides)

Carbohydrates (Mono & Disaccharides)

Proteins (Scheme & general test)

Proteins (individual protein)

Lipids

MICROBIOLOGY Demonstrate method of gram staining, differentiate between Gram’s positive and

Gram’s negative bacterial cell wall Identify various organisms on microscope Identify various culture media on naked eye inspection

PHARMACOLOGY

Prepare drug solutions used in clinical Pharmacology based on calculations PATHOLOGY

Identify various pathological conditions (related to topics taught in lectures) under microscope

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SUGGESTED READINGS

SUBJECT RESOURCES

ANATOMY

A. GROSS ANATOMY 1. K.L. Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy 2. Neuro Anatomy by Richard Snell

B. HISTOLOGY 1. B. Young J. W. Health Wheather’s Functional Histology

C. EMBRYOLOGY 1. Keith L. Moore. The Developing Human 2. Langman’s Medical Embryology

BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 2. Lippincott’s Illustrated reviews of Biochemistry 3. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry 4. Biochemistry by Devlin

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

A. TEXT BOOKS 1. Community Medicine by Parikh 2. Community Medicine by M Illyas 3. Basic Statistics for the Health Sciences by Jan W Kuzma

PATHOLOGY/MICROBIOLOGY

A. TEXT BOOKS 1. Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th edition. 2. Rapid Review Pathology, 4th edition by Edward F. Goljan MD

1. http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html 2. http://www.pathologyatlas.ro/

PHARMACOLOGY

A. TEXT BOOKS 1. Lippincot Illustrated Pharmacology 2. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by Katzung

PHYSIOLOGY

A. TEXTBOOKS 1. Textbook Of Medical Physiology by Guyton And Hall 2. Ganong ‘ S Review of Medical Physiology 3. Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood 4. Berne & Levy Physiology 5. Best & Taylor Physiological Basis of Medical Practice

B. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Guyton & Hall Physiological Review 2. Essentials Of Medical Physiology by Jaypee 3. Textbook Of Medical Physiology by InduKhurana 4. Short Textbook Of Physiology by Mrthur 5. NMS Physiology

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ASSESSMENT METHODS:

Theory will comprise of three types of Multiple choice questions:

A. One-Correct MCQs (1C-MCQs)

A C-MCQs has a statement (with no scenario) followed by four options.

After reading the statement, students should select ONE, the most appropriate answer from the

given list of options.

The Correct answer carries one mark, and incorrect ‘zero mark’. There is NO negative marking.

Students mark their responses on specified computer-based sheet.

B. One-Best MCQs (1B-MCQs)

A 1B-MCQ has a clinical scenario followed by four options (likely answers).

After reading the scenario student select ONE, the most appropriate answer from the given list of

options.

Correct answer carries one mark, and incorrect ‘zero mark’. There is NO negative marking.

Students mark their responses on specified computer-based sheet designed for their individual institution.

o Sample 1B-MCQ

A 25-year-old male patient presented in the OPD with the complaints of productive cough,

breathlessness and wheezing since three days. O/E he had bilateral expiratory wheeze and diffusedly

decreased breath sounds and hyper-resonance on percussion.

Which of the following risk factors is the patient most likely to be exposed to?

a) Air pollution

b) Coal mining

c) Infection

d) Tobacco smoke

C. Matching Questions/ Extended Matching Questions (EMQs).

An EMQ has: o An option list of 5-15 nerve supply, functions, diagnosis, investigations etc o A Question o Two to four Stems or Scenarios

For each stem or scenario, the student should choose the most appropriate option from the option list.

A single option can be used once, more than once or not at all.

Correct answer carries one mark and incorrect ‘zero mark’. There is NO negative marking.

Student mark their responses on a specified computer-based sheet for MQs.

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o Sample MQ:

Options:

A. Mitochondria

B. Ribosomes

C. Centrioles

D. Golgi Apparatus

E. Nucleolus

F. Lysosome

G. Endoplasmic Reticulum

H. Nucleus

For each of the following functions given below, choose the most appropriate cell organelle.

1. Digestion (F)

2. Protein synthesis (B)

3. Power house of the cell (A)

4. Cell division mediator (C)

OSPE: Objective Structured Practical Examination (See the proposed plan of OSPE)

It may comprise between 12- 25 stations.

The content may assess knowledge or, in some cases, practical skills.

Student will complete task in defined time at one given station.

All the students are assessed on the same content by the same examiner in the same allocated

time.

A structured examination will have observed, unobserved, interactive and rest stations.

Observed and interactive stations:

They will be assessed by internal or external examiners through written questions or viva.

Unobserved station:

It will be static station in which students will have to write answers to questions related to

the given pictures, models or specimens on the provided response sheet.

Rest station:

It is a station where no task is given, and during this time student can organize his/her

thoughts.

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Internal Evaluation

During the module, students will be assessed to determine achievement of module objectives.

Module Examination: will be scheduled on completion of each module. The method of

examination comprises theory exam which includes BCQs, and practical (Objective Structured

Practical Examination).

20% marks of internal evaluation will be added in theory of semester exam. That 20% may

include class tests, assignment, journals and the modular exam which all have specific marks

allocation.

Example : Number of Marks allocated for Semester Theory and Internal Evaluation

Semester

Semester Examination Theory Marks

Internal Evaluation (Class tests + Journals + Assignments + Modular

Exam)

Total (Theory)

80% 20% 100%

Formative Assessment

Individual department may hold quiz or short answer questions to help students assess their

own learning. The marks obtained are not included in the internal evaluation

More than 75% attendance is

needed to sit for the modular and

semester examinations

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SEMESTER EXAMINATION RULES & REGULATIONS OF JINNAH SINDH MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

(JSMU)

In one academic year there will be two semesters. The semester duration is approximately

sixteen weeks.

Each semester may have two to three modules from two to eight weeks’ duration.

JSMU EXAMINATIONS:

JSMU will schedule and hold Semester Examinations on completion of each semester.

In one academic year, there will be two semester examinations and one Retake Examination.

MBBS First year:

Semester I examination is scheduled on completion of Foundation & Blood Modules.

Semester II Examination is scheduled on completion of Locomotor, Respiratory and CVS Modules.

Examination Protocols:

In each semester, module will be assessed by theory paper comprising MCQs. For example,

semester 1 will have separate paper for Foundation and Blood Module.

There will be one OSPE (Objective Structured Practical Examination) which will cover both

modules of semester one.

1. Theory (Knowledge)

Theory paper will comprise of 80 one- best and one correct MCQs and 20 MQs.

Time duration for theory paper will be 120 minutes.

Students will mark their responses on JSMU specified response sheets assessed by computer

software.

It will carry out 80% contribution in theory results of the Semester.

There is no negative marking.

2. OSPE:

It is held at the respective college unless specified by JSMU.

It may comprise between 12- 25 stations. Each station will carry 10 marks.

All students begin and end at the same time.

The content assessed is the same for all students.

The time allocated for each station is the same.

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3. JSMU Grading System

It will be based on GPA – 4 system

Marks obtained in Percentage range

Numerical Grade

Alphabetical Grade

80-100 4.0 A+

75-79 4.0 A

70-74 3.7 A-

67-69 3.3 B+

63-66 3.0 B

60-62 2.7 B-

56-59 2.3 C+

50-55 2.0 C

<50 Un-grade-able 0 U

A candidate obtaining GPA less than 2.00 (50%) is declared un-graded (fail).

Cumulative transcript is issued at the end of clearance of all modules.

4. Retake Examination

The failures are to re-appear in subsequent examinations.

It is held once a year that is after the even number semesters. For example, at the end of second, fourth, sixth, eighth or tenth semester.

Retake examinations are for those students who fail in semester examinations, and who wish to improve grades (GPA) secured in semester examinations.

The candidate who has passed the semester examinations with GPA less than 3.0 GPA may re- appear in respective retake examination to improve grades.

MBBS first year Candidates failing in retake examinations may re-appear in semesters’ examinations of the following year. The format is exactly the same as in semester examinations.

EXAMPLE OF PROMOTION RULES:

A student who fails in Semester One Examination and passes Semester Two, s/he will take Retake for

Semester One Examination. S/he passes Semester one retake and is promoted to 2nd year. If that student

FAILS in Retake, s/he will be promoted to 2nd year BUT will have to Pass Semester One examination in

Second year along with Semester Three and Four examinations for promotion to third year.

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5. Promotion to next class

Students who pass both semester examinations are promoted from first year to second year.

Students who fail the MBBS first year semester retake examination will be promoted to second year.

Students will be promoted from second year to third year and onward only if they have passed the semester examinations of that year.

Clearance of all modules and their components of semester one to four are mandatory for promotion from second year to third year (as per PMDC rules).

As per PMDC rules any candidate failing to clear a module or its component in four (1+3) attempts is NOT allowed to carry out further medical education.

To pass all modules and their components of semester/s are mandatory for promotion from third year onward.

MODULAR EXAMINATION RULES & REGULATIONS (LNH&MC)

Student must report to examination hall/venue, 30 minutes before the exam.

Exam will begin sharp at the given time.

No student will be allowed to enter the examination hall after 15 minutes of scheduled examination

time.

Students must sit according to their roll numbers mentioned on the seats.

Cell phones are strictly not allowed in examination hall.

If any student is found with cell phone in any mode (silent, switched off or on) he/she will be not be

allowed to continue their exam.

No students will be allowed to sit in exam without University Admit Card, College ID Card and Lab

Coat

Student must bring the following stationary items for the exam: Pen, Pencil, Eraser, and Sharpener.

Indiscipline in the exam hall/venue is not acceptable. Students must not possess any written material

or communicate with their fellow students.