Study Guide Biomedicine (in-class)

The College of Naturopathic Medicine

1 © CNM August 2021 v3. BQ.JD.

Study Guide Biomedicine

(in-class)

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Welcome to the College of Naturopathic Medicine!

This Study Guide will help you to monitor your progress through-out this Biomedicine Course.

Each lecture requires that you complete key activities that includes in class lectures, reading study materials, pre and post lectures and completing exams. All of these are clearly indicated through-out this document.

Once you complete each step indicated, tick this off on your own study guide. This will help you to keep on track as you progress through all ten fascinating modules, beginning with module one where you will learn all about topics such as cells and the skeletal system.

Before you get started, here are some key studying tips:

Remember that studying involves you understanding a topic, rather than simply memorising facts!

You will see that biomedicine involves a whole new language that will introduce you to new terminology. Make sure that if you don’t understand a term, look it up! Create your own terminology word bank.

We hope you enjoy every minute of the incredible journey that awaits you…

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Copyright All material you receive during this course has been developed by CNM and is protected by international copyright laws. Please respect these copyrights of all the material you receive during the course. Hand-outs can be downloaded on your computer and are yours to keep for your private use.

Reading: The following textbooks are recommended as essential reading. It is advised that you purchase any essential book in order to support your biomedicine studies:

*** An older version of this book (at a lower cost) may be used.

Recommended Online Videos:

Name & URL Description: Khan Academy www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy

Khan Academy provide a series of free videos relating to anatomy and physiology. Topics can easily be searched and videos offer clear illustration of many aspects of the biomedicine material.

Crash Course: Anatomy & Physiology www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse

The Crash Course A&P series deliver a series of videos that focus of the core aspects of topics covered through-out the biomedicine course.

TITLE AUTHOR ISBN

Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness **(13th ed.) ESSENTIAL TEXTBOOK

Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2018)

978-0702072765

Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology Colouring and Workbook (5th ed.) USEFUL BUT NOT ESSENTIAL

Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2018)

978-0702073250

Gould's Pathophysiology for the Health Professions** (6th ed.) USEFUL BUT NOT ESSENTIAL

Hibert, RJ. And Vanmeter, KC. (2018)

978-0323414425

Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions ** (11th ed.) USEFUL BUT NOT ESSENTIAL Note the Merck Manual online is FREE and can be used as an alternative http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/index.html?searchTerms

Mosby (2021) 978-0323639149

http://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy

http://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse

http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/index.html?searchTerms

http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/index.html?searchTerms

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Online Resources: CNM students have access to many free internet resources that can assist with studying through-out the biomedicine course. The following is an example of a useful online resource that may assist you through the biomedicine course:

Name: Website: Description: Healthline: Body Maps Directory Human Body Maps

(healthline.com)

Offers an interactive insight into human anatomy

Study Tips:

You may feel a bit rusty with your study skills and maybe a bit overwhelmed at first, this is normal, but we are here to help you get you back in to studying.

To be successful in your studies and understand what you are learning so that you can later apply this knowledge, follow the advice below as closely as possible:

1. Be interested in what you are studying.

2. Understand what you are studying (memorising things to pass exams is not studying).

3. Always study keeping application in mind – could you apply what you are learning?

4. Pre-read the relevant chapters in the core textbook attending lectures in class.

How to Study Successfully:

Look up each word you don't understand

Make sure you completely understand the meaning of all words and all terminology on your course. It has been proven that words that are not correctly understood cause more problems for students than any other factor.

The best way to do this is by looking up all the words you don't understand in a good, easy to understand dictionary. Then become familiar with the word and its usage by making several sentences with the word until you have the full concept of what it means. If you do this you will notice within a short time that the actual time you require to understand a subject will be markedly decreased. You will be able to retain the information without having to memorise it.

https://www.healthline.com/directory/human-body-maps

https://www.healthline.com/directory/human-body-maps

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Make drawings or use models to get a practical understanding

Always make drawings or use diagrams, illustrations, photographs or models to give yourself a practical understanding of the term, organ, sequence of actions, etc. This will help you immeasurably in understanding the subject.

Go back if you feel confused

If you are feeling confused, go back and make sure that you really understand the last section you've read, as that may well be the cause of your confusion.

If you follow these simple steps, you will find that you are able to remain much brighter, more alert and confident in using what you have studied.

Exams and Study Material

You need to review the recommended text books, follow the learning/study guides and course handouts to prepare yourself sufficiently for exams. A student who prepares for the exam by only studying handouts will not develop a well-rounded grasp of the content. This will also make it more difficult for students to apply their knowledge when they enter clinical settings.

A CNM student needs to prepare before attending each lecture; study all recommended material with the idea of understanding and applying it in practice. As a result, the student will be successful both in assessments and later in life as a practitioner. Last but not least, never be afraid to ask your lecturer to clarify something you have not understood.

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Assessments:

To assess your knowledge and progress through the course, students are assessed through various forms of assessment.

All information relating to the assessments in this course can be located in the document ‘Assessment Overview‘from your student website.

The assessments in this Online Biomedicine Course are as follows:

Five Mini Exams: - Online multiple choice exams. - 10 questions are randomly selected for each of the five mini exams. This will

be timed and students will have up to 20 minutes to complete each mini exam. - Each exam will be available to attempt according to the dates on your

timetable and should be completed within 1 month. The pass mark is 80%. If students fail to achieve this mark, students will be able to resit 3 times.

One Assignment: - A 2500 word assignment to be submitted online. - The submission date is on your timetable.

Two Semester Exams: - After the first 10 days of lectures (lectures 1-10), students will sit the ‘Semester

One Exam’, this is an in class exam lasting 2 hours (see timetable for dates) - The second semester (lectures 11-18) will then be examined in the ‘Semester

Two Exam’ (lectures 19 and 20 are non-examinable, but part of your attendance requirement).

- The dates for your semester exams are available on your timetable. - The pass mark for the semester exams is 40%. If students fail a semester exam,

they will be given up to two resit attempts per exam before each case is reviewed by the CNM senior academic team. Late and re-attempts are capped at 40% unless agreed Extenuating Circumstances, see Assessment overview.

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Semester One Syllabus:

Lecture 1: Cytology, Basic Genetics and Histology

Introduction: Characteristics of life and death. Homeostasis. Body systems and cavities. Diseases. Oxidative stress. Cytology: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Cell organelles and the cell membrane. Movement in and out of cells. Cell junctions. Genetics: DNA and chromosomes. Mitosis and meiosis. Protein synthesis. Mutation. Histology: Types of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous). Membranes.

Learning outcomes: (to understand the following)

The characteristics of life & death.

Homeostasis, positive & negative feedback systems.

Different types of cells and cell organelles.

Genetics: DNA, RNA, gene structure, function and inheritance.

The two types of cell division.

Understanding protein synthesis.

Movement of substances.

Types of tissues in the human body.

Task list:

Activity to complete Completed task

Reading Ross and Wilson

Activities Cytology Activity

Cytology pairing exercise

Lecture 2: Terminology, Landmarks and Skeletal System

Introduction: Anatomical terminology. Body positions. Directional terms. Planes. Bone structure & development: Bone cells and bone histology. Types of bone. Bone growth. Hormonal regulation of bone. Skeletal system: Divisions of the skeletal system. Named bones. Joints and bursa. Skeletal pathologies: Fractures, sprains, subluxation/dislocation, spinal curvatures, osteoporosis, osteomalacia/rickets, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, disc herniations, bursitis.

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Key anatomical terminology to describe directions, movements, regions and planes of the body.

The major bones of the body & joints.

The structure and functions of the skeletal system.

The signs, symptoms, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of skeletal system pathologies

Task list:



Activities Activity for skeletal system

Skeletal pairing exercise

Lecture 3: Muscular System

Anatomy and physiology: Muscular system functions. Muscle cells and histology. Neuromuscular junction. Sliding filament mechanism and muscle contraction. Muscle metabolism. Types of muscles. Muscle regeneration. Skeletal muscles (names and functions).

Muscular pathologies: Muscular strains and tears. Muscular fatigue. Impingement syndrome. Fibromyalgia. Muscular dystrophies: myasthenia gravis, Duchenne’s.


The types of muscles in the human body; how some orthodox treatments of muscular system pathologies.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Muscular system

Muscular pairing exercise

Mini Exam 1 Cytology, Skeletal System,

and Muscular System

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Lecture 4: Respiratory System

Functions: Functions of the respiratory system (and the effects of smoking).

Anatomy: Respiratory functions. Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, alveoli. Pleura. Muscles of ventilation. Lung volumes.

Physiology: Gas exchange. Blood gases and transport of them. Cell respiration. Ventilation control. Carbon dioxide and blood pH.

Investigation procedures: Diagnostic procedures. Sputum analysis.

Pathologies: Rhinitis. Cold/Flu. Sinusitis. Polyps. Tonsillitis. Pharyngitis. Laryngitis. Asthma. COPD. Bronchitis. Pneumonia. Pulmonary fibrosis. Sleep apnoea. Pneumothorax. Pleurisy. Pulmonary embolism. Cystic fibrosis.


The components of the respiratory system – including the structure and function.

The signs, symptoms, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of common respiratory diseases.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Respiratory system

Respiratory pairing exercise

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Lecture 5: Cardiovascular System I

Blood (haematology): Functions. Components (plasma and cells). All blood cells. Formation of blood cells. Life cycle of red blood cells. Blood groups.

Blood disorders: Anaemia (iron deficiency, megaloblastic anaemia, haemolytic ………………….. anaemias). Polycythaemia. Thrombocytopenia. Haemophilia. Leukopenia. Leucocytosis. Leukaemia.


The different components of the blood.

The functioning of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

The signs, symptoms, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of common blood pathologies.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Cardiovascular system1

Cardiovascular 1 pairing exercise

Lecture 6: Cardiovascular System II

Blood vessels: Arteries. Veins. Capillaries. Changes in blood vessel diameter. Portal circulation.

Heart: Heart anatomy. Blood flow through the heart and valves. Myocardial blood supply. Conductive system.

Examination: Pulse rate. Blood pressure.

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Pathologies: Atherosclerosis. Angina pectoris. Myocardial infarction. Stroke. TIA Heart failure. Pericarditis. Endocarditis. DVT. Haemorrhoids. Raynaud’s. Oedema. Ascites. Hypertension. Hypotension. Valve pathologies. Arrythmias. Chest pain differential diagnosis.


The structure & function of the blood vessels and heart.

About blood pressure, blood cholesterol & pulse rate.

The signs, symptoms, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of common heart & blood vessel pathologies.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Cardiovascular system 2

Cardio 2 pairing exercise

Mini Exam 2 Cardiovascular System

Lecture 7: Digestive System I

Layers of GIT: Mucosa/Submucosa/Muscularis/Peritoneum. Immunity (GALT). Enteric nervous system. Microflora.

Anatomy & physiology of regions: Mouth. Oesophagus. Stomach. Small intestine (duodenum/jejunum/ileum). Large intestine (caecum/colon/rectum/anus). Pancreas. Liver (including liver detoxification). Gall bladder.

Digestion: Mechanical and chemical. Saliva. Gastric juice. Pancreatic juice. Bile. The role of the autonomic nervous system in digestion. CCK.

Dietary molecules: Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins.

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About the structure and function of the digestive system.

The key enzymes and hormones involved in digestion.

The types of dietary carbohydrates, fats/oils & proteins.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Digestive system 1

Digestive system 1 pairing exercise

Lecture 8: Digestive System II

Pathologies: Oral thrush. Cold sores. Mouth ulcers. Abscesses. Gingivitis. Angular stomatitis. Xerostomia. Cleft lip and palate. Oral cancer. Salivary calculi. Tonsillitis. GORD. Hiatus hernias. Oesophageal cancer. Acute and chronic gastritis. Peptic ulcers. Gastric cancer. Dumping syndrome. Appendicitis. Dysentery. SIBO. Crohn’s disease. Ulcerative colitis. IBS. Coeliac disease. Diverticulosis. Hernias. Colonic polyps. Colorectal cancer. Acute and chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer. Liver cirrhosis. Liver cancer. Gallstones. Enterobiasis. Cryptosporidium and giardia. Toxoplasmosis.


The signs, symptoms, investigation procedures & key orthodox treatments of digestive system pathologies.

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Task list:



Activities Activity for Digestive system2

Digestive system 2 pairing exercise

Mini Exam 3 Digestive System

Lecture 9: Endocrine system

Hormones: Types of hormones. Up and down regulation. Hormone activity. Endocrine glands vs. tissues.

Endocrine glands: Hypothalamus. Pituitary. Pineal. Thyroid. Parathyroid. Adrenal. Pancreas. Thymus. Ovaries. Testes.

Pathologies: Acromegaly and gigantism. Diabetes insipidus. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism. Hypo- and hyperparathyroidism. Cushing’s syndrome. Addison’s disease. Diabetes Mellitus.


The structure and function of the endocrine system – including key hormones, glands and their specific roles.

The clinical presentations, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of endocrine pathologies.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Endocrine system

Endocrine system pairing exercise

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Lecture 10: Skin and lymphatic system

Skin structure: Epidermis. Dermis (with its accessory structures). Subcutaneous.

Skin functions: Protection. Thermoregulation. Vitamin D production. Sensation. Absorption. Excretion.

Skin disorders: Skin lesions. Acne vulgaris. Acne rosacea. Atopic dermatitis. Contact dermatitis. Psoriasis. Warts. Vitiligo. Burns. Urticaria.

Lymphatic system components: Lymph. Vessels. Nodes. Organs. Tissue.

Lymphatic functions: Tissue drainage. Protein and lipid transport. Immunity.

Lymphatic disorders: Lymphangitis. Lymphoedema. Elephantiasis. Lymphadenitis. Splenomegaly. Also promoting lymphatic drainage


The structure and function of the integumentary system and lymphatic systems.

The clinical presentations, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of skin pathologies.

Lymphatic system pathologies.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Skin and lymphatic system

Skin and lymphatic system pairing exercise

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Semester Two Syllabus:

Lecture 11: Urinary System

Anatomy of: Kidneys. Ureters. Bladder. Urethra. Urinary system functions:

Excretion of wastes. Water and electrolyte balance. pH regulation. Hormone production and these functions. Regulating blood glucose and blood pressure.

Nephrons: Structure (regions). Process of urine formation.

Urinary system investigations: Observable signs. Urinalysis including dipstick testing. Urinary pathologies: Cystitis. Pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic .syndrome. Kidney stones. Diabetic kidney disease (& Dialysis).


The structure and function of the urinary system (including the kidneys, ureters,

bladder & urethra), including urine formation.

How the urinary system is involved in body homeostatic mechanisms.

The signs, symptoms, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of

urinary system pathologies.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Urinary

Urinary system pairing exercise

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Lecture 12: Reproductive System

Introduction: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction. Mitosis/meiosis review. Gametes.

Female reproductive system anatomy: Ovaries. Fallopian tubes. Uterus. Vagina. Menstrual cycle: Cycle overview – changes and hormones involved. Reproductive life: Conception, pregnancy, lactation. Menopause, puberty. Male reproductive system: Penis. Testes. Ejaculation & associated glands.

Female Reproductive disorders: Amenorrhoea. Dysmenorrhoea. PMS. Endometriosis. Fibroids. PCOS. Ectopic pregnancy. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Breast cancer. Infertility. Male reproductive disorders: Infertility. Balanitis. Epididymitis. Undescended testes, Testicular torsion. Testicular cancer. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate cancer.


The structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems.

Sexual reproduction and pregnancy. The menstrual cycle and menopause.

Reproductive pathologies.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Reproductive system

Reproductive system pairing exercise

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Lecture 13: Nervous System I

Structure of Nervous System: Divisions. Nerve cells (neurons & neuroglia).

Nerve impulses: Resting potential. Depolarisation. Repolarisation. Refractory period. Saltatory conduction. Synapses and neurotransmitters.

Nervous system disorders: Carpal tunnel syndrome. Bell’s palsy. Guillain-Barre syndrome. Multiple Sclerosis. Motor Neuron Disease. Dementia and Alzheimer’s. Parkinson’s.


The structure, function & physiology of the nervous system.

The physiology of nerve impulses. Neurotransmitters and their activities.

Some common degenerative & neurotransmitter pathologies of the nervous system.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Nervous system

Nervous system 1 pairing exercise

Lecture 14: Nervous System II

Central Nervous System: Structure of the brain – cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem. CSF. Spinal cord and spinal tracts. Meninges.

Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal nerves. Cranial nerves. Autonomic nervous system.

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Neurological testing: Testing deep tendon reflexes and cutaneous reflexes. Straight ……………………….leg raise test. Cerebellar and proprioceptive testing.

Disorders of the CNS: Raised intracranial pressure. Headaches. Meningitis. Hydrocephalus. Concussion and contusion. Skull fractures. Migraines. Epilepsy. Spina bifida. Disc herniations. Sciatica.


The structure, function & physiology of the central nervous system (CNS): the brain & spinal cord.

The causes, signs, symptoms, investigation procedures and orthodox treatments of common pathologies of the CNS.

How to safely investigate the presence of a CNS disorder in clinical practice.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Nervous system 2

Nervous system 2 pairing exercise

Mini Exam 4 Nervous System

Lecture 15: Immune System

Introduction: Functions of the immune system. Pathogens. Self and foreign antigens.

Core concepts: Innate immunity (first and second line of defence). Specific immunity (third line of defence). The components of each line of defence. Immune memory. Antibodies, Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs). Antigen presentation. Clonal selection. Cells of the immune system: Neutrophils. Basophils/Mast cells. Eosinophils. B and T Lymphocytes. Monocytes/Macrophages.

Immune disorders: Allergies and intolerances. Autoimmunity. SLE. RA. Ankylosing spondylitis. Grave’s disease. Hashimoto’s.

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The immune system, including the components and the functions of each line of defence.

The different types of immune responses & vaccinations.

Pathologies of the immune system.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Immune system

Immune system pairing exercise

Mini Exam 5 Immune System

Lecture 16: Infectious Diseases

Introduction: Principles of infection. Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) and Macro-organisms (helminths). Basics of microbiology.

General study of infection: Terminology, transmission and control of transmission, basics of hygiene (disinfection, sterilisation, pasteurisation). Prevention & control. Notifiable diseases.

Infectious Diseases: Cellulitis. Erysipelas. Candidiasis. Diphtheria. Dysentery. Scarlet fever. TB. Whooping cough. MMR. Chicken pox and shingles. Hepatitis. Polio. Malaria. HIV and AIDSs. Chlamydia. Gonorrhoea. Syphilis. Trichomoniasis. Genital herpes &.warts.


About infectious diseases, including causative agents, spread and how to minimise it.

The signs, symptoms, investigation procedures & some orthodox treatments of key infectious diseases.

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Task list:



Activities Activity for Infectious diseases

Infectious diseases pairing exercise

Lecture 17: Oncology

Introduction: Definitions. Cancer biology. Normal vs. cancerous cells. Benign and malignant tumours.

Pathophysiology: Clinical presentation. Systemic effects, Staging. Carcinogens, Risk factors and cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis. Cancer diagnostics.

Treatment of malignant tumours: Surgery. Chemotherapy. Radiotherapy. Brief insight into complementary approaches. Prognosis.

Cancers: Breast. Colorectal. Lung. Ovarian. Cervical. Liver. Stomach. Oesophageal. Pancreatic. Prostate. Bladder. Testicular. Skin types. Osteosarcoma. Brain. Leukaemia. Lymphoma.


About oncology, including possible causes, signs & symptoms, risk factors and diagnostic tests for various types of cancer.

Orthodox and natural therapies as support & treatments for cancers.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Oncology

Oncology pairing exercise

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Lecture 18: Sense organs

The ear: Structure of the ear. Physiology of hearing. Physiology of balance.

The eye: Anatomical components of the eye. Accessory structures. Perception of vision. Cone and rod cells. Accommodation of vision.

Other: Structure of the noses. Physiology of smell. Structure of the tongue. Physiology of taste

Ear disorders: Otitis externa, media and interna. Meniere’s disease. Tinnitus. Hearing deficit.

Eye disorders: Blepharitis. Conjunctivitis. Uveitis. Styes. Corneal ulcer. Strabismus. Cataracts. Glaucoma. Floaters. Retinal detachment. Macular degeneration


About the senses involved in hearing, sight, smell and taste, including their structure and functions.

Pathologies of the organs involved in hearing, sight, smell and taste.

Task list:



Activities Activity for Sense Organs

Sense Organs pairing exercise

Lecture 19: Pharmacology

Introduction: Definitions. Naming of drugs. Classification of drugs: OCM, POM, CD.

General Pharmacology: Adverse drug effects. Administration of drugs. Dosage regimes. Chrono-pharmacology. Distribution and transport of drugs in the body. Elimination. Drug mechanisms and receptors. Drug interactions with Herbs / food / drugs.

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Drugs for: Gastric complaints. Autoimmunity and inflammation. Constipation and diarrhoea. Hypertension. Heart failure. Oedema. Asthma. Hay fever. Anxiety. Depression. Pain relief. Malaria. Diabetes mellitus. Thyroid disorders. Breast cancer. Gout. Local anaesthesia.


The nomenclature and regulation of orthodox medical drugs.

How drugs can be administered, how they work and how they are eliminated.

How drugs interact with foods and supplements.

Where to find information on drug groups and their side effects.

Some of the most common drugs, their mode of action and key side effects.

Task list:



Activities Activity for pharmacology

Pairing exercise

Lecture 20: Laboratory

Case taking Interpretation of blood tests: Blood cells. Minerals/vitamins. Inflammation (ESR/CRP). Autoantibodies. Lipids. Glucose. Thyroid function. Sex hormones. Liver function. Renal function. Pancreatic function. Tumour markers. Other orthodox testing: Stool analysis. Skin prick testing. Urinalysis.

Introduction to naturopathic testing: Observation. Iridology. Tongue diagnosis. Nail diagnosis. Food intolerances. Saliva analysis.

Case study exercises


The range and application of orthodox medical tests.

How to interpret key test results.

An introduction into key complimentary therapy tests, which will then be explored further in the specialist courses.

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Task list:



Activities Activity for laboratory

Pairing exercise

CONGRATULATIONS YOU HAVE COMPLETED

BIOMEDICINE!....

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Study Guide Biomedicine (in-class)

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